treatments-xml/data/03/A4/87/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1196007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1196007" checkinTime="1634783218614" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R., Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina, Maggioni, Davide, Montano, Simone &amp; Schuchert, Peter" docDate="2018" docId="03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959" docLanguage="en" docName="3_Galea_etal.pdf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B.2:RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Halopteris millardae Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FF9DFFD6FF832C1BFFEA8C44FFB06820" masterDocTitle="A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1673543001549" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">horia.galea@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Maggioni, Davide</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Montano, Simone</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2018-03-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number>125</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590666" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189153144" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590666" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection box="[254,653,1564,1588]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="17.[254,653,1564,1620]" box="[254,653,1564,1588]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<heading bold="true" box="[254,653,1564,1588]" centered="true" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[254,653,1564,1588]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName authority="Galea" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[254,556,1564,1588]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="millardae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[254,481,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris millardae</emphasis>
Galea
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[568,653,1565,1588]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[263,644,1597,1620]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="17.[254,653,1564,1620]" box="[263,644,1597,1620]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<figureCitation box="[263,343,1597,1620]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[355,390,1597,1620]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">2G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[401,417,1597,1620]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">7</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation box="[428,508,1597,1620]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="28.[148,201,1132,1153]" captionTargetBox="[159,1946,1194,1794]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Table 5. Measurements (in μm) and main morphological features of Halopteris australis sp. nov., H. millardae sp. nov., and H. brasiliensis sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1">Table 5</tableCitation>
; Appendix 1
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,756,1643,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,375,1643,1664]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[151,375,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[397,640,1643,1664]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis box="[653,742,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 83, fig. 10F, G, H, J. – 
<bibRefCitation author="Bouillon J. &amp; Massin C. &amp; Kresevic R." box="[476,731,1672,1693]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" refId="ref26365" refString="Bouillon J., Massin C., Kresevic R. 1995. Hydroidomedusae de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel, 106 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Bouillon 
<emphasis box="[570,617,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 1995: 49
</bibRefCitation>
. – 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." box="[227,386,1701,1722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis box="[403,495,1701,1722]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 66, 72, fig. 22A-D [non 
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[227,604,1730,1751]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[227,451,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[464,597,1730,1751]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,756,1643,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
non 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[196,423,1759,1780]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[196,423,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[452,707,1759,1780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 83 (= 
<taxonomicName authority="Schuchert, 1997" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1997" box="[356,699,1788,1809]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="platygonotheca">
<emphasis box="[356,533,1788,1809]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">H. platygonotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." box="[539,699,1788,1809]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,756,1643,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[151,316,1817,1838]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis box="[151,316,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– 
<bibRefCitation author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[339,557,1817,1838]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort, 1987</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis box="[570,659,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">pro parte</emphasis>
): 119, fig. 25A-B [non 
<taxonomicName authority="(Bale, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[348,644,1846,1867]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis box="[348,514,1846,1867]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris buskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bale W. M." box="[527,637,1846,1867]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" refId="ref26191" refString="Bale W. M. 1884. Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,756,1892,2077]" lastBlockId="17.[831,1436,258,409]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,372,1892,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus box="[151,255,1892,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Holotype</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[382,462,1892,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">MACT</collectionCode>
2700; 
<collectingCountry box="[530,647,1892,1915]" name="Seychelles" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[662,723,1892,1915]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Mahé</collectingCountry>
I., coll. J. Bouillon (
<collectionCode box="[346,426,1924,1947]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
Expedition); 1966; numerous cormoids, 
<quantity box="[270,371,1957,1980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="4.25" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5-7 cm</quantity>
high, with both female and male gonothecae [material studied by 
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[274,618,2021,2044]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[274,441,2021,2044]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[459,610,2021,2044]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; not studied here due to ongoing renovation of 
<collectionCode box="[558,640,2054,2077]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
; however, 4 microslides (MHNG-INVE-37494, H12/32-35) prepared from the 
<typeStatus box="[1055,1152,290,313]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">holotype</typeStatus>
, were examined for the purpose of the present study; according to 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997: 55)</bibRefCitation>
, cormoids of 
<taxonomicName authority="Schuchert, 1997" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1997" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="platygonotheca">
<emphasis box="[1109,1311,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">H. platygonotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." pageId="17" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
co-occur in the original sample].
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[831,1437,434,585]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054306" accessionNumber="MF773747" collectingDate="2016-04-14" collectorName="D. Maggioni &amp; S. Montano" country="Maldives" elevation="35" location="Faafu Atoll" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,946,434,457]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus box="[831,941,434,457]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
MHNG-INVE-98634; 
<collectingCountry name="Maldives" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Republic of Maldives</collectingCountry>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF922C08FF148A58FC656959:8ED26063FF922C0AFC658D96FBA669C9" box="[911,1046,466,489]" country="Maldives" name="Faafu Atoll" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Faafu Atoll</location>
, 3.06497° 72.9212°, 
<quantity box="[1302,1368,466,489]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="35.0">
<elevation box="[1302,1368,466,489]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="35.0">35 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, coll. 
<collectorName box="[831,980,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">D. Maggioni</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName box="[1054,1194,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">S. Montano</collectorName>
; 
<date box="[1216,1341,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2016-04-14">
<collectingDate box="[1216,1341,498,521]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" value="2016-04-14">14.04.2016</collectingDate>
</date>
; colony composed of 6 sterile stems, 
<quantity box="[1185,1309,530,553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="2.8" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="1.7">1.7-3.9 cm</quantity>
high; 16S sequence 
<accessionNumber box="[936,1058,562,585]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MF773747" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">MF773747</accessionNumber>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="17.[831,1437,609,1147]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,952,609,632]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[965,1080,609,632]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[965,1080,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Halopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with tall cormoids, reportedly reaching 
<quantity box="[936,994,642,665]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
high; stems homomerously-segmented, each internode moderately-long, carrying a hydrotheca, a lateral apophysis, and up to 7 nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a scale-shaped axillar one, as well as 2-3 superior ones arranged in two parallel rows; cladia alternate, heteromerously-segmented; ahydrothecate internodes with 2 laterally-displaced nematothecae (distally, only 1 of these subsists); hydrothecate internodes with a hydrotheca and its 4 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and a small, scale-shaped axillar one. Colonies monoecious. Female gonotheca borne on stems, large, ovoid, laterally flattened, with 2 basal nematothecae, and a distal, transverse aperture closed by glass-watch-shaped operculum. 
<collectingRegion box="[1307,1362,1059,1082]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Male</collectingRegion>
gonothecae borne on both stems and cladia, small, fusiform, with narrow distal aperture, and one basal nematotheca.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="17.[831,1436,1171,1258]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,964,1171,1194]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Etymology:</emphasis>
This species honors the late N.A.H. Millard (1914-1997) for her outstanding contribution to the hydrozoan research.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="17.[831,1436,1282,2077]" lastBlockId="18.[831,1437,1207,1883]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,974,1282,1305]" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Description:</emphasis>
Colonies composed of a varied number of tall stems (reportedly up to 
<quantity box="[1179,1235,1315,1338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
in height) arising from tortuous, creeping, branching, anastomosing hydrorhiza, devoid of nematothecae. Stems erect, simple, monosiphonic (
<figureCitation box="[1097,1186,1411,1434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1204,1240,1411,1434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">2G</figureCitation>
), composed of a basal, ahydrothecate part of varied length, and a much longer, distal part bearing hydrothecae and hydrocladia; basal part arising directly from hydrorhiza without constriction above origin, usually not segmented by transverse nodes, and carrying a varied number of nematothecae in two parallel rows; distalmost node deeply-cut and oblique; remainder of stem homomerously-segmented into regular internodes by means of oblique nodes; each internode moderately long, with a hydrotheca in its basal half, a short lateral apophysis supporting a cladium, and up to 8 nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, a small, scaleshaped axillar one, as well as generally 2, occasionally 3, or exceptionally 4, superior nematothecae arranged in two parallel rows (
<figureCitation box="[1101,1238,1893,1916]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="38">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
); proximal most internode carries 2 opposite apophyses supporting a pair of cladia, and usually bears 3-4 superior nematothecae. Cladia borne on corresponding stem apophyses, alternate, composed of a proximal, short, quadrangular segment, followed by a succession of athecate and thecate internodes resulting from a heteromerous segmentation (
<figureCitation box="[481,577,1239,1262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
); ahydrothecate internodes with straight node proximally and oblique node distally; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes; the latter, up to 5 per cladium in the material in hand, comprising a centrally-placed hydrotheca, and its 4 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, as well as a minute, scale-shaped axillar one (
<figureCitation box="[622,742,1435,1458]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7C, D</figureCitation>
); ahydrothecate internodes shorter than their hydrothecate counterparts, with generally 2 laterally-displaced nematothecae, either opposite or subopposite, more often found in proximal most internodes, whereas only one of these is retained by the distalmost internodes. Hydrothecae cup-shaped, moderately-deep, fused for about 1/3rd their adaxial length; abaxial wall straight for most of its length, slightly everted below aperture; the latter perfectly circular in apical view, slightly flaring and showing a sinuated rim in lateral view, though not producing an abaxial cusp (
<figureCitation box="[606,698,1793,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). All nematothecae, except the axillar ones, bithalamic and movable; mesial ones triangular in frontal view, with deeply-scooped rim on adaxial side (
<figureCitation box="[550,631,1891,1914]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7 
<geoCoordinate box="[614,631,1891,1914]" degrees="5, 6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" precision="5555" value="5.6">E</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
<superScript attach="left" box="[631,655,1889,1903]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<figureCitation box="[631,640,1889,1903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,186,1664,1685]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,257,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-5@12.[151,1436,238,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with cladia (A, B, M). Cauline internode (C). Portion of cladium, enlarged (D). Hydrothecate internodes in frontal (E, N) and lateral (F, O) aspects. Nematothecae (G): from caulus (G1) and cladia (G2), mesial (G3) and laterals (G4, 5) from cladial hydrothecae, single (G6) and paired (G7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. Female (H, I, P) and male (J, K, Q) gonothecae. Cnidomes (L, R). Specimens MHNG-INVE-98635 (A, C, G7), MHNG-INVE-97952 (B, F, G4, 6, L), MHNG-INVE-98633 (D, E, G1-3, 5, 8, 9, H-K), HRG-1339 (M, P), HRG-0897 (O), HRG-0337 (Q, R). Figure in N is reproduced after Galea (2008). Scale bars: 10 μm (L, R), 100 μm (C-G, N, O), 200 μm (H-K, P, Q), 300 μm (A, B, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590676/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[647,655,1889,1903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,186,962,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,258,906]" captionTargetId="figure-555@16.[151,1436,257,912]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Halopteris australis sp. nov. Portion of stem and basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem internode with hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia enlarged in frontal (C) and lateral (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and cladia (E2), mesial from cladial hydrotheca (E3), lateral from cauline (E4) and cladial (E5) hydrothecae, single (E6) and paired (E7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-82742. Scale bars: 10 μm (G), 100 μM (B-E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">6</figureCitation>
</superScript>
); laterals borne on rather short apophyses, conical, with thickened walls (
<figureCitation box="[230,325,1954,1979]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7E 
<superScript attach="left" box="[317,325,1954,1968]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">7</superScript>
</figureCitation>
), not surpassing the hydrothecal rim (
<figureCitation box="[159,249,1988,2011]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
); cauline (
<figureCitation box="[369,452,1988,2011]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7 
<geoCoordinate box="[435,452,1988,2011]" degrees="1, 2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" precision="5555" value="1.2">E</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
<superScript attach="left" box="[452,478,1987,2001]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<figureCitation box="[452,460,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[470,478,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionTargetBox="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">2</figureCitation>
</superScript>
) and cladial (
<figureCitation box="[638,721,1988,2011]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7 
<geoCoordinate box="[704,721,1988,2011]" degrees="3, 4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" precision="5555" value="3.4">E</geoCoordinate>
</figureCitation>
<superScript attach="left" box="[721,747,1987,2001]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<figureCitation box="[721,730,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[739,747,1987,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">4</figureCitation>
</superScript>
) nematothecae characteristically turned posteriad (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7A, C</figureCitation>
), long, conical, with tall basal chambers and comparatively shallow apical chambers, with adaxiallyscooped rims; axillar nematothecae associated to the hydrothecae of both caulus (
<figureCitation box="[1205,1291,1272,1295]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation box="[1291,1299,1270,1284]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[151,186,806,827]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,259,774]" captionTargetId="figure-506@20.[151,1436,257,774]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 8. Halopteris brasiliensis sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia in lateral (C) and frontal (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E2, 3), mesial from cauline hydrotheca (E4), lateral from cladial hydrotheca (E5), from female gonotheca (E6), pair of axillar from cauline hydrotheca (E7) and single axillar from cladial hydrotheca (E8). All from sample MHNG-INVE-37495. Scale bars: 100 μm (B- E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590682/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<superScript attach="left" box="[1291,1299,1270,1284]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">8</superScript>
</figureCitation>
) and cladia (
<figureCitation box="[839,924,1305,1328]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation box="[925,933,1303,1317]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<superScript attach="right" box="[925,933,1303,1317]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">9</superScript>
</figureCitation>
), monothalamic. Stems monoecious. Female gonothecae borne below the stem hydrothecae through short lateral apophyses and a single-segmented, quadrangular pedicel; large, ovoid, laterally-flattened, with two nematothecae on base, and a distal, transverse, conspicuously thickened aperture closed by a glasswatch-shaped operculum. 
<collectingRegion box="[1150,1206,1501,1524]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Male</collectingRegion>
gonothecae borne on both stems and cladia, through short, lateral apophyses and a single-segmented, quadrangular pedicel; comparatively smaller than female, fusiform, with distal, narrow, circular aperture, and a basal nematotheca. Color in life: brownish (
<figureCitation box="[1325,1422,1664,1687]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM &amp; SM). Photos courtesy: N. &amp; J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
). Cnidome (
<figureCitation box="[947,1029,1697,1720]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
) composed of 
<specimenCount box="[1198,1277,1697,1720]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(19.9-21.3) × (7.3-8.0) μm, in nematophores, as well as scattered in the coenosarc]; small, banana-shaped [(5.8-6.5) × (2.1- 2.3) μm, in tentacles]; small, ovoid capsules [(5.1-5.8) × (2.9-3.1) μm, scattered in the coenosarc].
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" startId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" targetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph blockId="18.[151,1436,1031,1138]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
Fig. 7. 
<taxonomicName authority="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert, 2018" authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[227,430,1031,1052]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="millardae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[227,430,1031,1052]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Halopteris millardae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[440,517,1031,1052]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E 
<superScript attach="left" box="[1150,1172,1058,1070]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">1, 2</superScript>
) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E 
<superScript attach="left" box="[356,377,1087,1099]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">3, 4</superScript>
), mesial (E 
<superScript attach="left" box="[489,510,1087,1099]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">5, 6</superScript>
) and lateral (E 
<superScript attach="left" box="[655,662,1087,1099]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">7</superScript>
) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E 
<superScript attach="left" box="[1310,1317,1087,1099]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">8</superScript>
) and cladial (E 
<superScript attach="left" box="[249,256,1116,1128]" fontSize="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">9</superScript>
) hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="18.[831,1109,1908,1931]" box="[831,1109,1908,1931]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<heading box="[831,1109,1908,1931]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" reason="3">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,973,1908,1931]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Dimensions:</emphasis>
See 
<tableCitation box="[1024,1105,1908,1931]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="28.[148,201,1132,1153]" captionTargetBox="[159,1946,1194,1794]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Table 5. Measurements (in μm) and main morphological features of Halopteris australis sp. nov., H. millardae sp. nov., and H. brasiliensis sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="DF726630FF9F2C07FF7E8828F99A6CA1">Table 5</tableCitation>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[831,1437,1956,2077]" lastBlockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,945,1956,1979]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">Remarks:</emphasis>
Upon comparison of the newly-collected Maldivian specimens with the slide material MHNG- INVE-37494 (H12/32-35) prepared from the 
<typeStatus box="[1342,1436,2021,2044]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39">holotype</typeStatus>
designated herein [sample MACT2700 studied by 
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[151,447,258,281]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[493,657,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], it appears that both are conspecific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
The description of the gonothecae, often distorted in the slide material available (H12/32: 
<specimenCount box="[528,548,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
; H12/33: 
<specimenCount box="[666,686,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
&amp; 
<specimenCount box="[728,748,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
; H12/35: 
<specimenCount box="[247,267,386,409]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
), was taken after 
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973: 84</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10H &amp; J) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." box="[394,617,418,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997: 22</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 22D, as 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,313,450,473]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[151,313,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
The tallest cormoid examined here (
<quantity box="[595,682,482,505]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" unit="cm" value="3.9">3.9 cm</quantity>
high) bears 54 cauline hydrothecate internodes. 
<collectingRegion box="[616,656,514,537]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Not</collectingRegion>
only the proximal most internode gives rise to a pair of cladia, but this situation is also repeated in several subsequent, consecutive, more distal internodes. In one cormoid, a secondary stem arises from one of the paired, basalmost hydrocladia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">The first cladial ahydrothecate internodes do not differ much in length compared to their subsequent counterparts; they generally bear 2 nematothecae, though exceptionally 3 were noted. The remaining internodes equally bear 2 nematothecae (although, exceptionally, two pairs could be found) when they are found in the proximal parts of the cladia, while only one nematotheca occurs in those internodes confined to the distalmost parts of the cladia.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[151,419,963,986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort’s (1987)</bibRefCitation>
record from 
<collectingCountry box="[553,648,963,986]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
(Stn. 112) assigned to 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[274,369,995,1018]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis box="[274,369,995,1018]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. buskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely belongs to the present species. Indeed, the occurrence of pairs of suprahydrothecal nematothecae, and of a single axillar nematotheca on the cauline internodes, are distinctive. However, the authors mention only one nematotheca per ahydrothecate cladial internode; as stated above, this situation is, quite often, met with in the distalmost internodes of the material MHNG-INVE-37494. It should also be stressed that only one nematotheca of a couple is visible when the cladia are seen laterally, especially in material mounted between slide and coverslip. Strangely, Rees &amp; Vervoort do not mention a sinuated hydrothecal rim, though it should be underlined that this peculiarity is only noticeable towards the adaxial thecal wall, where the presence of lateral nematothecae could make it less obvious upon a routine examination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,757,258,2077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Galea &amp; Gioia Di Camillo &amp; Maggioni &amp; Montano &amp; Schuchert" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,380,1508,1531]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="millardae">
<emphasis box="[151,380,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Halopteris millardae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comes close to a few congeners with homomerously-segmented cauli and a heteromerous division of their cladia, and whose both cauline and cladial hydrothecae are provided with an axillar nematotheca, namely 
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1911)" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[400,703,1637,1660]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis box="[400,523,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. nuttingi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[545,696,1637,1660]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,318,1669,1692]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[151,318,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[336,545,1669,1692]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis box="[336,545,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Halopteris nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has proportionally shorter cauline internodes [compare fig. 21B in 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
with 
<figureCitation box="[289,372,1733,1756]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
herein], provided with up to three pairs of superior nematothecae in two parallel rows, and the upper chamber of its lateral nematothecae is globular, with the rim scooped on both ad- and abaxial walls [
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[230,396,1861,1884]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName box="[455,553,1861,1884]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="buski">
<emphasis box="[455,553,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. buski</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[578,617,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">sic!</emphasis>
); 
<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 21C, H), as 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[440,611,1893,1916]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[440,611,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has comparatively longer stem and cladial ahydrothecate internodes (
<figureCitation box="[441,565,1957,1980]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
), its hydrothecae are shallower (
<figureCitation box="[321,445,1989,2012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
) and are provided with an even rim. Additional differences to other congeners are summarized in Appendix 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[832,1437,258,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,981,258,281]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[992,1107,258,281]" name="Seychelles" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. &amp; Bouillon J." box="[1125,1432,258,281]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard &amp; Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[866,1214,290,313]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
<emphasis box="[866,1034,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[1053,1207,290,313]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
], 
<collectingCountry box="[1238,1338,290,313]" name="Maldives" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Maldives</collectingCountry>
(present study), 
<collectingCountry box="[914,1009,322,345]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
[
<bibRefCitation author="Rees W. J. &amp; Vervoort W." box="[1024,1293,322,345]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 209" refId="ref28696" refString="Rees W. J., Vervoort W. 1987. Hydroids from the John Murray expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 237: 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1987">Rees &amp; Vervoort (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName authority="(Bale, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Bale" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="buskii">
<emphasis box="[1338,1437,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="40">H. buskii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bale W. M." box="[839,962,354,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refId="ref26191" refString="Bale W. M. 1884. Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp." type="book" year="1884">Bale, 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>