331 lines
41 KiB
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331 lines
41 KiB
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<document id="AAF91E1BDFB85499D13FFB96D9E717FB" ID-CLB-Dataset="2869" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab021" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9ad2cd5f-60d4-4c02-819f-fea89dda74f7" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799206" ID-ZooBank="A93B7D7A-1F8E-4E59-B86D-67814E01F797" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1640158773547" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shiganova, Tamara A. & Abyzova, Galina A." docDate="2022" docId="03A38E58FFA6AB345E3D39F222AEB197" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab021.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Beroe cucumis Fabricius 1780" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="308" masterDocId="FF9AF620FFADAB3F5F2B3B55270AB74E" masterDocTitle="Revision of Beroidae (Ctenophora) in the southern seas of Europe: systematics and distribution based on genetics and morphology" masterLastPageNumber="322" masterPageNumber="297" pageNumber="308" updateTime="1699472940828" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FE046ADCD431BE1E4F4FEDC8DAAAC5C3">Revision of Beroidae (Ctenophora) in the southern seas of Europe: systematics and distribution based on genetics and morphology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D92B350CA5D7D5094A2D88BD7FB2205">Shiganova, Tamara A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C325F394AA59995BC8E97B9E3BC90EF8">Abyzova, Galina A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="1620EF4E2283C48B853C8972BCECF8B8">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A38E58FFA6AB345E3D39F222AEB197" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799227" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191711122" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799227" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A38E58FFA6AB345E3D39F222AEB197" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A38E58FFA6AB345E3D39F222AEB197" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA6AB345E3D39F2259DB58E" box="[278,663,679,704]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345E3D39F2259DB58E" blockId="11.[278,663,679,704]" box="[278,663,679,704]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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<heading id="D0FD8822FFA6AB345E3D39F2259DB58E" box="[278,663,679,704]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345E3D39F2259DB58E" ID-CoL="LLTX" authority="FABRICIUS, 1780" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[278,663,679,704]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345E3D39F226D8B5F0" box="[278,466,679,702]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">BEROE CUCUMIS</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345EF239F2259DB58E" author="Fabricius, O" box="[473,663,679,704]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" refId="ref15290" refString="Fabricius, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica. Copenhagen and Leipzig: J. G. Rothe, 450." type="book" year="1780">FABRICIUS, 1780</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA6AB345F88399A2599B227" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345F88399A2599B227" blockId="11.[163,780,719,1385]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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The body shape is strait or slightly oval in the oral part and oval at the aboral side, and it is more flattened in the paragastral plane than
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345D28385825C5B46F" box="[515,719,780,802]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis">
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345D28385825C5B46F" box="[515,719,780,802]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. pseudocucumis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="133123CBFFA6AB345DF4385927EEB40F" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[145,224,882,904]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,842]" captionTargetId="figure-528@10.[145,1425,195,842]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Beroe cucumis. A, aboral end (photo A. Semenov); B, oral view with mouth; C, adult ctenophore from the White Sea (photo A. Semenov); D, adult ctenophore from the Great Belt (photo H. U. Riisgård from Shiganova et al., 2014b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799225/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Fig. 6C, D</figureCitation>
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). The adult length varies from
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<quantity id="4CF292ABFFA6AB345D4B387E240DB40F" box="[608,775,811,833]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="100.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="50.0">50 to 150 mm</quantity>
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. Its length to width ratio (l/w) ranges 1.6–2.2. This ratio is variable: we observed specimens, which were shorter and longer, wider or slenderer, but never less than for
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345E1538F3251EB4F5" box="[318,532,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345E1538F3251AB4F5" box="[318,528,934,955]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis">B. pseudocucumis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Juvenile individuals may be narrower in the oral part of the body. Similar individuals were illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345D0138B125C7B4B7" author="Mayer AG" box="[554,717,995,1017]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref17236" refString="Mayer AG. 1912. Ctenophores of the Atlantic coast of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 162: 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1912">Mayer (1912)</bibRefCitation>
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. The meridional canals lie under eight rows of ciliary combs, which extend about three-quarters of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth or a bit longer, but not up to the mouth. Its meridional canals have numerous diverticulae, which may branch out in adult ctenophores, but do not anastomose with each other, and do not connect with paragastral canals. At the aboral end, two oval polar-plates (
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<figureCitation id="133123CBFFA6AB345D123F8D2584B3A0" box="[569,654,1240,1262]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="10.[145,224,882,904]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,842]" captionTargetId="figure-528@10.[145,1425,195,842]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 6. Beroe cucumis. A, aboral end (photo A. Semenov); B, oral view with mouth; C, adult ctenophore from the White Sea (photo A. Semenov); D, adult ctenophore from the Great Belt (photo H. U. Riisgård from Shiganova et al., 2014b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799225/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
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) surround the sense organ at the oval aboral pole, and are fringed with a row of short, branched papillae. Macrociliaries have three-toothed macrociliary tips with a somewhat larger middle tooth (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345EA63E06258EB226" author="Tamm SL & Tamm S" box="[397,644,1363,1385]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref19509" refString="Tamm SL, Tamm S. 1993. Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology 113: 79 - 89." type="journal article" year="1993">Tamm & Tamm, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA6AB345F883EC723E3B3DF" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345F883EC725D9B130" blockId="11.[163,779,1426,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345F883EC725C5B2E9" box="[163,719,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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Geographical distribution:
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345D3E3EC725C5B2E9" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[533,719,1426,1447]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">Beroe cucumis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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was previously believed to be a widespread species, continuously distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345E363EBB251AB14D" author="Pages F & Orejas C" box="[285,528,1518,1540]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="51 - 57" refId="ref18222" refString="Pages F, Orejas C. 1999. Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Magellan region. Scientia Marina 63: 51 - 57." type="journal article" year="1999">Pages & Orejas, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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), but according to our genetic and morphological studies, and by comparison of published data, this species has a bipolar distribution, inhabiting cold polar and temperate waters, while being absent from tropical and subtropical zones.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345F903DD225B6B03D" blockId="11.[163,779,1426,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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Distribution in the Arctic: all Eurasian seas (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345F873DF3265BB1F5" author="Sirenko BI" box="[172,337,1702,1724]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" refId="ref19329" refString="Sirenko BI. 2001. List of species of free-living invertebrates of Eurasian Arctic seas and adjacent deep waters. Moscow: Russian Academy of Science, Zoological Institute." type="book" year="2001">Sirenko, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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), including the Barents Sea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345D923DF32626B194" author="Manko MK & Panasiuk-Chodnicka AA & Zmijewska MI" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="466 - 479" refId="ref17156" refString="Manko MK, Panasiuk-Chodnicka AA, Zmijewska MI. 2015. Pelagic coelenterates in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean-species diversity and distribution as water mass indicators. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 44: 466 - 479." type="journal article" year="2015">
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Manko
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345F883D9027EBB197" box="[163,225,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345E153D912531B194" author="Bandara K & Varpe O & Soreide JE & Wallenschus J & Berge J & Eiane K" box="[318,571,1732,1754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref14638" refString="Bandara K, Varpe O, Soreide JE, Wallenschus J, Berge J, Eiane K. 2016. Seasonal vertical strategies in a high-Arctic coastal zooplankton community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 555: 49 - 64." type="book chapter" year="2016">
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Bandara
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345E9A3D9026FAB197" box="[433,496,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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; this study), the White Sea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345E063DB62580B1B6" author="Kosobokova KN & Pertsova NM" box="[301,650,1763,1785]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="223 - 266" refId="ref16712" refString="Kosobokova KN, Pertsova NM. 2018. Zooplankton of the White Sea: communities, structure, seasonal dynamics, spatial distribution, and ecology. In: Lisitzin AP, Gordeev V, eds. Biogeochemistry of the atmosphere, ice and water of the White Sea. Cham: Springer, 223 - 266." type="book chapter" year="2018">Kosobokova & Pertsova, 2018</bibRefCitation>
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), the Kara Sea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345FF53C572534B059" author="Dvoretsky VG & Dvoretsky AG" box="[222,574,1794,1816]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="38 - 55" refId="ref15112" refString="Dvoretsky VG, Dvoretsky AG. 2017. Macrozooplankton of the Arctic - the Kara Sea in relation to environmental conditions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 188: 38 - 55." type="journal article" year="2017">Dvoretsky & Dvoretsky, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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), the Laptev Sea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345F803C7526F2B078" author="Abramova E & Tuschling K" box="[171,504,1824,1846]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="141 - 164" refId="ref14533" refString="Abramova E, Tuschling K. 2005. A 12 - year study of the seasonal and interannual dynamics of mesozooplankton in the Laptev Sea: significance of salinity regime and life cycle patterns. Global and Planetary Change 48: 141 - 164." type="journal article" year="2005">Abramova & Tuschling, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), the East-Siberian Sea and the Chukchi Sea (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345E863C6A2592B01B" author="Ershova EA & Hopcroft RR & Kosobokova KN" box="[429,664,1855,1877]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1461 - 1481" refId="ref15231" refString="Ershova EA, Hopcroft RR, Kosobokova KN. 2015. Interannual variability of summer mesozooplankton communities of the western Chukchi Sea: 2004 - 2012. Polar Biology 38: 1461 - 1481." type="journal article" year="2015">
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Ershova
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345D3C3C152558B01A" box="[535,594,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345D9B3C6A2400B01B" box="[688,778,1855,1877]" name="Canada" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Canada</collectingCountry>
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Basin (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345FDF3C0B26C6B03D" author="Raskoff KA & Purcell JE & Hopcroft RR" box="[244,460,1885,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="207 - 217" refId="ref18433" refString="Raskoff KA, Purcell JE, Hopcroft RR. 2005. Gelatinous zooplankton of the Arctic Ocean: in situ observations under the ice. Polar Biology 28: 207 - 217." type="journal article" year="2005">
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Raskoff
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345E7A3C0B2683B03D" box="[337,393,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345EF23C0B25A7B03D" author="Purcell JE & Hopcroft, RR & Kosobokova, KN & Whitledge TE" box="[473,685,1886,1908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="127 - 135" refId="ref18353" refString="Purcell JE, Hopcroft, RR, Kosobokova, KN, Whitledge TE. 2010. Distribution, abundance, and predation effects of epipelagic ctenophores and jellyfish in the western Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57: 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Purcell
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345D1A3C0B2563B03D" box="[561,617,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345C783B9023DFB562" blockId="11.[827,1444,197,1629]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
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Distribution in the Atlantic Ocean: individuals of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345C103BB124D6B7B7" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[827,988,228,249]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345C103BB124D6B7B7" box="[827,988,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Beroe cucumis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were sampled from the North of
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<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A613BB122A9B7B7" box="[1354,1443,228,249]" name="Norway" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Norway</collectingCountry>
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to the south-east of the North Sea and analysed genetically (this research). In the Atlantic Ocean
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345A4F3A772493B61B" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
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<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345A4F3A772493B61B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Beroe cucumis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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individuals were sampled from the northern part of
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<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345CA53A0A24EDB63A" box="[910,999,351,372]" name="Norway" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Norway</collectingCountry>
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to the south-east of the North Sea and analysed genetically (this research). Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345A0E3A2B22A9B6DD" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[1317,1443,382,403]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345A0E3A2B22A9B6DD" box="[1317,1443,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. cucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to occur in the northern and north-eastern Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C873AEF236AB681" author="Fabricius, O" box="[940,1120,442,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" refId="ref15290" refString="Fabricius, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica. Copenhagen and Leipzig: J. G. Rothe, 450." type="book" year="1780">Fabricius, 1780</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B443AEE2221B681" author="Van Soest RWM" box="[1135,1323,442,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="119 - 126" refId="ref19688" refString="Van Soest RWM. 1973. Planktonic coelenterates collected in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 43: 119 - 126." type="journal article" year="1973">Van Soest, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345A103AEF24BFB6A0" author="Granhag L & Majaneva S & Friis Moller L" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="455 - 463" refId="ref15877" refString="Granhag L, Majaneva S, Friis Moller L. 2012. First recordings of the ctenophore Euplokamis sp. (Ctenophora, Cydippida) in Swedish coastal waters and molecular identification of this genus. Aquatic Invasions 7: 455 - 463." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Granhag
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345C103A8F2478B6A0" box="[827,882,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CEA3A8C23ADB6A1" author="Licandro P & Blackett M & Fischer A & Hosia A & Kennedy J & Kirby RR & Raab K & Stern R & Tranter P" box="[961,1191,473,495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="173 - 191" refId="ref16859" refString="Licandro P, Blackett M, Fischer A, Hosia A, Kennedy J, Kirby RR, Raab K, Stern R, Tranter P. 2015. Biogeography of jellyfish in the North Atlantic, by traditional and genomic methods. Earth System Science Data 7: 173 - 191." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Licandro
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345B073A8F236EB6A0" box="[1068,1124,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B983A8C229FB6A0" author="Knutsen T & Hosia A & Falkenhaug T & Skern-Mauritzen R & Wiebe PH & Larsen RB & Aglen A & Berg E" box="[1203,1429,473,495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="158" refId="ref16610" refString="Knutsen T, Hosia A, Falkenhaug T, Skern-Mauritzen R, Wiebe PH, Larsen RB, Aglen A, Berg E. 2018. Coincident mass occurrence of gelatinous zooplankton in northern Norway. Frontiers in Marine Science 5: 158." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Knutsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345A313A8F2258B6A0" box="[1306,1362,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and along the eastern coasts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345B873AAD220FB540" box="[1196,1285,504,526]" name="Canada" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A463AAD22A9B543" box="[1389,1443,504,525]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C68394224C7B565" author="Mayer AG" box="[835,973,534,556]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref17236" refString="Mayer AG. 1912. Ctenophores of the Atlantic coast of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 162: 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1912">Mayer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CF1394323CCB565" author="Harbison GR & Madin LP & Swanberg NR" box="[986,1222,534,556]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref16173" refString="Harbison GR, Madin LP, Swanberg NR. 1978. On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores. Deep Sea Research 25: 233 - 256." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Harbison
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345B6039422389B565" box="[1099,1155,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345C78396023C2B4D2" blockId="11.[827,1444,197,1629]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
|
||
In the Mediterranean Sea, and the subtropical, tropical and equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean, it is replaced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345CD2392623CEB5C9" box="[1017,1220,626,648]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345CD2392623CEB5C9" box="[1017,1220,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. pseudocucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additional genetic studies are required to clarify the boundaries of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345C4539E524FCB58B" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[878,1014,688,709]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345C4539E524FCB58B" box="[878,1014,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. cucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrence off the coast of South America, but presumably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345BAE399A2207B5AA" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[1157,1293,719,740]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345BAE399A2207B5AA" box="[1157,1293,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. cucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs also in the temperate and subpolar waters of the South Atlantic and Antarctic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B6D385E2238B46F" author="Siegel V & Harm U" box="[1094,1330,779,801]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="115 - 139" refId="ref19237" refString="Siegel V, Harm U. 1996. The composition, abundance, biomass and diversity of the epipelagic zooplankton communities of the southern Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctic) with special references to krill and salps. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research 44: 115 - 139." type="journal article" year="1996">Siegel & Harm, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345A15385E247EB471" author="Mianzan HW" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="561 - 573" refId="ref17318" refString="Mianzan HW. 1999. Ctenophora. In: Boltovskoy D, ed. South Atlantic zooplankton. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 561 - 573." type="book chapter" year="1999">Mianzan 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CAF387F23C0B471" author="Mianzan HW & Guererro R" box="[900,1226,810,832]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="215 - 224" refId="ref17345" refString="Mianzan HW, Guererro R. 2000. Environmental patterns and biomass distribution of gelatinous macrozooplankton. Three study cases in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Scientia Marina 64: 215 - 224." type="journal article" year="2000">Mianzan & Guererro, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345BF1387F2479B410" author="Pakhomov EA & Ansorge IJ & Froneman PW" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="593 - 603" refId="ref18248" refString="Pakhomov EA, Ansorge IJ, Froneman PW. 2000. Variability in the inter-island environment of the Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean). Polar Biology 23: 593 - 603." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Pakhomov
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345A74387E2296B471" box="[1375,1436,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CA9381C235DB410" author="Flores H & Van Franeker JA & Feij B & Meijboom A & Van Dorssen M" box="[898,1111,841,863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="2008" refId="ref15375" refString="Flores H, Van Franeker JA, Feij B, Meijboom A, Van Dorssen M. 2010. Macrozooplankton and micronekton in the surface layer and under sea ice. In: Bathmann U, ed. The expedition of the research vessel ' Polarstern' to the Antarctic in 2007 / 2008 (ANT-XXIV / 2). Berichte zur Polar-und Meeresforschung (Reports on Polar and Marine Research). Bremerhaven, Germany: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), 604." type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345CA9381C24C6B411" box="[898,972,841,863]" name="Indonesia" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Flores</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345CFF381F2302B410" box="[980,1032,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B4D381C2394B410" author="Flores H & Van Franeker JA & Cisewski B & Leach H & Van de Putte AP & Meesters EH & Bathmann U & Wolff WJ" box="[1126,1182,841,862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1948 - 1961" refId="ref15468" refString="Flores H, Van Franeker JA, Cisewski B, Leach H, Van de Putte AP, Meesters EH, Bathmann U, Wolff WJ. 2011. Macrofauna under sea ice and in the open surface layer of the Lazarev Sea, Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58: 1948 - 1961." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is evidence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345C10383D24B6B433" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[827,956,872,893]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345C10383D24B6B433" box="[827,956,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. cucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in the Benguela Current near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345C1038D324C3B4D2" box="[827,969,902,924]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CF238D323B2B4D5" author="Gibbons MJ & Stuart V & Verheye HM" box="[985,1208,902,924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="421 - 437" refId="ref15845" refString="Gibbons MJ, Stuart V, Verheye HM. 1992. Tropic ecology of carnivorous zooplankton in the Benguela. South African Journal of Marine Science 12: 421 - 437." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Gibbons
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345B1638D2237FB4D5" box="[1085,1141,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345C7838F023E3B3DF" blockId="11.[827,1444,197,1629]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
|
||
In the Pacific Ocean,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345B4638F3222EB4F4" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[1133,1316,933,955]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345B4638F3222EB4F4" box="[1133,1316,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Beroe cucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in cold waters: north-west Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B9338912296B497" author="Kasuya T & Ishimaru T & Murano M" box="[1208,1436,963,985]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="419 - 427" refId="ref16442" refString="Kasuya T, Ishimaru T, Murano M. 2000. Seasonal variations in abundance and size composition of the lobate ctenophore Bolinopsis mikado (Moser) in Tokyo Bay, central Japan. Journal of Oceanography 56: 419 - 427." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Kasuya
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345A313891225FB496" box="[1306,1365,963,985]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C1038B723B9B4B9" author="Napazakov VV & Chuchukalo VI" box="[827,1203,994,1016]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="343 - 351" refId="ref17871" refString="Napazakov VV, Chuchukalo VI. 2011. Feeding of Albatrossia pectoralis (Macrouridae) on the continental slope of eastern Kamchatka and the Kurils. Journal of Ichthyology 51: 343 - 351." type="journal article" year="2011">Napazakov & Chuchukalo 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); north-east Pacific, eastern Bering Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B013F5423E9B358" author="Hoff GR & Britt LL" box="[1066,1251,1025,1047]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="300" refId="ref16203" refString="Hoff GR, Britt LL. 2011. Results of the 2010 eastern Bering Sea upper continental slope survey of groundfish and invertebrate resources. US Department of Commerce, NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-AFSC- 224, 300." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Hoff
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345B4F3F542397B358" box="[1124,1181,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and the southeast Pacific off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345CC63F4A2321B37B" box="[1005,1067,1055,1077]" name="Chile" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B173F75223CB37B" author="Pages F & Orejas C" box="[1084,1334,1055,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="51 - 57" refId="ref18222" refString="Pages F, Orejas C. 1999. Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Magellan region. Scientia Marina 63: 51 - 57." type="journal article" year="1999">Pages & Orejas, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345A6F3F4A24BFB31A" author="Oliveira OM & Miranda TP & Araujo EM & Ayon P & Posso CM & Cepeda-Mercado AA & Cordova P & Cunha AF & Genzano GN & Haddad MA & Mianzan HW" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref18165" refString="Oliveira OM, Miranda TP, Araujo EM, Ayon P, Cedeno- Posso CM, Cepeda-Mercado AA, Cordova P, Cunha AF, Genzano GN, Haddad MA, Mianzan HW. 2016. Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters. Zootaxa 4194: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345C103F6A2478B31D" box="[827,882,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It frequently occurs in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A1C3F6B22A9B31A" box="[1335,1443,1086,1108]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C683F0824D0B33C" author="Stiasny G" box="[835,986,1117,1139]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="27 - 42" refId="ref19359" refString="Stiasny G. 1931. Uber einige coelenterata von Australien. Zoologische Mededelingen 14: 27 - 42." type="journal article" year="1931">Stiasny, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CCD3F082367B33C" author="Edgar GJ" box="[998,1133,1117,1139]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="279 - 299" refId="ref15146" refString="Edgar GJ. 1997. A new genus and three new species of Apseudomorph tanaidacean (Crustacea) from the Darwin region, 279 - 299, In: Hanly JR, Caswell G, Megirian D, Larson HK, eds. Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biological Workshop. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Darwin, Australia: Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory and the Australian Marine Science Association." type="book chapter" year="1997">Edgar, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B523F082263B33C" author="Gershwin, LA & Zeidler W & Davie PJ" box="[1145,1385,1117,1139]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref15776" refString="Gershwin, LA, Zeidler W, Davie PJ. 2010. Ctenophora of Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 54: 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Gershwin
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345BC53F08222CB33C" box="[1262,1318,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345C733F2924E5B3DF" box="[856,1007,1147,1169]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B7A3F2E23D0B3DF" author="Ralph PM" box="[1105,1242,1147,1169]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="70 - 82" refId="ref18403" refString="Ralph PM. 1950. Ctenophores from the waters of Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 78: 70 - 82." type="journal article" year="1950">Ralph, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA6AB345C783FCE23FBB113" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345C783FCE23FBB113" blockId="11.[827,1444,197,1629]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Now that we have genetic confirmation of the presence of two species with a similar morphotype (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345C683F8D24ECB3A3" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[835,998,1240,1261]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345C683F8D24ECB3A3" box="[835,998,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Beroe cucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345B0B3F8D23E0B3A2" box="[1056,1258,1239,1261]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="pseudocucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345B0B3F8D23E0B3A2" box="[1056,1258,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. pseudocucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of the ecology and distribution of these two species. It is possible that there are areas of overlap in their habitat and geography. According to previous records,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A44CDFFA6AB345A0E3E0622A9B226" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[1317,1443,1363,1384]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345A0E3E0622A9B226" box="[1317,1443,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">B. cucumis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the areas between temperate and subtropical climatic zones, like the east coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A243EC5224FB2EB" box="[1295,1349,1424,1445]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345A7E3EC52478B28D" author="Mayer AG" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref17236" refString="Mayer AG. 1912. Ctenophores of the Atlantic coast of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 162: 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="1912">Mayer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C553EFB2360B28D" author="Harbison GR & Madin LP & Swanberg NR" box="[894,1130,1454,1476]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref16173" refString="Harbison GR, Madin LP, Swanberg NR. 1978. On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores. Deep Sea Research 25: 233 - 256." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Harbison
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345CC53EFA232CB28D" box="[1006,1062,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the west coast of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A463EFB22A8B28D" box="[1389,1442,1454,1475]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C683E982339B2AC" author="Wrobel D & Mills C" box="[835,1075,1485,1507]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" refId="ref19790" refString="Wrobel D, Mills C. 1998. Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Monterey: Sea Challengers & Monterey Bay Aquarium." type="book" year="1998">Wrobel & Mills, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Yellow and East
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D7FDEFFA6AB345A763E9822A8B2AD" box="[1373,1442,1485,1507]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
seas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345C513EBE24EFB14F" author="Liu JY" box="[890,997,1515,1537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="50719" refId="ref16951" refString="Liu JY. 2013. Status of marine biodiversity of the China Seas. PLoS One 8: e 50719." type="journal article" year="2013">Liu, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345CDA3EBE2391B14F" author="Yin J & Zhang G & Li C & Wang S & Zhao Z & Wan A" box="[1009,1179,1515,1537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="1144 - 1151" refId="ref19858" refString="Yin J, Zhang G, Li C, Wang S, Zhao Z, Wan A. 2017. Community composition, abundance and biomass of zooplankton in Zhangzi Island waters, northern Yellow Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 35: 1144 - 1151." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Yin
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345B343EB9235DB14E" box="[1055,1111,1515,1537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B42BFFFA6AB345B8D3EB9229FB14F" author="Wang M & Cheng F" box="[1190,1429,1515,1537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" pagination="3774 - 3775" refId="ref19713" refString="Wang M, Cheng F. 2019. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Ctenophore Beroe cucumis, a mitochondrial genome showing rapid evolutionary rates. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4: 3774 - 3775." type="journal article" year="2019">Wang & Cheng, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, additional ecological and genetic studies of individuals in these areas are required to clarify the species identification and distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3106CC5FFA6AB345C103DD322AEB197" pageId="11" pageNumber="308" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB53F4EFFA6AB345C103DD322AEB197" blockId="11.[827,1444,1670,1753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EE35CFFA6AB345C103DD324AEB1D5" box="[827,932,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="308">Habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
Cold-water boreal species, has bipolar distribution and inhabits cold polar and temperate waters, while absent in tropical and subtropical zones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |