156 lines
17 KiB
XML
156 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="CD4F430CAEE2BDAA585A6C05C3773153" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274910" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f562e63b-ee62-40c4-a18e-77eb59288883" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274910" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461083922112" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Salle, John La, Arakelian, Gevork, Garrison, Rosser W. & Gates, Michael W." docDate="2009" docId="03A078748052FF9876A7F8B2FCC08BE4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02121p043.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2121" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Selitrichodes globulus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="FF99000C8053FF9A7630FFEEFFAB8E4A" masterDocTitle="A new species of invasive gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) on blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) in California" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698587691609" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8419F1D1070D8CE3DB457CB0B962C762">A new species of invasive gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) on blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) in California</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E9CA210E1A332084D033BC42AD9BEA22">Salle, John La</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDE95D61DE8525E28D009E1B9424F503">Arakelian, Gevork</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B36DCB6E1DD3E7AF9F0BE9729A35BDCC">Garrison, Rosser W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1A65C85B27528307BA553014A360B64B">Gates, Michael W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="4E9F3204FFB84D290F77D242768BE33B">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="E3B560A5133BE63DA27AEDF2A14ADD28" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274910</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A078748052FF9876A7F8B2FCC08BE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6222467" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119618569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6222467" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A078748052FF9876A7F8B2FCC08BE4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A078748052FF9876A7F8B2FCC08BE4" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="C3139AE98052FF9876A7F8B2FB1F8FAD" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB6C9628052FF9B76A7F8B2FD50893C" blockId="1.[151,763,1884,1910]" box="[151,763,1884,1910]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="D0FE7E0E8052FF9B76A7F8B2FD50893C" bold="true" box="[151,763,1884,1910]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708052FF9B76A7F8B2FD50893C" bold="true" box="[151,763,1884,1910]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18052FF9B76FFF8B2FE70893C" box="[207,475,1884,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globulus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708052FF9B76FFF8B2FE70893C" bold="true" box="[207,475,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Selitrichodes globulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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outbreak in California
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB6C9628052FF9876A7F84BFB1F8FAD" blockId="1.[151,1437,1957,2022]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,1454]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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On
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<date id="FFB7EFA28052FF9B76F4F84BFE1C89F5" box="[196,439,1957,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" value="2008-11-05">November 5, 2008</date>
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, the Entomology Lab of the Los Angeles County Department of Agricultural Commissioner/ Weights & Measures received a single blue gum eucalyptus branch from a homeowner (Monrovia, Los Angeles County) with a note stating "infested tree in the backyard, cancerous growth on branches/twigs". Examination revealed multiple galls on branches containing live larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF9876A7FF0BFEB68EB5" box="[151,285,229,255]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
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wasps. Since this was an unusual damage caused by an apparently new pest on eucalyptus for the
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<collectingCountry id="F31E89F28051FF9876A7FEE2FF6B8F6C" box="[151,192,268,294]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">US</collectingCountry>
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, an 'official' sample (per protocol) was collected at the property on
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<date id="FFB7EFA28051FF9875DBFEE2FB238F6C" box="[1003,1160,268,294]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">November 6.</date>
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The infested blue gum eucalyptus tree was in poor shape with heavy, hanging branches and twigs covered with galls (
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<figureCitation id="1332D5E78051FF98732EFEDCFA258F06" box="[1310,1422,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="1.[151,271,1741,1765]" captionTargetBox="[158,1419,190,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[142,1440,165,1729]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Selitrichodes globulus. 1 – 2, Gall damage on Eucalyptus globulus. 3, Galls showing adult emergence holes. 4, Dissected section of stem showing galls containing larvae and pupae. 5 – 6, Larvae within dissected galls." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274911/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
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). Galls consisted of multiple chambers containing larvae and pupae, and could occur almost continually along branches; there were up to as many as
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<specimenCount id="9D0F02EB8051FF987453FE6EFCAF8FD0" box="[611,772,384,410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
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per
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<quantity id="4CF164878051FF987509FE6EFCD58FD0" box="[825,894,384,410]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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of branch. At the same time some leaves had isolated galls on them. Several smaller branches and twigs were entirely dry with
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<quantity id="4CF164878051FF987249FE48FB508F8A" box="[1145,1275,422,448]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 mm</quantity>
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cracks along galls that could possibly promote fungal infection and decay spreading to larger branches.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3139AE98051FF9876F5FE1AFCC08BE4" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB6C9628051FF9876F5FE1AFC798CBC" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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Cut eucalyptus branches were stored in plastic bags punctured with #4 insect pins (to prevent adult escape and to keep material from fast drying). From
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<date id="FFB7EFA28051FF9874F3FDF4FC218C7E" box="[707,906,538,564]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1910-11-08">November 8–10</date>
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, these bags were placed in the lower (fruit/ vegetable) section of a refrigerator to stop fungal growth and to possibly stimulate the emergence of adults. Adults started emerging on
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<date id="FFB7EFA28051FF98745AFD86FCB68CC8" box="[618,797,616,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1912-11">November 12</date>
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and were observed emerging until
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<date id="FFB7EFA28051FF9872C5FD86FA368CC8" box="[1269,1437,616,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">December 2.</date>
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About 120–
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<specimenCount id="9D0F02EB8051FF987713FD60FEE58CE2" box="[291,334,654,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="adult">130</specimenCount>
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adults were reared along with two
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF9874D9FD61FB478CE2" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" box="[745,1260,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Mymaridae" genus="Erythmelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF9874D9FD61FC648CE2" box="[745,975,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Erythmelus gracilis</emphasis>
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(Howard) (Mymaridae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, which are egg parasitoids and were probably present as contaminants brought in on the twigs. There were high larval and pupal densities present in galls, with adults emerging at the same time.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB6C9628051FF9876F5FCECFECB8DDA" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">A second infestation was subsequently found at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanical Gardens located in Arcadia (by J.Turney, Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Agricultural Commissioner/Weights & Measures). As yet no adults have emerged from these samples; the larvae were submitted to CDFA to confirm the new location.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB6C9628051FF9876F6FC73FC9D8AD5" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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Subsequent rearings recovered additional species of wasps associated with these galls. The most interesting was the rearing of five males of an
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF98748CFC2AFC978D97" box="[700,828,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ophelimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF98748CFC2AFC978D97" box="[700,828,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ophelimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species (
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF987598FC2AFB9F8D94" box="[936,1076,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
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: Ophelimini).
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF9872EEFC2AFAF68D97" box="[1246,1373,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ophelimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF9872EEFC2AFAF68D97" box="[1246,1373,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ophelimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an unusual Australian genus which contains over 50 described species and many more undescribed. Species have been assumed to always be gall inducers (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF98B4938051FF987498FBFEFCFF8A61" author="Boucek" box="[680,852,1040,1067]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 832 pp." type="book" year="1988">Bouček 1988</bibRefCitation>
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), and this is probably the largest group of gall inducing eulophids on
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF987798FBD6FD878A1B" box="[424,556,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
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. However actual biology is known for relatively few species, and there is some indication that at least some species are not true gall inducers but are associated with galls in other ways, perhaps as inquilines or even parasitoids (La Salle 2005).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB6C9628051FF9876F5FB42FCC08BE4" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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The presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF9877B5FB42FDAF8A8F" box="[389,516,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ophelimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF9877B5FB42FDAF8A8F" box="[389,516,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ophelimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. questions the status of the two wasp species associated with blue gum galls in California.
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF98770CFB3DFE7E8AA6" box="[316,469,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF98770CFB3DFE7E8AA6" box="[316,469,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Selitrichodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species appear to be mainly parasitoids of gall inducing wasps (Kim
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF98733CFB3DFAE38AA6" box="[1292,1352,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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2008), and
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF9876FAFB17FEE18B58" box="[202,330,1273,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ophelimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF9876FAFB17FEE18B58" box="[202,330,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ophelimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are predominantly gall inducers. In this case, it appears that these roles are reversed. Further studies to clarify the exact roles of all the species associated with these galls will be of interest. However, it should be pointed out that when this paper was submitted, samples of gall infested
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF98725EFAA9FB5F8B2A" box="[1134,1268,1351,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globulus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF98725EFAA9FB5F8B2A" box="[1134,1268,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">E. globulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had produced almost 600
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF98772FFA83FE0B8BCC" box="[287,416,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globulus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF98772FFA83FE0B8BCC" box="[287,416,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">S. globulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and less than
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<specimenCount id="9D0F02EB8051FF98747EFA83FD078BCD" box="[590,684,1389,1415]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="male">20 male</specimenCount>
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF987483FA83FC998BCC" box="[691,818,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ophelimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF987483FA83FC998BCC" box="[691,818,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ophelimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Under these circumstances, it is difficult to imagine
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<taxonomicName id="4C09B2E18051FF9876A7FA7AFEB28BE7" box="[151,281,1428,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globulus">
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<emphasis id="B97D15708051FF9876A7FA7AFEB28BE7" box="[151,281,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">S. globulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as being anything except the primary gall inducer.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |