treatments-xml/data/03/92/77/0392774B7851106BB6DD56DEFB89FD7F.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791606" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bb0a745-07bd-4df6-99e7-4d8a6b242aa5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749350" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791606" ID-ZooBank="DB5973A9-8CF6-400B-87C4-7A4521BD3117" checkinTime="1587971617180" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dunlop, Jason &amp; Mitov, Plamen" docDate="2009" docId="0392774B7851106BB6DD56DEFB89FD7F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2024.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 16" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@18c8ecf5" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Histricostoma tuberculatum" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="355" masterDocId="FFAB0F3378551063B6515743FFCCFF8B" masterDocTitle="Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber" masterLastPageNumber="375" masterPageNumber="347" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" updateTime="1643568438625" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dunlop, Jason</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mitov, Plamen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Sofia, Sofia ,, Bulgaria</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2009-07-29</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>16</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>347</mods:start>
<mods:end>375</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.16.224</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">2bb0a745-07bd-4df6-99e7-4d8a6b242aa5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576490</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DB5973A9-8CF6-400B-87C4-7A4521BD3117</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791606" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749350" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392774B7851106BB6DD56DEFB89FD7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392774B7851106BB6DD56DEFB89FD7F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="355" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<subSubSection box="[140,784,412,440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,784,412,474]" box="[140,784,412,440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<heading box="[140,784,412,440]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" reason="3">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,784,412,440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
¡ 
<taxonomicName authority="(Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[150,784,412,439]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[150,484,412,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">Histricostoma tuberculatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Koch &amp; Berendt" box="[499,775,412,439]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="351" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,784,412,474]" box="[140,284,448,474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<figureCitation box="[140,232,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 1-5" captionStartId="5.[140,222,1425,1447]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[140,1108,165,1406]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1-5. Nemastomatids. 1?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 2?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 3 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype) [all from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene)] 4 Juvenile Mitostoma chrysomelas (Recent harvestman for comparison) 5 Male Mitostoma patrizii (Recent harvestman for comparison). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (1-2, 5), 0.5 mm (3) and 0.35 mm (4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814831/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">Figs 1-2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[245,284,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 6-9" captionStartId="6.[140,222,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1052,165,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1055,165,1503]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 6-9. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 1-3. 6?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 7 the same – detail of the apophysis at the tip of the first cheliceral segment (right chelicerae, dorso-lateral view) 8?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 9 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (6, 8) and 0.5 mm (9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814833/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">6-8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,518,1672]" box="[140,593,518,545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,272,518,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis box="[140,267,518,544]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" reason="1">Synonymy</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
See 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunlop" box="[324,492,519,545]" firstAuthor="Dunlop" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" pagination="167 - 182" refId="ref10654" refString="Dunlop JA (2006) Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9: 167 - 182." type="journal article" year="2006">Dunlop (2006</bibRefCitation>
, p. 179).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="351" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,518,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608842031" collectionCode="MfN" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,306,554,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis box="[185,301,554,580]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" reason="1">
<typeStatus box="[185,301,554,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[314,375,554,580]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jp8y-i5nv" name="Museum für Naturkunde" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" type="Museum">MfN</collectionCode>
, Berendt collection, repository nr. 7248, redescribed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunlop" firstAuthor="Dunlop" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" pagination="167 - 182" refId="ref10654" refString="Dunlop JA (2006) Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9: 167 - 182." type="journal article" year="2006">Dunlop (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, from Baltic amber (Palaeogene, Eocene); precise locality unclear.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,518,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,433,624,650]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis box="[185,313,624,650]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" reason="1">Additional</emphasis>
material.
</emphasis>
MfN, MB.A. 1652 (also bears a label “Ser. 8/11”) and MB.A. 1653. Bitterfeld amber, probably from the site of the Goitsche open-cast Mine near Bitterfeld, 
<collectingRegion box="[317,496,695,721]" country="Germany" name="Sachsen-Anhalt" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">Sachsen-Anhalt</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[507,616,695,721]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">Germany</collectingCountry>
; Palaeogene (Oligocene: Chattian).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,518,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,337,729,755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis box="[185,332,729,755]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
MB.A. 1652 (
<figureCitation box="[517,591,730,756]" captionStart="Figures 1-5" captionStartId="5.[140,222,1425,1447]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[140,1108,165,1406]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1-5. Nemastomatids. 1?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 2?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 3 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype) [all from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene)] 4 Juvenile Mitostoma chrysomelas (Recent harvestman for comparison) 5 Male Mitostoma patrizii (Recent harvestman for comparison). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (1-2, 5), 0.5 mm (3) and 0.35 mm (4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814831/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[610,625,730,757]" captionStart="Figures 6-9" captionStartId="6.[140,222,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1052,165,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1055,165,1503]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 6-9. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 1-3. 6?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 7 the same – detail of the apophysis at the tip of the first cheliceral segment (right chelicerae, dorso-lateral view) 8?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 9 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (6, 8) and 0.5 mm (9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814833/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">6</figureCitation>
) is a fairly complete specimen in dorsal view. Body compact, smoothly oval, length 
<quantity box="[645,754,765,792]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" unit="mm" value="1.48">1.48 mm</quantity>
; maximum width ca. 1.0 mm. Prosoma and opisthosoma completely fused together with little or no evidence of tagmosis between these body regions, of divisions of the prosomal dorsal shield and/ or of opisthosomal segmentation. Ocular tubercle flattened, diameter of each lens c. 
<quantity box="[169,267,906,932]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
. Slight bilobation to the anterior margin of the prosomal dorsal shield. Basal article of chelicera projects forwards, maximum length 
<quantity box="[853,963,941,968]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" unit="mm" value="0.26">0.26 mm</quantity>
, more distal articles largely tucked under body obscuring details, but quite setose on their anterior margin. Basal article distally with a globular and setose apophysis (
<figureCitation box="[906,976,1011,1038]" captionStart="Figures 6-9" captionStartId="6.[140,222,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1052,165,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1055,165,1503]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 6-9. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 1-3. 6?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 7 the same – detail of the apophysis at the tip of the first cheliceral segment (right chelicerae, dorso-lateral view) 8?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 9 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (6, 8) and 0.5 mm (9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814833/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="351">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Pedipalps elongate and slender. Palpal coxae project forwards up to 
<quantity box="[798,908,1047,1073]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" unit="mm" value="0.19">0.19 mm</quantity>
. Subsequent articles with lengths (in mm) of trochanter, 0.28; femur, 0.85; patella, 0.70; tibia, 0.78; tarsus, 0.33; giving a total post-coxal length of 2.94. Palpal trochanter oval, bearing numerous very short setae. Femur longer, curving mesally slightly and widening distally, and with longer inward-pointing setae; especially on the mesal surface. Patella and tibia also with some longer setae. Tarsus slightly swollen and quite densely setose. Leg 1 almost complete, other legs attached to body as femora only; with leg 4 quite poorly preserved. Leg 1 article lengths (in mm): trochanter, 0.22; femur, 1.59; patella, 0.26; tibia, 0.69; metatarsus, 1.50; tarsus at least 0.56. Tarsus with at least one long and one short distal article but distal end and any claw equivocal. Femora 2 and 3 with lengths of 1.87 and 
<quantity box="[444,552,1399,1425]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="4" pageNumber="351" unit="mm" value="1.44">1.44 mm</quantity>
respectively. Most leg articles elongate, slender and widening slightly distally, but patella short and globular. Femora typically with three pseudo-articulations, revealed as concavities in the limb outline and/or as paler bands about a third to a half of the way along the article. Trochanters often with short hairs (as in the pedipalps) and femora with a mixture of short hairs and robust, but very short spines along the length of the article. Setation seemingly weak or absent on more distal leg articles, but reappearing as a few longer setae towards the distal end. At least two disarticulated distal limb regions also cross the body, presumably deriving
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814831/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" startId="5.[140,222,1425,1447]" targetBox="[140,1108,165,1405]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[140,1107,1425,1575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,273,1425,1447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Figures 1-5.</emphasis>
Nemastomatids. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[442,455,1425,1447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">1</emphasis>
? 
<taxonomicName authority="(Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[473,974,1425,1447]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis box="[473,723,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Histricostoma tuberculatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Koch &amp; Berendt" box="[738,967,1425,1447]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, MB.A. 1652 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,153,1457,1479]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">2</emphasis>
? 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[168,318,1457,1479]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis box="[168,318,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">H. tuberculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MB.A. 1653 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[455,468,1457,1479]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">3</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Dunlop &amp; Mitov, 2009" authorityName="Dunlop &amp; Mitov" authorityYear="2009" box="[475,641,1457,1479]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mitostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gruberi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[475,641,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Mitostoma gruberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[647,699,1458,1479]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
MB.A. 1654 (
<typeStatus box="[835,919,1457,1479]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">holotype</typeStatus>
) [all from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene)] 
<specimenCount box="[446,543,1489,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" type="juvenile">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[446,459,1489,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">4</emphasis>
Juvenile
</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hermann" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[550,755,1489,1511]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mitostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysomelas">
<emphasis box="[550,755,1489,1511]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Mitostoma chrysomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Recent harvestman for comparison) 
<specimenCount box="[140,208,1521,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" type="male">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,153,1521,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">5</emphasis>
Male
</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1953" box="[216,384,1522,1543]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mitostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patrizii">
<emphasis box="[216,384,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">Mitostoma patrizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Recent harvestman for comparison). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[995,1030,1521,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">1-2</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1043,1056,1521,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">5</emphasis>
), 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[191,204,1553,1575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">3</emphasis>
) and 
<quantity box="[259,345,1553,1575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[358,371,1553,1575]" pageId="5" pageNumber="352">4</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814833/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" startId="6.[140,222,1527,1549]" targetBox="[195,1052,165,1499]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph blockId="6.[140,1108,1527,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,272,1527,1549]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">Figures 6-9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="P. C. Boyce &amp; S. Y. Wong" authorityYear="2014" box="[281,414,1527,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Camera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">
<emphasis box="[281,414,1527,1548]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">Camera lucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
drawings of the specimens shown in 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[778,813,1527,1549]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">1-3</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[828,841,1527,1549]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">6</emphasis>
? 
<taxonomicName authority="(Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis box="[858,1108,1527,1549]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">Histricostoma tuberculatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Koch &amp; Berendt" box="[146,363,1559,1581]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, MB.A. 1652 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[501,514,1559,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">7</emphasis>
the same – detail of the apophysis at the tip of the first cheliceral segment (right chelicerae, dorso-lateral view) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[557,570,1591,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">8</emphasis>
? 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[585,734,1591,1613]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis box="[585,734,1591,1613]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">H. tuberculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MB.A. 1653 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[868,881,1591,1613]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">9</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Dunlop &amp; Mitov, 2009" authorityName="Dunlop &amp; Mitov" authorityYear="2009" box="[887,1052,1591,1613]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mitostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gruberi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[887,1052,1591,1613]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">Mitostoma gruberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1058,1108,1591,1612]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
MB.A. 1654 (
<typeStatus box="[270,357,1623,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">holotype</typeStatus>
). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1088,1101,1623,1645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">6</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,153,1655,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">8</emphasis>
) and 
<quantity box="[207,281,1655,1677]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="353" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
(
<emphasis bold="true" box="[295,308,1655,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="353">9</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
from the same animal. Both end in a single curved claw and one is clearly an annulate tarsus with at least 15 individual elements. Opisthosoma smooth, without ornament save for four pairs of prominent spines standing perpendicular to the body surface. Spines c. 
<quantity box="[251,343,272,299]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
high, ending in slightly swollen and rounded tips. Anterior three pairs more or less parallel, c. 
<quantity box="[475,566,308,334]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
apart, posterior (fourth) pair a little larger and more widely separated, c. 
<quantity box="[436,527,343,369]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
apart. Ventral surface of body unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
MB.A. 1653 (
<figureCitation box="[344,415,378,404]" captionStart="Figures 1-5" captionStartId="5.[140,222,1425,1447]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1405]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[140,1108,165,1406]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 1-5. Nemastomatids. 1?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 2?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 3 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype) [all from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene)] 4 Juvenile Mitostoma chrysomelas (Recent harvestman for comparison) 5 Male Mitostoma patrizii (Recent harvestman for comparison). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (1-2, 5), 0.5 mm (3) and 0.35 mm (4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814831/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[430,444,378,404]" captionStart="Figures 6-9" captionStartId="6.[140,222,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1052,165,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1055,165,1503]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 6-9. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 1-3. 6?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 7 the same – detail of the apophysis at the tip of the first cheliceral segment (right chelicerae, dorso-lateral view) 8?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 9 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (6, 8) and 0.5 mm (9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814833/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">8</figureCitation>
) is an almost complete specimen, but one which is largely covered with a white emulsion, which makes features of the body and especially the proximal regions of the legs appear much thicker than they would have been in life. Body oval, length 
<quantity box="[343,450,483,510]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="1.52">1.52 mm</quantity>
. Eye tubercle distinct, but lacking details, while differentiation into a prosoma and opisthosoma unusually clearly expressed for a nemastomatid harvestman. Opisthosoma bears four pairs of erect spines arranged in two sub-parallel rows. Chelicerae and pedipalps largely equivocal. Legs relatively complete. Leg 1 with article lengths (in mm) of: femur, ca. 1.2; patella, 0.37; tibia, 0.77; metatarsus and tarsus, ca. 1.8. Total length ca. 
<quantity box="[402,494,660,686]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
. Metatarsus–tarsus boundary indistinct, but tarsus with some degree of distal division into tarsomeres. Leg 2 incomplete, lengths of trochanter 0.28 and femur 
<quantity box="[316,421,730,756]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.62" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="2.62">2.62 mm</quantity>
. Femur noticeably slender. Leg with article lengths (in mm) of: trochanter, 0.23; femur, 1.23; patella preserved at an angle which prevents measurement; tibia, 0.63; metatarsus and tarsus, ca. 2.77. Metatarsus–tarsus boundary indistinct. Leg 4 especially well preserved with article lengths (in mm) of: trochanter, 0.33; femur, 1.90; patella, 0.35; tibia, 0.80; metatarsus, 1.4; tarsus, ca. 2.3. Total length ca. 
<quantity box="[955,1026,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
. Tarsus subdivided into four long and ten short tarsomeres; tarsus ends in a single claw.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="355" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,941,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis box="[185,293,941,967]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
? 
<taxonomicName authority="(Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[315,907,941,968]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis box="[315,616,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Histricostoma tuberculatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Koch &amp; Berendt" box="[632,899,941,968]" firstAuthor="Koch" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" refId="ref10968" refString="Koch CL, Berendt GC (1854) Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachniden und Apteren der Vorwelt. Edwin Groening, Berlin, 124 pp." type="book" year="1854">Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
has now been recorded from both Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. All these fossils are tentatively assignable to 
<taxonomicName authority="Kratochvil, 1958" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[169,514,1011,1038]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[169,317,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Histricostoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Kratochvil" box="[323,514,1011,1038]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="523 - 576" refId="ref10998" refString="Kratochvil J (1958) Hohlenweberknechte Bulgariens (Palpatores - Nemastomatidae). Acta Academiae Scientiarum Cechoslovenicae Basis Brunensis 30: 523 - 576." type="journal article" year="1958">Kratochvíl, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
based on the pillar-like opisthosomal spines. Howev- er, other nematostomid genera can show similar armature, thus the slight uncertainty about this referral. Unfortunately without penis morphology, which has so far not been recorded in amber fossils, an unequivocal referral to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[733,881,1118,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[733,881,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Histricostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or any other genus remains difficult. An alternative could be 
<taxonomicName authority="Kratochvil, 1958" authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[616,952,1152,1179]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mediostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[616,748,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Mediostoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Kratochvil" box="[756,952,1152,1179]" firstAuthor="Kratochvil" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="523 - 576" refId="ref10998" refString="Kratochvil J (1958) Hohlenweberknechte Bulgariens (Palpatores - Nemastomatidae). Acta Academiae Scientiarum Cechoslovenicae Basis Brunensis 30: 523 - 576." type="journal article" year="1958">Kratochvíl, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, although for us? 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[182,365,1187,1213]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">
<emphasis box="[182,365,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">H. tuberculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more ‘ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[473,621,1188,1213]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[473,621,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Histricostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘ like than ‘ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[752,884,1187,1213]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mediostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[752,884,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Mediostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘ like in term of the form and position of the thorns; the absence of specific microsculpture elements on the leg femora and scutum, and the position of the ocular tubercle. We concede that the shape of the apohysis matches the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[527,659,1293,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mediostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[527,659,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Mediostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus box="[666,717,1294,1320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">type</typeStatus>
, but this in isolation is insufficient – some other nemastomatid gerera express a similar shape (e.g. 
<taxonomicName authority="Martens, 2006" authorityName="Martens" authorityYear="2006" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Vestiferum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[882,996,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Vestiferum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" firstAuthor="Martens" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="145 - 210" refId="ref11115" refString="Martens J (2006) Weberknechte aus dem Kaukasus (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 86: 145 - 210." type="journal article" year="2006">Martens, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Mello-Leitao, 1936" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1936" box="[216,602,1363,1390]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Nemastomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[216,368,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Nemastomella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Mello-Leitao" box="[378,602,1363,1390]" firstAuthor="Mello-Leitao" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref11140" refString="Mello-Leitao C (1936) Les Opilions de Catalogne. Treballs del Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona XI (9): 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1936">Mello-Leitão, 1936</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) – and variation in apophysis shape within 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[140,272,1399,1425]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Mediostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[140,272,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">Mediostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species can be high (
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[508,732,1399,1426]" firstAuthor="Martens" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="145 - 210" refId="ref11115" refString="Martens J (2006) Weberknechte aus dem Kaukasus (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 86: 145 - 210." type="journal article" year="2006">Martens 2006: 186</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="8.[140,1108,166,756]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="355" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">
Interestingly the opisthosomal spines are less pronounced in the 
<typeStatus box="[942,1041,1434,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="354">holotype</typeStatus>
from Baltic amber (
<bibRefCitation author="Dunlop" box="[303,465,1469,1495]" firstAuthor="Dunlop" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" pagination="167 - 182" refId="ref10654" refString="Dunlop JA (2006) Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9: 167 - 182." type="journal article" year="2006">Dunlop 2006</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6C) – which also has a slightly broader, somewhat pear-shaped, opisthosoma – when compared to the new Bitterfeld material. However, as 
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[171,352,1540,1566]" firstAuthor="Martens" pageId="7" pageNumber="354" refId="ref11085" refString="Martens J (1978) Spinnentiere, Arachnida, Weberknechte, Opiliones. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. 64. Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 464 pp." type="book" year="1978">Martens (1978)</bibRefCitation>
noted, in Recent species spination is less pronounced in females compared to males. Minor differences in the degree of spination would thus be a poor species character to adopt and it is conceivable that the differences observed here are principally sexually dimorphic. The unusually clear dividing line between the pro- and opisthosoma in MB.A. 
<date box="[412,528,166,193]" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" value="1653-05">1653 may</date>
result from the emulsion layer highlighting a furrow between the prosoma and opisthosoma, which is normally present in many adult nemastomatids. In juveniles such tagmosis is also clearly present since the scutum magnum remains divided into two parts (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Rambla" box="[608,764,272,298]" firstAuthor="Rambla" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref11205" refString="Rambla M (1968) Algunos Opiliones del Norte de Grecia. Miscelanea Zoologica, Barcelona 2 (3): 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1968">Rambla 1968</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4), although here they are clearly separate sclerites. This cannot be resolved in the emulsion-covered MB.A. 1653.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,166,756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="355">
Also of note is the fact that in this fossil species the legs and pedipalps are elongate and slender. This is untypical for males of Recent species, where the female pedipalp is usually the more slender (cf. 
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[464,625,413,440]" firstAuthor="Martens" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" pagination="145 - 210" refId="ref11115" refString="Martens J (2006) Weberknechte aus dem Kaukasus (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 86: 145 - 210." type="journal article" year="2006">Martens 2006</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 26). However, the presence of an apophysis on the chelicera of MB.A. 1652 (
<figureCitation box="[572,636,448,475]" captionStart="Figures 6-9" captionStartId="6.[140,222,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1052,165,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1055,165,1503]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 6-9. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 1-3. 6?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 7 the same – detail of the apophysis at the tip of the first cheliceral segment (right chelicerae, dorso-lateral view) 8?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 9 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (6, 8) and 0.5 mm (9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="355">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) is characteristic for males. It is conceivable that we could be dealing with an andromorphic female; see e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Chemini" box="[851,1033,483,510]" firstAuthor="Chemini" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" pagination="6" refId="ref10517" refString="Chemini C (1984) Andromorphy in a female of Nemastoma dentigerum Canestrini (Opiliones) from Northern Italy. Bulletin of the British arachnological Society 40: 6." type="journal article" year="1984">Chemini (1984)</bibRefCitation>
for an example of this phenomenon in Recent nemastomatids. Further support for this hypothesis comes from the absence of any thorns on the distal end of the pedipalp patella (
<figureCitation box="[1035,1099,554,581]" captionStart="Figures 6-9" captionStartId="6.[140,222,1527,1549]" captionTargetBox="[195,1052,165,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[192,1055,165,1503]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 6-9. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 1-3. 6?Histricostoma tuberculatum (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), MB.A. 1652 7 the same – detail of the apophysis at the tip of the first cheliceral segment (right chelicerae, dorso-lateral view) 8?H. tuberculatum, MB.A. 1653 9 Mitostoma gruberi sp. n. MB.A. 1654 (holotype). All from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (6, 8) and 0.5 mm (9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="355">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) which are normally present in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[474,618,590,615]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[474,618,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="355">Histricostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males (
<bibRefCitation author="Starega" box="[700,862,589,615]" firstAuthor="Starega" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" pagination="287 - 433" refId="ref11769" refString="Starega W (1976 b) Die Weberknechte (Opiliones, excl. Sironidae) Bulgariens. Annales Zoologici 33: 287 - 433." type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Staręga 1976b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[873,1031,589,616]" firstAuthor="Martens" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" refId="ref11085" refString="Martens J (1978) Spinnentiere, Arachnida, Weberknechte, Opiliones. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. 64. Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 464 pp." type="book" year="1978">Martens 1978</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[1043,1103,589,615]" firstAuthor="Martens" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" pagination="145 - 210" refId="ref11115" refString="Martens J (2006) Weberknechte aus dem Kaukasus (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 86: 145 - 210." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
; P. Mitov pers. obs.). In any case, the distal end of the pedipalp femur bears concavities – something typical for Recent 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kratochvil" authorityYear="1958" box="[499,643,660,685]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemastomatidae" genus="Histricostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="8" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[499,643,660,685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="355">Histricostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and provides further grounds for referring these fossils to this genus. Other potentially useful characters, such as the form and concavity of the secretion area of the cheliceral gland, are equivocal in these fossils.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>