309 lines
30 KiB
XML
309 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.375.6116" ID-GBIF-Dataset="07514d17-04b4-4577-ba40-d72a61e501fa" ID-PMC="PMC3921563" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-375-75" ID-PubMed="24526845" ID-ZBK="319CFD1CA7954F2EA20D9284BCC2C3F7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-375-75" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 375" ModsDocTitle="Acanoides gen. n., a new spider genus from China with a note on the taxonomic status of Acanthoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1992 (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Micronetinae)" checkinTime="1451246383948" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sun, Ning, Marusik, Yuri M. & Tu, Lihong" docDate="2014" docId="DB59CA75A838D83EDDC7244C668599A9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 375: 75-99" docOrigin="ZooKeys 375" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.375.6116" docTitle="Acanoides Sun, Marusik & Tu, 2014, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="4632240B-5228-4EB7-A1BC-CBD9176FEC2B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="82" masterDocId="D54087178928FFDFD24EC032E11A7676" masterDocTitle="Acanoides gen. n., a new spider genus from China with a note on the taxonomic status of Acanthoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1992 (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Micronetinae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="75" pageNumber="80" updateTime="1668157596740" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Acanoides gen. n., a new spider genus from China with a note on the taxonomic status of Acanthoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1992 (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Micronetinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sun, Ning</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Marusik, Yuri M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tu, Lihong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>375</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>75</mods:start>
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<mods:end>99</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.375.6116</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.375.6116</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-375-75</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">319CFD1CA7954F2EA20D9284BCC2C3F7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">319CFD1CA7954F2EA20D9284BCC2C3F7</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152050795" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4632240B-5228-4EB7-A1BC-CBD9176FEC2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB59CA75A838D83EDDC7244C668599A9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="80" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/4632240B-5228-4EB7-A1BC-CBD9176FEC2B" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="80">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="80" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="80" type="composition">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">Composition.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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Two species,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides hengshanensis" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hengshanensis">Acanoides hengshanensis</taxonomicName>
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(Chen & Yin, 2000) comb. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="80" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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The males of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. can be distinct from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthoneta</taxonomicName>
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by the sharp embolus proper, the slender lamella characteristica unbranched, and by the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
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gland located in the membranous area outside the radix (Figs 2D, 3D). The females can be distinguished by the ventrally folded extensible epigynal basal part (Figs 2F, 3F).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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Male total length 2.34-2.73; female total length 2.10-2.42. Carapace yellowish-brown. Male carapace unmodified. AMEs smallest, others subequal; from the dorsal view AER recurved, PER straight, eyes separated by AMEd, ALE and PLE juxtaposed. Chelicerae medium-sized, with strong stridulatory ridges, female fang groove with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., and two promarginal and two retromarginal teeth in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides hengshanensis" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hengshanensis">Acanoides hengshanensis</taxonomicName>
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. Chaetotaxy: Ti
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
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: 2-2-2-2; Mt
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<normalizedToken originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
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: 1-1-1-1; Mt I of males with two rows of ventral bristles, one prolateral, one retrolateral (Fig. 1C, 1D); Tm I about 0.25, Tm IV absent. Both species have a haplotracheate system.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="80">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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) and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides hengshanensis" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hengshanensis">Acanoides hengshanensis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
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). A male, dorsal B female, dorsal C male, lateral, rectangle indicates ventrolateral rows of bristles on Mt I D male, lateral, rectangle indicates ventrolateral rows of bristles on Mt I E male, dorsal F female, dorsal. [Scale bars: mm].
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="81" start="start">Male</pageBreakToken>
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palp (Figs 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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, 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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, 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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). Cymbium with proximal apophysis. Paracymbium medium to large-sized, with one tooth on lateral margin. Distal suprategular apophysis not modified as pit hook, or absent. Embolic division: radix long and narrow,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
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gland located in the membranous area connecting radix and embolus; embolus wide and strongly sclerotized with serrated area, embolus proper sharp with a thumb and an apex at each side; lamella characteristica unbranched, long and narrow with sharp sclerotized apex, almost parallel to radix; terminal apophysis with distal membrane.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A male palp, prolateral B male palp, prolateral, with embolic division removed C male palp, retrolateral D embolic division, ventral E embolic division, dorsal F epigynum, ventral G epigynum, dorsal H epigynum, lateral. CG copulatory groove; CO copulatory opening; DP dorsal plate; EA extensible area of epigynal basal part; EM embolic membrane; EP embolus proper; FG fertilization groove; FiG
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
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gland; LC lamella characteristica; MP median plate; P paracymbium; PCA proximal cymbial apophysis; R radix; S spermathecae; TA terminal apophysis; TH thumb of embolus; VP ventral plate. [Scale bars: mm].
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides hengshanensis" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hengshanensis">Acanoides hengshanensis</taxonomicName>
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. A male palp, prolateral B male palp, ventral C male palp, retrolateral, arrow indicates pointed tooth on posterolateral margin D embolic division, ventral E embolic division, dorsal F epigynum, ventral G epigynum, dorsal. CG copulatory groove; CO copulatory opening; DP dorsal plate; EA extensible area of epigynal basal part; EM embolic membrane; EP embolus proper; FG fertilization groove; FiG
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
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gland; LC lamella characteristica; P paracymbium; PCA proximal cymbial apophysis; R radix; S spermatheca; TA terminal apophysis; TH thumb of embolus; VP ventral plate. [Scale bars: mm].
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A palp (embolic division removed), prolateral B palp, retrolateral, arrow indicates half rounded lateral tooth on paracymbium C embolic division, ventral D embolic division, dorsal E detail of D F detail of C G epigynum, ventral H epigynum, dorsal. AX apex of embolus; CG copulatory groove; CO copulatory opening; DM distal membrane of terminal apophysis; DSA distal suprategular apophysis; EA extensible area of epigynal basal part; EM embolic membrane; EP embolus proper; FG fertilization groove; LC lamella characteristica; MP median plate; P paracymbium; PCA proximal cymbial apophysis; R radix; S spermatheca; SE serrated area on embolus; SPT suprategulum; TA terminal apophysis; TH thumb of embolus; VP ventral plate. [Scale bars: mm].
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides hengshanensis" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hengshanensis">Acanoides hengshanensis</taxonomicName>
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. A palp (embolic division removed), prolateral B palp, retrolateral, arrow indicates pointed tooth on posterolateral margin C embolic division, ventral D embolic division, dorsal E detail of D F detail of C G epigynum, ventral H epigynum, dorsal. AX apex of embolus; CG copulatory groove; CO copulatory opening; DM distal membrane of terminal apophysis; EA extensible area of epigynal basal part; EM embolic membrane; EP embolus proper; FG fertilization groove; LC lamella characteristica; P paracymbium; PCA proximal cymbial apophysis; R radix; S spermatheca; SPT suprategulum; TA terminal apophysis; TH thumb of embolus; VP ventral plate. [Scale bars: mm].
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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Epigynum (Figs 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
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, 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
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, 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
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, 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
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). Protruding, with deeply wrinkled basal part, extensible and ventrally folded in constricted state. Epigynum well sclerotized, epigynal cavity present (in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.) or absent (in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides hengshanensis" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hengshanensis">Acanoides hengshanensis</taxonomicName>
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), both scape and stretcher absent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="81" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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The genus name,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
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, is a combination of the first four letters of "
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthoneta</taxonomicName>
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" and the last five letters of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Wubanoides”">"Wubanoides"</normalizedToken>
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.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“-oides”">"-oides"</normalizedToken>
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itself in Latin means "similar to", masculine in gender.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="6" pageNumber="81" type="phylogenetics">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="81">Phylogenetics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="6" pageNumber="81">
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Due to limitations of the current dataset the monophyly of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="82" start="start">Acanoides</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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could not be tested explicitly in our phylogenetic analyses, however it is supported by the following four putative synapomorphies: sharp embolus proper, slender and unbranched lamella characteristica, outside radix located
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
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gland and ventrally folded extensible epigynal basal part.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="82" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="82">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="82">China (Beijing, Hunan, Hebei) (Fig. 7).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="82" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="82">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
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The males of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. have the palp of a
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“micronetine”">"micronetine"</normalizedToken>
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type: presence of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
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gland, the boat-shaped radix, the trunk-like embolus with a pointed proper and a thumb, as well as the well developed terminal apophysis and lamella characteristica (
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<bibRefCitation author="Saaristo, MI" journalOrPublisher="Verein Innsbruck" pageId="13" pageNumber="88" pagination="163 - 186" title="Redelimitation of the Subfamily Micronetinae Hull, 1920 and the Genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 with Descriptions of Some New Genera (Aranei, Linyphiidae). Berichte naturw. - mediz." volume="83" year="1996">Saaristo and Tanasevitch 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). However, these sclerites in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 2D) have some features different from the normal
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“micronetine”">"micronetine"</normalizedToken>
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type (Fig. 6F,
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<bibRefCitation author="Saaristo, MI" journalOrPublisher="Verein Innsbruck" pageId="13" pageNumber="88" pagination="163 - 186" title="Redelimitation of the Subfamily Micronetinae Hull, 1920 and the Genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 with Descriptions of Some New Genera (Aranei, Linyphiidae). Berichte naturw. - mediz." volume="83" year="1996">Saaristo and Tanasevitch 1996</bibRefCitation>
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):
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
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gland is not embedded within the radix, but located in the membranous area connecting the radix and the embolus; and the embolus has a wide, strongly sclerotized body, with a longer and sharper embolus proper, whereas in most
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“micronetines”">"micronetines"</normalizedToken>
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the embolus is usually trunk-like with a pointed embolus proper. The male palp of both
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthoneta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have a long and slender lamella characteristica parallel to the long radix, but with an additional long and thin branch in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthoneta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 6F), unbranched in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 2D, 3D). The epigynum of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthoneta</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in a normal
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“micronetine”">"micronetine"</normalizedToken>
|
||
type, with a sigmoid scape surrounded by an epigynal cavity (Fig. 6H), but with an extensible basal part in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta dokutchaevi" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dokutchaevi">Acanthoneta dokutchaevi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta aggressa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aggressa">Acanthoneta aggressa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="H–J">H-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
). A male, dorsal B male, lateral C male palp, prolateral D male palp, ventral E male palp, retrolateral F embolic division, ventral G embolic division, dorsal H epigynum, ventral I epigynum, posterior J epigynum, lateral (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="H–J">H-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
photos provided by Don Buckle). EB epigynal basal part; EM embolic membrane; EP embolus proper; FiG
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fickert’s">Fickert's</normalizedToken>
|
||
gland; LC lamella characteristica; P paracymbium; PCA proximal cymbial apophysis; PH pit hook; R radix; SC scape; ST stretcher; TA terminal apophysis; TH thumb of embolus. [Scale bars: mm].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
|
||
Figure 7. Collecting localities of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta aggressa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aggressa">Acanthoneta aggressa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides beijingensis" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beijingensis">Acanoides beijingensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. (Beijing, Hebei);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides hengshanensis" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hengshanensis">Acanoides hengshanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hunan, Beijing);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanthoneta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthoneta dokutchaevi" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dokutchaevi">Acanthoneta dokutchaevi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Jilin).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="82">
|
||
The result of phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ipainae">Ipainae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not a monophyletic group as the movable epigynum independently evolved in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Solenysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenysa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Appendix - Fig. S1). This is also supported by the tracheal characters: haplotracheate type in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but intermediate type in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Solenysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenysa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the median pair extending into the prosoma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tu, LH" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="89" pagination="484 - 530" title="Phylogenetic analysis and revision of the linyphiid spider genus Solenysa (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae)." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00640.x" volume="161" year="2011">Tu and Hormiga 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We infer that the extensible basal part of the epigynum may have also evolved convergently with that in other ipaines. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
it differs by being ventrally folded, while it forms a solenoid in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Solenysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenysa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenysa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tu & Hormiga, 2011), and folds inwards in other ipaines, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Ipa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ipa" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ipa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Saaristo, MI" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="13" pageNumber="88" pagination="33 - 42" title="A new subfamily of linyphiid spiders based on a new genus created for the keyserlingi-group of the genus Lepthyphantes (Aranei: Linyphiidae)." volume="16" year="2007">Saaristo 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 29),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Wubanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wubanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Wubanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Epibellowia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epibellowia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epibellowia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tanasevitch, AV" journalOrPublisher="Dresden" pageId="13" pageNumber="88" pagination="123 - 129" title="Reassessment of the spider genus Wubanoides Eskov, 1986 (Arachanida: Araneae: Linyphiidae). Reichenbachia Mus. Tierkd." volume="1996" year="1996">Tanasevitch 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 7-9). Furthermore, the male palp of typical ipaines has filiform embolus proper (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Saaristo, MI" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="13" pageNumber="88" pagination="33 - 42" title="A new subfamily of linyphiid spiders based on a new genus created for the keyserlingi-group of the genus Lepthyphantes (Aranei: Linyphiidae)." volume="16" year="2007">Saaristo 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tanasevitch, AV" journalOrPublisher="Dresden" pageId="13" pageNumber="88" pagination="123 - 129" title="Reassessment of the spider genus Wubanoides Eskov, 1986 (Arachanida: Araneae: Linyphiidae). Reichenbachia Mus. Tierkd." volume="1996" year="1996">Tanasevitch 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 1, 4) much longer than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Acanoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanoides" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 2D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |