446 lines
51 KiB
XML
446 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="7A7B93BB8784C57B409B2382A251E691" ID-CLB-Dataset="32254" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="704cb2ad-27f5-4fe1-bedf-12c20ff52146" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="855771" ID-ZooBank="2B704D83-8Fb5-41C6-B558-3A1Dbe9Ede66" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1504174383260" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Collins, Steve C." docDate="2017" docId="DB357E4FAB02FF96FF1DB5F3C957FB6A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4312.3.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4312 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Apallaga opalinus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="487" masterDocId="270C0637AB0FFF86FF8AB00FCC42FFCB" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections" masterLastPageNumber="496" masterPageNumber="471" pageNumber="484" updateTime="1698467563443" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="7B1EF94C022EEAE8CB3E810681F4BE9D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="119025A2A3F70EE8F1CE36F55058124C">
|
||
<mods:title id="B86D5F97D90D671461887574826643A8">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="9EACD4A0555C4C2F77AFFF71BA3460DC" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="0F1128994C09C9513BE6FE9BAB17C0BC">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E6B26B175A34A53A3C068F741E2ED0C2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F369A221F9F063AABB3227CDFA8055E4">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="B6FD895330C2DDD44E501D7DB614571C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="F8533BAF93201A4E702ADE161FA94581" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C00D3DABA4B2FE0ACFD1DBE002E7BB3D">
|
||
<mods:title id="DA3FC450135E493F1C0DCF6FC33157D2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="BB4025564959145AD6F4B08FAB78D565">
|
||
<mods:date id="B1C013B058C8AA4B4CF7B45F5BB47012">2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A486AAF051A42EC622EDB1D76EDF1D80" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="36AB535AA8F7F8640F0689122E99E025">2017-08-30</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="111C37BA76A2E7A538998D13EBD9B705" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="3CB45D2DF53B4D446B3F7AE55E4447DB">4312</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="EC4D6C88DDBA2360C1AC3C4D3E1266E3" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="D28AE407EF03766AAD398F6526A90CCD">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="2336B7682F80DBEA4717AFDEB2432081" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="AC845BA63D60BE67A88C49C3A949B7C2">471</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="088CDAF6502B17259FC150F5124416D4">496</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="C3C5D4B564B6E7817702D3BBE989C4B4">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="79683C6C6AB96507AC72821D49F77E8A" type="CLB-Dataset">32254</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="52ED4219318854A9688F6EEEDA79B261" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0C190D623FAE829C3A1482AE661E6E49" type="GBIF-Dataset">704cb2ad-27f5-4fe1-bedf-12c20ff52146</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9948DC65B7709DC81E0C33B39EF65E75" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D1F2A63FE879FEDD232A5A3B2E0F89FC" type="Zenodo-Dep">855771</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0D86988C35320C5F07B4625B5D33FB43" type="ZooBank">2B704D83-8Fb5-41C6-B558-3A1Dbe9Ede66</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="DB357E4FAB02FF96FF1DB5F3C957FB6A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029821" ID-GBIF-Taxon="133100037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029821" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB357E4FAB02FF96FF1DB5F3C957FB6A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB02FF96FF1DB5F3C957FB6A" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="487" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B869CD2AB02FF8BFF1DB5F3CFECF9DD" box="[151,942,1532,1558]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB02FF8BFF1DB5F3CFECF9DD" blockId="13.[151,942,1532,1558]" box="[151,942,1532,1558]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<heading id="086B7835AB02FF8BFF1DB5F3CFECF9DD" bold="true" box="[151,942,1532,1558]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF1DB5F3CFECF9DD" bold="true" box="[151,942,1532,1558]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFF1DB5F3CE66F9DD" authority="(Butler, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,548,1532,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF1DB5F3CD31F9DD" bold="true" box="[151,371,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Apallaga opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFE08B5F3CE5EF9DD" author="Butler" box="[386,540,1532,1558]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Butler, A. G. (1900) On two consignments of butterflies collected by Mr. Richard Crawshay in the Kikuyu country of British East Africa in 1899 and 1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900, 911 - 946, plate LVIII." type="proceedings paper" year="1900">Butler, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFDE8B5F3CFECF9DD" authority="Libert, 2014" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[610,942,1532,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFDE8B5F3CF4FF9DD" bold="true" box="[610,781,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. kakamegae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFC9EB5F3CFECF9DD" author="Libert" box="[788,942,1532,1558]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B869CD2AB02FF96FF1DB64DCFE5FE8B" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="487" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB02FF88FF1DB64DCFCEFED6" blockId="13.[151,1436,1602,2023]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="485" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFF1DB64DCD25F990" box="[151,359,1602,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF1DB64DCD25F990" box="[151,359,1602,1627]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Apallaga opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described from Kikuyu in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFD77B64DCF12F990" box="[765,848,1602,1627]" country="Zambia" name="Central" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
Highlands of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFC7FB64CC87CF990" box="[1013,1086,1603,1627]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFBC4B64DC899F990" author="Butler" box="[1102,1243,1602,1627]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Butler, A. G. (1900) On two consignments of butterflies collected by Mr. Richard Crawshay in the Kikuyu country of British East Africa in 1899 and 1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900, 911 - 946, plate LVIII." type="proceedings paper" year="1900">Butler 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and is found in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFF75B669CD0AF9B4" box="[255,328,1638,1663]" name="Sudan" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFE26B669CE44F9B4" box="[428,518,1638,1663]" name="Uganda" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFDF8B668CEFCF9B4" box="[626,702,1639,1663]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFD40B669CF6BF9B4" box="[714,809,1638,1663]" name="Rwanda" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFCBCB669CFD0F9B4" box="[822,914,1638,1663]" name="Burundi" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Burundi</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFBA0B669C8CCF9B4" box="[1066,1166,1638,1663]" name="Tanzania" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFB14B669C968F9B4" author="Libert" box="[1182,1322,1638,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is the only species of the genus to occur in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFDF0B685CE8EF968" box="[634,716,1674,1699]" country="Zambia" name="Central" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
Highlands of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B8B8FC9AB02FF8BFCFFB684CF83F968" box="[885,961,1675,1699]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but in the western part of the country it overlaps with the very similar
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFE64B6A0CEE7F90C" box="[494,677,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFE64B6A0CE41F90D" box="[494,515,1711,1734]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. kakamegae—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFC90B6A0CFDEF90C" box="[794,924,1710,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lourentis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFC90B6A0CFDEF90C" box="[794,924,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFC90B6A0CF6CF90D" box="[794,814,1711,1734]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. lourentis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFC73B6A1C95DF90C" author="Cock" box="[1017,1311,1710,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock & Congdon (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFF31B6DCCDF1F921" box="[187,435,1747,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="intermixtus" subSpecies="evansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF31B6DCCDF1F921" box="[187,435,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFF31B6DCCC8DF921" box="[187,207,1747,1770]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. intermixtus evansi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) which we have not reared.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFCABB6DDC9DEF920" author="Cock" box="[801,1436,1746,1771]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Cock & Congdon (2011b, pp. 23–28,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CBA7D3DCAB02FF8BFB66B6DDC92BF920" box="[1260,1385,1746,1771]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1625,1647]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1164,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,1164,1601]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 20. Heads of final instar caterpillars of Platylesches spp. [TCEC] 1 – 2, P. panga, collected on Parinari curatellifolia, Mutinondo Wilderness, eastern Zambia; 1, photographed in shelter, 2 Feb 2008; 2, photographed 5 Feb 2008; 3, Platylesches rasta collected on Parinari curatellifolia, Mulanje Pond, Malawi, 20 Mar 2014." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855845/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Figures 20</figureCitation>
|
||
–26)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and illustrated the life history of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFD07B6F8CF32F8C4" ID-CoL="S2GZ" box="[653,880,1782,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="galenus" subSpecies="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFD07B6F8CF32F8C4" box="[653,880,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">C. galenus opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’. Based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFB8EB6F9C8DCF8C4" author="Libert" box="[1028,1182,1782,1807]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the material reared is now considered to be a mixture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFDBEB714CEFAF8F8" box="[564,696,1818,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFDBEB714CEFAF8F8" box="[564,696,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFDBEB714CE0BF8F9" box="[564,585,1819,1842]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFD7FB714CFD7F8F8" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[757,917,1818,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFD7FB714CFD7F8F8" box="[757,917,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFD7FB714CF4BF8F9" box="[757,777,1819,1842]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. kakamegae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: four males and five females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFA93B714C9DEF8F8" box="[1305,1436,1818,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFA93B714C9DEF8F8" box="[1305,1436,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFA93B714C96FF8F9" box="[1305,1325,1819,1842]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFEADB730CEE3F89C" ID-CoL="3NVNJ" box="[295,673,1854,1879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFEADB730CDBAF89D" box="[295,504,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Hypoestes aristata</emphasis>
|
||
(Acanthaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from around Nairobi, a male and three females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFB54B730C91CF89C" box="[1246,1374,1854,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFB54B730C91CF89C" box="[1246,1374,1854,1879]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFB54B730C8B0F89D" box="[1246,1266,1855,1878]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kadera God Forest (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFEF0B76DCDF0F8B0" box="[378,434,1890,1915]" country="Kenya" name="Kisii" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Kisii</collectingRegion>
|
||
District) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFDB5B76CCFC3F8B0" ID-CoL="3QWCK" authorityName="D. N. Gibson" authorityYear="1972" box="[575,897,1890,1915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFDB5B76CCE97F8B0" box="[575,725,1890,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Justicia flava</emphasis>
|
||
(Acanthaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFC72B76DC832F8B0" box="[1016,1136,1890,1915]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
Forest on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFB6CB76CC97AF8B0" ID-CoL="3QWCK" authorityName="D. N. Gibson" authorityYear="1972" box="[1254,1336,1890,1915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFB6CB76CC97AF8B0" box="[1254,1336,1890,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">J. flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a pair of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFF1DB788CD5BF854" box="[151,281,1926,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF1DB788CD5BF854" box="[151,281,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFF1DB788CCEEF855" box="[151,172,1927,1950]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a single male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFD99B788CEF0F854" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[531,690,1926,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFD99B788CEF0F854" box="[531,690,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFD99B788CE65F855" box="[531,551,1927,1950]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. kakamegae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(90/68). This last individual was reared from a very small larva found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFE88B7A4CDD5F808" ID-CoL="3QWCK" authorityName="D. N. Gibson" authorityYear="1972" box="[258,407,1962,1987]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFE88B7A4CDD5F808" box="[258,407,1962,1987]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Justicia flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and although detailed records were not kept, the final instar was photographed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CBA7D3DCAB02FF8BFA94B7A5C9CDF808" box="[1310,1423,1962,1987]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1961,1983]" captionTargetBox="[158,1417,1574,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[158,1417,1574,1941]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 19. Final instar caterpillar of Apallaga kakamegae, collected 1 Jul 1990 on Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, Kenya; moulted to final instar 29 Jul, photographed 10 Aug; pupated 14 – 20 Aug; 24 mm; MJWC 90 / 68." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855841/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). The treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFEEBB7C0CF78F82C" authority="in Cock & Congdon (2011 b)" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[353,826,1998,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFEEBB7C0CDA1F82C" box="[353,483,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFEEBB7C0CD34F82D" box="[353,374,1999,2022]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFD87B7C1CF78F82C" author="Cock" box="[525,826,1998,2023]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock & Congdon (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFBDDB7C0C89BF82C" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[1111,1241,1998,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFBDDB7C0C89BF82C" box="[1111,1241,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB02FF8BFBDDB7C0C82EF82D" box="[1111,1132,1999,2022]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only except that Figure 24.2 shows the head of a final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FC96B097CFFBFF7B" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[796,953,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FC96B097CFFBFF7B" box="[796,953,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB01FF88FC96B097CF72FF64" box="[796,816,152,175]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. kakamegae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Here we show the final instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FF3DB0B3CD7AFF1E" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[183,312,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FF3DB0B3CD7AFF1E" box="[183,312,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB01FF88FF3DB0B3CC8EFF18" box="[183,204,188,211]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CBA7D3DCAB01FF88FEC3B0B3CDFBFF1F" box="[329,441,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1407,1429]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,1014,1391]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[154,1427,1014,1391]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 18. Final instar caterpillar of Apallaga opalinus, collected on Justicia flava, Kenya. 1, dorsolateral view; collected 26 Oct 1987 on Hypoestes aristata, North Muguga Forest, Kenya; photographed 19 Nov; parasitized; MJWC 87 / 31. 2 – 3, details of head, collected 17 Sep 1989 on H. aristata, Ngong Forest, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 17 Oct; photographed 30 Oct; pupated 2 Nov; MJWC 89 / 56." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855837/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">Figure 18</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FE77B0B3CEDEFF1E" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[509,668,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FE77B0B3CEDEFF1E" box="[509,668,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB01FF88FE77B0B3CE53FF18" box="[509,529,188,211]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. kakamegae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CBA7D3DCAB01FF88FD27B0B3CF62FF1F" box="[685,800,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1961,1983]" captionTargetBox="[158,1417,1574,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[158,1417,1574,1941]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 19. Final instar caterpillar of Apallaga kakamegae, collected 1 Jul 1990 on Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, Kenya; moulted to final instar 29 Jul, photographed 10 Aug; pupated 14 – 20 Aug; 24 mm; MJWC 90 / 68." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855841/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||
); when individual variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FB0EB0B3C947FF1E" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[1156,1285,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FB0EB0B3C947FF1E" box="[1156,1285,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB01FF88FB0EB0B3C8DBFF18" box="[1156,1177,188,211]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. opalinus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is taken into consideration, they show no distinguishing features. The early stages of both are found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FB20B0EEC8BFFF33" ID-CoL="3QWCK" authorityName="D. N. Gibson" authorityYear="1972" box="[1194,1277,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FB20B0EEC8BFFF33" box="[1194,1277,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">J. flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="915801BBAB01FF88FAAEB0D0C9DEFF33" box="[1316,1436,223,248]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
Forest and cannot be separated on morphology, colour or markings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="07E39FD1AB01FF88FF1DB469CC91FB13" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855829/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" targetBox="[151,1436,339,1102]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB01FF88FF1DB469CC91FB13" blockId="14.[151,1436,1126,1240]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FF1DB469CD59FBB7" bold="true" box="[151,283,1126,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">FIGURE 15</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillar, pupa and adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FDE4B469CF6AFBB7" box="[622,808,1126,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alluaudi">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FDE4B469CF6AFBB7" box="[622,808,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">Apallaga alluaudi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or perhaps
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FC3DB468C8D4FBB7" box="[951,1174,1126,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriata" subSpecies="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FC3DB468C8D4FBB7" box="[951,1174,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">A. biseriata maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FABEB467CD91FB50" ID-CoL="3NVQC" authority=", Mngeta, Kilombero" authorityName="Mngeta, Kilombero" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskaolii">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FABEB467CCBAFB50" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">Hypoestes forskaolii</emphasis>
|
||
, Mngeta, Kilombero
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Tanzania [TCEC].
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FD21B48ACE92FB51" bold="true" box="[683,720,1157,1178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">1–3</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral and two dorsal views;
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FABCB48AC91EFB51" bold="true" box="[1334,1372,1157,1178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">4–5</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa lateral and dorsal views;
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FE10B4ABCDE5FB72" bold="true" box="[410,423,1188,1209]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">6</emphasis>
|
||
, pinned adult male. Image 1 of the caterpillar was presented as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FBCCB4ABC958FB71" authority="in Libert" authorityName="in Libert" box="[1094,1306,1188,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alluaudi">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FBCCB4ABC8FBFB71" box="[1094,1209,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">A. alluaudi</emphasis>
|
||
in Libert
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2014, plate 26.3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="07E39FD1AB01FF88FF1DB788C8DEF810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855833/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" targetBox="[151,1436,1321,1906]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB01FF88FF1DB788C8DEF810" blockId="14.[151,1437,1927,2011]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FF1DB788CD5EF857" bold="true" box="[151,284,1927,1949]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">FIGURE 16</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillar, pupa and adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FDF8B788CFD8F856" box="[626,922,1927,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriata" subSpecies="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FDF8B788CFD8F856" box="[626,922,1927,1949]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">Apallaga biseriata maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FBBBB786C917F856" ID-CoL="3NVQC" authority=", Lufusi" authorityName="Lufusi" box="[1073,1365,1927,1950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskaolii">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FBBBB786C941F856" box="[1073,1283,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">Hypoestes forskaolii</emphasis>
|
||
, Lufusi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
River, Tanzania, 2 May 2014 [TCEC].
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FE6AB7A9CDAEF870" bold="true" box="[480,492,1958,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">1</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FCD4B7A9CFC6F870" bold="true" box="[862,900,1958,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">2–3</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa, dorsal and lateral views;
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FB43B7A9C897F870" bold="true" box="[1225,1237,1958,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">4</emphasis>
|
||
, pinned adult male. Image 1 of the caterpillar and 3 of the pupa were presented as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB01FF88FC87B7C9CF99F810" authority="in Libert" authorityName="in Libert" box="[781,987,1989,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biseriata">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB01FF88FC87B7C9CF3FF810" box="[781,893,1989,2011]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="485">A biseriata</emphasis>
|
||
in Libert
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2014, plate 26.5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="07E39FD1AB00FF89FF1DB35FCE9EFC09" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855835/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" targetBox="[151,1436,193,827]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB00FF89FF1DB35FCE9EFC09" blockId="15.[151,1436,848,962]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FF1DB35FCD5AFCAE" bold="true" box="[151,280,848,870]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">FIGURE 17</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillar, pupa and adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FDDDB35FCF3AFCAD" box="[599,888,848,870]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biseriata" subSpecies="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FDDDB35FCF3AFCAD" box="[599,888,848,870]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">Apallaga biseriata maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FB8EB35EC972FCAD" ID-CoL="3NVQC" authority=", Rubeho" authorityName="Rubeho" box="[1028,1328,848,870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskaolii">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FB8EB35EC891FCAD" box="[1028,1235,848,870]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">Hypoestes forskaolii</emphasis>
|
||
, Rubeho
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Tanzania, 15 Jun 2014 [TCEC].
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FE0AB360CDE4FC4F" bold="true" box="[384,422,879,900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">1–2</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral and dorsal views;
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FC58B360CFBAFC4F" bold="true" box="[978,1016,879,900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">3–4</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa lateral and dorsal views;
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FAB7B360C90BFC4F" bold="true" box="[1341,1353,879,900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">5</emphasis>
|
||
, pinned adult female. Image 1 of the caterpillar and 3 of the pupa were presented as
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FC1FB381CFE6FC68" box="[917,932,910,931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">A</emphasis>
|
||
.sp. Lufusi in Libert (2014, plate 26.6, 12), but the name applied here is based on the barcode (MLIB-1342).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="07E39FD1AB00FF89FF1DB570CDB9FA39" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855837/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" targetBox="[154,1427,1014,1391]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB00FF89FF1DB570CDB9FA39" blockId="15.[151,1436,1407,1522]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FF1DB570CD62FA5E" bold="true" box="[151,288,1407,1429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FDB8B570CEAEFA5E" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[562,748,1407,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FDB8B570CEAEFA5E" box="[562,748,1407,1429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">Apallaga opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FCF7B58EC844FA5E" ID-CoL="3QWCK" authorityName="D. N. Gibson" authorityYear="1972" box="[893,1030,1407,1430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FCF7B58EC844FA5E" box="[893,1030,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">Justicia flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FBE3B58FC834FA5E" bold="true" box="[1129,1142,1408,1429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view; collected 26 Oct 1987 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FECCB590CE44FA7F" ID-CoL="3NVNJ" box="[326,518,1439,1460]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FECCB590CE44FA7F" box="[326,518,1439,1460]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">Hypoestes aristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, North Muguga Forest, Kenya; photographed 19 Nov; parasitized; MJWC 87/31.
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FAFAB591C9D7FA78" bold="true" box="[1392,1429,1438,1459]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">2–3</emphasis>
|
||
, details of head, collected 17 Sep 1989 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FDCEB5B1CFEBFA18" ID-CoL="3NVNJ" authority=", Ngong Forest, Nairobi" authorityName="Ngong Forest, Nairobi" box="[580,937,1469,1491]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FDCEB5B1CEF0FA18" box="[580,690,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">H. aristata</emphasis>
|
||
, Ngong Forest, Nairobi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; moulted to final instar 17 Oct; photographed 30 Oct; pupated 2 Nov; MJWC 89/56.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="07E39FD1AB00FF89FF1DB7A6C827F815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/855841/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" targetBox="[158,1417,1574,1941]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB00FF89FF1DB7A6C827F815" blockId="15.[151,1436,1961,2014]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FF1DB7A6CD5DF875" bold="true" box="[151,287,1961,1983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FDA7B7A6CF40F874" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[557,770,1961,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FDA7B7A6CF40F874" box="[557,770,1961,1983]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">Apallaga kakamegae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected 1 Jul 1990 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB00FF89FB8AB7A5C8CAF874" ID-CoL="3QWCK" authorityName="D. N. Gibson" authorityYear="1972" box="[1024,1160,1961,1983]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="486" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB00FF89FB8AB7A5C8CAF874" box="[1024,1160,1961,1983]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="486">Justicia flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya; moulted to final instar 29 Jul, photographed 10 Aug; pupated 14–20 Aug; 24mm; MJWC 90/68.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB1FFF96FF4DB098CFE5FE8B" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">Given that these two species have indistinguishable early stages and are found on the same food plants in the same area, that there are no observations regarding differences in behaviour which might lead to segregated mate location (e.g. differences in adult activity with regard to season, habitat, height above ground or time of day), and the adult differences are based primarily on the bimodal distribution of a ratio for one spot size, it is justified to ask, are these two valid species or two interbreeding forms of one species?</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B869CD2AB1FFF96FF4DB143C957FB6A" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB1FFF96FF4DB143C940FCDF" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">
|
||
One source of guidance in similar situations has been to compare their barcodes (e.g. Janzen
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FB5BB142C943FEAE" box="[1233,1281,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009, 2011).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FF1DB160CD6DFE43" author="Libert" box="[151,303,367,392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states that barcodes are of little use to interpret the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FC01B160CFA0FE43" box="[907,994,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FC01B160CFA0FE43" box="[907,994,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">galenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade. Nevertheless we compared his barcodes in BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/) for these two species from Kakamega Forest: MLIB-0033, MLIB-0034, MLIB-0044, and MLIB-0046 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FD3CB1B7CF7BFE1B" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[694,825,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FD3CB1B7CF7BFE1B" box="[694,825,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and MLIB-0039 and MLIB-0043 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FB7FB1B7C9D7FE1B" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[1269,1429,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FB7FB1B7C9D7FE1B" box="[1269,1429,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. kakamegae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We found that the two species in Kakamega Forest have identical or almost identical barcodes, which strongly suggests that they are an interbreeding population. Furthermore, specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FBACB20FC8B5FDD3" authority="Libert" authorityName="Libert" box="[1062,1271,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rwandae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FBACB20FC8EBFDD3" box="[1062,1193,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. rwandae</emphasis>
|
||
Libert
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Rwanda (MLIB-0045 and MLIB-0407) also have barcodes almost identical to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FB80B22BC8CBFDF6" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[1034,1161,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FB80B22BC8CBFDF6" box="[1034,1161,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FB4BB22BC91CFDF6" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" box="[1217,1374,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FB4BB22BC91CFDF6" box="[1217,1374,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. kakamegae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kakamega Forest. Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) have been introduced to provide a permanent numbering system for barcode clusters which in a high percentage of cases correspond to known taxonomic species and can also help flag species complexes or clusters needing taxonomic research (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2013,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FAB0B280CCBBFD06" author="Miller" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Miller, S. E., Hausmann, A., Hallwachs, W. & Janzen, D. H. (2016) Advancing taxonomy and bioinventories with DNA barcodes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 371, 20150339, 8 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 2015.0339" type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FA02B29ECCEFFD06" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They provide a useful surrogate for species in ecological diversity estimates but there are many known cases of BIN sharing between apparently good morphological species and different BINs representing deep splits where no morphological differences have been found (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FCA1B2F2C861FCDF" author="Hausmann" box="[811,1059,764,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Hausmann, A., Godfray, H. C. J., Huemer, P., Mutanen, M., Rougerie, R., van Nieukerken, E. J., Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P. D. N. (2013) Genetic patterns in European geometrid moths revealed by the Barcode Index Number (BIN) System. PLoS ONE, 8 (12), e 84518. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0084518" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hausmann
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FC20B2F2CF99FCDE" box="[938,987,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FBA5B2F3C8B4FCDF" author="Zahiri" box="[1071,1270,764,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Zahiri, R., Lafontaine, J. D., Schmidt, B. C., deWaard, J. R., Zakharov, E. V. & Hebert, P. D. N. (2017) Probing planetary biodiversity with DNA barcodes: The Noctuoidea of North America. PLoS ONE, 12 (6), e 0178548. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0178548" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Zahiri
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FBF0B2F2C8E9FCDE" box="[1146,1195,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB1FFF96FF4DB310C957FB6A" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1185]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">
|
||
These specimens from Kakamega Forest and Rwanda have a single BIN: BOLD:ACE5474, and appear to represent one species based purely on their barcodes. However, barcoded individuals of all three species from other regions have barcodes that match other species, often those co-occurring in those locations. Accordingly, it might not be wise to assume that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FDABB383CEE1FC6E" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[545,675,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FDABB383CEE1FC6E" box="[545,675,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from east of the Rift Valley (type locality Kikuyu), for which no barcodes are available, has identical barcodes to the material barcoded from west of the Rift Valley.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB1FFF96FA8CB3A0C9DEFC03" author="Libert" box="[1286,1436,943,968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was aware of these types of problems with the barcodes of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FCD1B3DBCFF0FC26" box="[859,946,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FCD1B3DBCFF0FC26" box="[859,946,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">galenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade and considered many uninterpretable when presenting his conclusions based on wing markings and male genitalia. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FBE6B3F8C881FBDB" box="[1132,1219,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FBE6B3F8C881FBDB" box="[1132,1219,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">galenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
glade will require further work to clarify what is going on in terms of population dynamics and speciation to reconcile with the barcode patterns. In the meantime, the situation in Kakamega Forest could be made clearer for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FB46B44FC90EFB93" authorityName="in Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2011" box="[1228,1356,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FB46B44FC90EFB93" box="[1228,1356,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. opalinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB1FFF96FA0EB44FCD57FBB6" authorityName="Libert" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kakamegae">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB1FFF96FA0EB44FCD57FBB6" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="487">A. kakamegae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by (1) the documentation of mating pairs, (2) rearing broods from individual females to see if they breed true or can produce both species, and (3) crossing the two species and documenting the progeny.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |