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<mods:title id="700737A18DBE45DA06A5E4E950BBCC9B">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 12. New information and corrections</mods:title>
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<treatment id="DB357E4FAB02FF8BFF1DB097CE94FD48" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029819" ID-GBIF-Taxon="133100035" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029819" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB357E4FAB02FF8BFF1DB097CE94FD48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB357E4FAB02FF8BFF1DB097CE94FD48" lastPageNumber="484" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
<subSubSection id="1B869CD2AB02FF8BFF1DB097CCA7FDDD" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB02FF8BFF1DB097CDEAFF79" blockId="13.[151,424,152,178]" box="[151,424,152,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
<heading id="086B7835AB02FF8BFF1DB097CDEAFF79" bold="true" box="[151,424,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFF1DB097CDEAFF79" ID-CoL="93N9X" authority="Strand, 1911" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,424,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF1DB097CDEAFF79" bold="true" box="[151,424,152,178]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF1DB097CD46FF79" bold="true" box="[151,260,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Apallaga</emphasis>
Strand, 1911
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB02FF8BFF1DB0D1CCA7FDDD" blockId="13.[151,1436,222,643]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFF1DB0D1CD6DFF3C" author="Libert" box="[151,303,222,247]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert (2014)</bibRefCitation>
re-established the genus
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFDDEB0D1CF52FF3C" authority="Strand" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1911" box="[596,784,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFDDEB0D1CEF8FF3C" box="[596,698,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Apallaga</emphasis>
Strand
</taxonomicName>
, with type species
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFC66B0D0C825FF3C" box="[1004,1127,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mokeezi">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFC66B0D0C825FF3C" box="[1004,1127,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. mokeezi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for a monophyletic group based on barcodes that includes the species with orange markings as well some black and white species of similar biology, but proved far more complex and species-rich than previous treatments (
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFBADB128C8EDFEF4" author="Evans" box="[1063,1199,295,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFB31B129C9CDFEF4" author="Ackery" box="[1211,1423,294,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Ackery
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFA9EB128C907FEF4" box="[1300,1349,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFF1DB145CD6CFEA8" author="Libert" box="[151,302,330,355]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert (2014)</bibRefCitation>
recognised 12 clades within
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFDFDB145CE9CFEA8" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1911" box="[631,734,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFDFDB145CE9CFEA8" box="[631,734,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Apallaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, of which we have reared representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFA88B145C91BFEA8" box="[1282,1369,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galenus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFA88B145C91BFEA8" box="[1282,1369,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">galenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFF2AB160CDC1FE4C" authority="(Butler)" authorityName="Butler" box="[160,387,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opalinus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF2AB160CD62FE4C" box="[160,288,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. opalinus</emphasis>
(Butler)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFE04B160CF31FE4C" authority="(Butler))" authorityName="Butler" box="[398,883,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="kakamegae" subSpecies="biseriata">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFE04B160CE6EFE4C" box="[398,556,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. kakamegae</emphasis>
Libert,
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFD0CB160CF4BFE4C" box="[646,777,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. biseriata</emphasis>
(Butler))
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFC23B161C844FE4C" box="[937,1030,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">kimboza</emphasis>
clade (
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFBD0B160C914FE4C" authority="Kielland" authorityName="Kielland" box="[1114,1366,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanjeensis">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFBD0B160C8AEFE4D" box="[1114,1260,367,390]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. sanjeensis</emphasis>
Kielland
</taxonomicName>
) only. In
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFF3EB19DCE12FE60" author="Cock" box="[180,592,402,427]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Cock, M. J. W. &amp; Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock &amp; Congdon (2011b, Figure 34)</bibRefCitation>
we illustrated an adult as
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFCFBB19DC9D9FE60" authority="Berger. Based" authorityName="Berger. Based" box="[881,1435,402,427]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="intermixtus" subSpecies="evansi">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFCFBB19DC8B1FE60" box="[881,1267,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Celaenorrhinus intermixtus evansi</emphasis>
Berger. Based
</taxonomicName>
on
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFF30B1B9CD13FE04" author="Libert" box="[186,337,438,463]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert (2014)</bibRefCitation>
this is
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFE28B1B8CED5FE04" authority="(de Jong)" authorityName="de Jong" box="[418,663,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lourentis">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFE28B1B8CE67FE04" box="[418,549,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. lourentis</emphasis>
(de Jong)
</taxonomicName>
, but we note that Liberts
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFC34B1B8C802FE04" box="[958,1088,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lourentis">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFC34B1B8C802FE04" box="[958,1088,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. lourentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an identical barcode to his
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFF1DB1D4CD20FE38" authority="(Berger)" authorityName="Berger" box="[151,354,475,499]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFF1DB1D4CCBFFE38" box="[151,253,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. evansi</emphasis>
(Berger)
</taxonomicName>
(barcodes in BOLD), suggesting that
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFC81B1D4CFCFFE38" box="[779,909,474,499]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lourentis">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFC81B1D4CFCFFE38" box="[779,909,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. lourentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will prove to be a synonym or subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFA0EB1D4CC9CFDDD" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Apallaga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evansi">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFA0EB1D4CC9CFDDD" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">A. evansi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1B869CD2AB02FF8BFF4DB22DCE94FD48" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" type="description">
<paragraph id="5323CF59AB02FF8BFF4DB22DCE94FD48" blockId="13.[151,1436,222,643]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">
<bibRefCitation id="370DB2A8AB02FF8BFF4DB22DCD1CFDF0" author="Libert" box="[199,350,546,571]" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" refString="Libert, M. (2014) Sur la taxonomie du genre Celaenorrhinus Hubner en Afrique (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). M. J. B. S. A. S. - Librairie Top Duck, Amboise, France, 272 pp., 26 pl." type="book" year="2014">Libert (2014)</bibRefCitation>
illustrates four caterpillars and three pupae of the
<taxonomicName id="949CB4DAAB02FF8BFC1DB22DCFACFDF0" box="[919,1006,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galenus">
<emphasis id="61E8134BAB02FF8BFC1DB22DCFACFDF0" box="[919,1006,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">galenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade from TCECs work in Tanzania (
<tableCitation id="1E1EFAE2AB02FF8BFF14B249CCB5FD94" box="[158,247,582,607]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="13.[151,239,690,713]" captionText="TABLE 1. Illustrations of caterpillars of selected Apallaga spp. in Libert (2014) and our interpretation." pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Table 1</tableCitation>
). We have associated these with their corresponding caterpillars, pupae and, where possible, adults (
<figureCitation id="CBA7D3DCAB02FF8BFF14B265CD06FD48" box="[158,324,618,643]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,1126,1148]" captionStartId-1="14.[151,250,1927,1949]" captionStartId-2="15.[151,250,848,870]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,339,1102]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,1321,1906]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,827]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[151,1436,339,1102]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[151,1436,1321,1906]" captionTargetId-2="figure@15.[151,1436,193,827]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Caterpillar, pupa and adult of Apallaga alluaudi (or perhaps A. biseriata maculata), collected on Hypoestes forskaolii, Mngeta, Kilombero, Tanzania [TCEC]. 1 3, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral and two dorsal views; 4 5, pupa lateral and dorsal views; 6, pinned adult male. Image 1 of the caterpillar was presented as A. alluaudi in Libert (2014, plate 26.3)." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Caterpillar, pupa and adult of Apallaga biseriata maculata, collected on Hypoestes forskaolii, Lufusi River, Tanzania, 2 May 2014 [TCEC]. 1, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; 2 3, pupa, dorsal and lateral views; 4, pinned adult male. Image 1 of the caterpillar and 3 of the pupa were presented as A biseriata in Libert (2014, plate 26.5)." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Caterpillar, pupa and adult of Apallaga biseriata maculata, collected on Hypoestes forskaolii, Rubeho, Tanzania, 15 Jun 2014 [TCEC]. 1 2, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral and dorsal views; 3 4, pupa lateral and dorsal views; 5, pinned adult female. Image 1 of the caterpillar and 3 of the pupa were presented as A. sp. Lufusi in Libert (2014, plate 26.6, 12), but the name applied here is based on the barcode (MLIB- 1342)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/855829/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/855833/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/855835/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="484">Figures 1517</figureCitation>
), and clarified some identifications.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>