287 lines
33 KiB
XML
287 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="E25D3AF42FDF55E3FD499507BEACDC55" ID-CLB-Dataset="31779" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4337.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eba22c69-b7e4-4fb7-8408-eaa5718f014c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1051836" ID-ZooBank="BA7E7DE5-25C2-41BA-8642-9B429FDC5294" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1508565849039" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Craig, Douglas A., Moulton, John K. & Currie, Douglas C." docDate="2017" docId="9D4187CAFFD4FFCCADF65013FB36B285" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4337.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4337 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paraustrosimulium" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="490" masterDocId="6178FFB2FFF2FFEBAD615768FFCDB719" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscarón: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia" masterLastPageNumber="492" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="489" updateTime="1698470072076" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="F10AF845C27A6AED7E889A2032BB8124" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="CECCFC9AE66BB511CB5BF67D200B7C81">
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<mods:title id="4476DA020A0E2B0A274B2E3C0E4D821D">Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscarón: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FF967E3F74EE5BB6A5D5A589EE90D294" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="37C3DC8398EC51813A8C0EF972B924BB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8428C6D1AC14E36D8EABFBBB92A497EB">Craig, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B6DAE7064967E3BA2C8278895A138178">Moulton, John K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EA712C7FC055F1C197CD96F7A2DA81E">Currie, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="79F0566A81088B88E4BB3EDFAF852C5B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0B7E4469BE46CEB38ADC36BE383E9A1C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="261CE99EE4A6E614769422D699DDEBD4">
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<mods:date id="95ACEF92F3F9EF86A352BB03F0327361">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="409B15F7DA9FD3343D101878732A2BCE">2017-10-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FD252FAB8B7BEB1823E975F2F71B6D8C">4337</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="47A551703CA48BB94197E420E28C3BA7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4337.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9D4187CAFFD4FFCCADF65013FB36B285" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052673" ID-GBIF-Taxon="135452569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6052673" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9D4187CAFFD4FFCCADF65013FB36B285" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D4187CAFFD4FFCCADF65013FB36B285" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="490" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
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<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFD4FFCDADF65013FBE0B08C" box="[151,1069,1914,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="155736DCFFD4FFCDADF65013FBE0B08C" blockId="38.[151,1069,1914,1941]" box="[151,1069,1914,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
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<heading id="4E1F81B0FFD4FFCDADF65013FBE0B08C" bold="true" box="[151,1069,1914,1941]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADF65013FBE0B08C" bold="true" box="[151,1069,1914,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
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The relationships of
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDACF65012FD4FB08D" ID-CoL="63LFG" ID-ENA="61061" box="[407,642,1914,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDACF65012FD4FB08D" bold="true" box="[407,642,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and biogeographic considerations
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFD4FFCCADF650AAFB36B285" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="490" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="155736DCFFD4FFCCADF650AAFB3FB501" blockId="38.[151,1436,1985,2010]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,151,1437]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="490" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
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Evidence presented here and in accordance with most previous studies is that
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA94050A9FB35B0C3" box="[1057,1272,1985,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA94050A9FB35B0C3" box="[1057,1272,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA86850AAFA58B0C0" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[1289,1429,1986,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA86850AAFA58B0C0" box="[1289,1429,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCADF657FFFE8AB7A9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,327,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCADF657FFFE8AB7A9" box="[151,327,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and “
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCACED57FFFE26B7A9" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[396,491,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCACED57FFFE26B7A9" box="[396,491,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnephia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC9F57FFFD83B7A9" box="[510,590,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">pilfreyi</emphasis>
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all share an immediate common ancestry (
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA95457F1FB9BB7A9" box="[1077,1110,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">e.g</emphasis>
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., Wygodzinsky & Coscarón, 1972,
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<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD5FFCCAD8157D4FDB8B7CD" author="Gil-Azevedo, L. H. & Maia-Herzog, M." box="[224,629,188,212]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" pagination="39 - 68" part="1643" publicationUrl="http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/4215" refString="Gil-Azevedo, L. H. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2007) Preliminary considerations on phylogeny of Simuliidae genera from Southern Hemisphere (Insecta, Diptera). Zootaxa, 1643, 39 - 68. Available from: http: // www. mapress. com / j / zt / article / view / 4215 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Preliminary considerations on phylogeny of Simuliidae genera from Southern Hemisphere (Insecta, Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2007">Gil-Azevedo & Maia-Herzog 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD5FFCCAFE557D4FC82B7CD" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[644,847,188,213]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of New Zealand" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" pagination="1 - 336" part="68" publicationUrl="https://biotaxa.org/fnz/article/view/1840/3116" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Craig
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAFAD57D5FCCCB7CC" box="[716,769,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). This is somewhat at odds with Moulton’s (2003) comprehensive analysis of molecular data, in which
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAF9857B7FC64B7E1" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[761,937,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAF9857B7FC64B7E1" box="[761,937,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was placed as the sister group of all other simuliine genera analyzed—distantly removed from a strongly supported monophyletic lineage including “
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCADC2564FFECFB659" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[163,258,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCADC2564FFECFB659" box="[163,258,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnephia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC78564FFEA4B659" box="[281,361,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">pilfreyi</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAC1B564FFD9CB659" box="[378,593,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC1B564FFD9CB659" box="[378,593,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and “
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAFFB564FFC56B659" authorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" box="[666,923,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAFFB564FFC56B659" box="[666,923,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Austrosimulium colboi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” (note that
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCA9485640FB78B626" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[1065,1205,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA9485640FB78B626" box="[1065,1205,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was not among the taxa sampled in Moulton’s analysis). Whether the unexpected position of
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAE815624FB5DB67C" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[992,1168,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAE815624FB5DB67C" box="[992,1168,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was a product of long- branch attraction—as suggested by
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<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD5FFCCAF475618FC09B691" author="Gil-Azevedo, L. H. & Maia-Herzog, M." box="[550,964,368,392]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" pagination="39 - 68" part="1643" publicationUrl="http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/4215" refString="Gil-Azevedo, L. H. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2007) Preliminary considerations on phylogeny of Simuliidae genera from Southern Hemisphere (Insecta, Diptera). Zootaxa, 1643, 39 - 68. Available from: http: // www. mapress. com / j / zt / article / view / 4215 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Preliminary considerations on phylogeny of Simuliidae genera from Southern Hemisphere (Insecta, Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2007">Gil-Azevedo & Maia-Herzog (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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, remains an open question. Monophyly of this clade of austral simuliids is supported by up to 4 synamporphies:
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAEC556FDFC0EB6B5" box="[932,963,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">viz</emphasis>
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. reduced abdominal armature in the pupa, hypostoma with ventral wall extended anteriorly to obscure teeth, larval antenna with distal antennomere markedly longer than the two proximal antennomeres combined (condition reversed in members of
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA9F656B4FA5FB6EC" box="[1175,1426,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">
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A.
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCA9D956B4FA5FB6EC" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[1208,1426,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Novaustrosimulium</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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) and presence of interarm struts in anal sclerite (yet to be definitely confirmed in “
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCA9465697FB4BB501" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[1063,1158,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA9465697FB4BB501" box="[1063,1158,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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”
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA9FB5697FB3FB501" box="[1178,1266,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">pilfreyi.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="155736DCFFD5FFCCADA6554CFF16B4BD" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">
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Monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAC18554CFD9DB524" box="[377,592,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC18554CFD9DB524" box="[377,592,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as currently defined, is supported by just one synapomorphy: namely, presence of markedly expressed cervical sclerites in the adults.
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<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD5FFCCAE0F5520FB21B579" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[878,1260,584,608]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" pagination="129 - 200" part="151" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/598" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1973) A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151, 129 - 200. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 598 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1973">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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established the monotypic genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAC055505FE3DB59D" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[356,496,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC055505FE3DB59D" box="[356,496,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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based solely on adults, but acknowledged the overall similarity of that segregate with
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCADB055E7FE65B5B1" box="[209,424,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCADB055E7FE65B5B1" box="[209,424,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Had the immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAF9B55F8FC4BB5BE" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[762,902,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAF9B55F8FC4BB5BE" box="[762,902,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
been known to those authors, as they are now, we wonder whether they would have described it as a separate genus. Nonetheless, the phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD5FFCCADF655B0FDA9B5E9" author="Gil-Azevedo, L. H. & Maia-Herzog, M." box="[151,612,728,752]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" pagination="39 - 68" part="1643" publicationUrl="http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/4215" refString="Gil-Azevedo, L. H. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2007) Preliminary considerations on phylogeny of Simuliidae genera from Southern Hemisphere (Insecta, Diptera). Zootaxa, 1643, 39 - 68. Available from: http: // www. mapress. com / j / zt / article / view / 4215 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Preliminary considerations on phylogeny of Simuliidae genera from Southern Hemisphere (Insecta, Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2007">Gil-Azevedo & Maia-Herzog (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAFD955B0FC89B5F6" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[696,836,728,751]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAFD955B0FC89B5F6" box="[696,836,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCA9FC55BFFAB9B5E9" box="[1181,1396,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA9FC55BFFAB9B5E9" box="[1181,1396,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCADF65594FE8AB40C" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,327,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCADF65594FE8AB40C" box="[151,327,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—a reasonable placement based on available evidence. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAEAA5594FBE7B40C" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[971,1066,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAEAA5594FBE7B40C" box="[971,1066,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA95F5594FB43B40C" box="[1086,1166,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
wasn’t included in Gil- Azevedo & Maia-Herzog’s (2007) analysis, but Moulton’s (2003) molecular analysis placed that species in a trichotomy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAC39542CFDE2B444" box="[344,559,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC39542CFDE2B444" box="[344,559,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as here defined) plus a cluster of northern Holarctic genera. More freshly collected material of “
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCACF05400FE69B466" box="[401,420,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">C</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCACD6540FFDCAB499" box="[439,519,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
is needed to better understand its relationships with other members of this austral clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD5FFCCADA654D8FE12B309" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">
|
||
In terms of relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAF2254C7FCD7B4D1" box="[579,794,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAF2254C7FCD7B4D1" box="[579,794,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it seems likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCA97954D9FB0AB4D1" box="[1048,1223,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA97954D9FB0AB4D1" box="[1048,1223,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sister of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCA8E654D9FF36B4F4" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA8E654D9FF36B4F4" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAC5554BDFE5AB4F4" authorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" box="[308,407,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC5554BDFE5AB4F4" box="[308,407,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together, supported, in part, by geography and shared pupal gill structure in the latter two species (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAD995490FEC1B309" box="[248,268,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">cf</emphasis>
|
||
. Figs 26, 70, 112).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD5FFCCADA65374FB36B285" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCADA65374FE53B32C" box="[199,414,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCADA65374FE53B32C" box="[199,414,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCACDD5375FD85B32D" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[444,584,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCACDD5375FD85B32D" box="[444,584,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAF075374FCDBB32C" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[614,790,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAF075374FCDBB32C" box="[614,790,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAE185374FC15B32C" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[889,984,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAE185374FC15B32C" box="[889,984,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAE9D5374FB81B32C" box="[1020,1100,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
exhibit marked structural heterogeneity, and the relictual distribution of their members bespeaks a relatively early origin for their common ancestor. Separation of southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFD5FFCCAF72530CFD12B365" box="[531,735,1124,1148]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">
|
||
Western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFD5FFCCAF19530CFD12B365" box="[632,735,1124,1148]" name="Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFD5FFCCAE7D530CFC5CB365" box="[796,913,1124,1148]" name="Antarctica" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
was complete
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA923530DFB90B365" box="[1090,1117,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 95 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD5FFCCA9B9530CFA5CB364" author="Rix, M. G. & Edwards, D. L. & Byrne, M. & Harvey, M. S." box="[1240,1425,1124,1149]" journalOrPublisher="Biological Reviews" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" pagination="762 - 793" part="90" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12132" refString="Rix, M. G., Edwards, D. L., Byrne, M. & Harvey, M. S. (2015) Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south - western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Biological Reviews, 90, 762 - 793. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / brv. 12132" title="Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south - western Australian biodiversity hotspot" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Rix
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA86F530DFA8CB364" box="[1294,1345,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the morphological similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAFFF53E1FC84B3B9" box="[670,841,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAFFF53E1FC84B3B9" box="[670,841,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAE1E53E1FC32B3B9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[895,1023,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAE1E53E1FC32B3B9" box="[895,1023,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plus a predilection for cooler water, a reasonable assumption is that that tectonic movement was the vicariant event separating their precursor. The last connection between South America and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFD5FFCCAF3F53B8FD1EB3F1" box="[606,723,1232,1256]" name="Antarctica" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
was at 41–35 Mya, with formation of the Drake Passage. Final separation of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFD5FFCCAC4F539CFE58B215" box="[302,405,1268,1292]" name="Australia" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFD5FFCCACAB539CFDF2B215" box="[458,575,1268,1292]" name="Antarctica" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
was
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAF16539DFD5CB215" box="[631,657,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 32 Mya, well to the east, when
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFD5FFCCAE9B539CFBA8B215" box="[1018,1125,1268,1292]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
separated and the Antarctic Circum–Polar Current was established. A secondary vicariant event that probably separated the precursor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCA8E65271FF36B24C" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA8E65271FF36B24C" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAC525255FE5CB24C" authorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" box="[307,401,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC525255FE5CB24C" box="[307,401,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the inundation of the Nullarbor Plain region by the Eromanga Sea at
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCA9815255FACFB24D" box="[1248,1282,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
25 Mya. The Nullabor marine incursion did not end until
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAFC55209FD73B261" box="[676,702,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 14 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD5FFCCAE5D5208FBF7B261" author="Toussaint, E. A. & Hendrich, L. & Escalona, H. & Porch, N. & Balk, M." box="[828,1082,1375,1400]" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" pagination="650 - 657" part="41" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12182" refString="Toussaint, E. A., Hendrich, L., Escalona, H., Porch, N. & Balk, M. (2016) Evolutionary history of a secondary terrestrial Australian diving beetle (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) reveals a lineage of high morphological and ecological plasticity. Systematic Entomology, 41, 650 - 657. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12182" title="Evolutionary history of a secondary terrestrial Australian diving beetle (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) reveals a lineage of high morphological and ecological plasticity" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Toussaint
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAED75209FC21B261" box="[950,1004,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), followed by a mid–Miocene climatic optimum. We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD5FFCCAC9D52EDFD93B284" authorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" box="[508,606,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="490" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD5FFCCAC9D52EDFD93B284" box="[508,606,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="490">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be the more derived taxon of the two Australian species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |