548 lines
68 KiB
XML
548 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document id="8B03E60A406F6AAC0E15918FCBFC45B0" ID-CLB-Dataset="7680" ID-DOI="10.1206/358.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64639217-c52a-453d-a6b3-382db4402257" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615989200907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hunt, Robert M." docDate="2011" docId="885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011.358.1-153.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (358)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/358.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Temnocyon fingeruti Hunt 2011, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="746DFFAD5740AC6DFFA7B24433290312" masterDocTitle="Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1698933491662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="834ABCA2CEDD47D4377F76A113632BE7">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="40AAFE0B00B2E1F1F860D402E9C67E32">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F6CB488B2AB89998544573493FE1F137">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="10FEE35891B3A398C0E2605422BF9FF8">
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<mods:date id="B5507956F656829D9D67378B130FB9BF">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7F3FE238A77D04AD220980EA2D9481BE">2011-11-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1257D4FE8123300E04E26137C857D662">2011</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DD1E8886C91703227B4D9A746C0F2A81">358</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="336CAD9362A077180F2B2C6B860A947E">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/358.1</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="3EAAC3AA6B0B582E48496F9E3820A77A" type="CLB-Dataset">7680</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1D834F51F15B0EAB74B133572D27428D" type="DOI">10.1206/358.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618417" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618417" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576DAC40FCA4B30D3705026F" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576DAC40FCA4B30D3705026F" blockId="45.[771,1158,328,381]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="5B0A81AF576DAC40FCA4B30D3705026F" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FCA4B30D30C6024D" authority="Hunt, 2011" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[771,1007,328,351]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FCA4B30D30C6024D" bold="true" box="[771,1007,328,351]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BA57AA576DAC40FC58B30D37AF024D" box="[1023,1158,329,351]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation id="98C62A46576DAC40FCFBB323372A026F" box="[860,1027,359,381]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="46.[116,155,1012,1031]" captionStartId-1="47.[150,188,1390,1409]" captionStartId-2="48.[116,155,961,980]" captionStartId-3="49.[150,188,1100,1119]" captionTargetBox-0="[115,1170,211,981]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1196,211,1357]" captionTargetBox-2="[116,1168,212,931]" captionTargetBox-3="[172,1182,211,1069]" captionTargetId-0="figure-306@46.[115,1170,211,982]" captionTargetId-1="figure-134@47.[159,1196,210,1360]" captionTargetId-2="figure-344@48.[116,1168,212,931]" captionTargetId-3="figure-279@49.[172,1183,210,1070]" captionTargetPageId-0="46" captionTargetPageId-1="47" captionTargetPageId-2="48" captionTargetPageId-3="49" captionText-0="Fig. 16. Holotype cranium and mandibles of Temnocyon fingeruti (NM 280/61), from Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon. This skull was found 62 ft (,19 m) above a tuffaceous horizon dated to,23.8 Ma (Hunt and Stepleton, 2004)." captionText-1="Fig. 17. Holotype palate and upper dentition (A, left and right I1–3, C, P1–M2; B, stereopair with right P3–M2) of Temnocyon fingeruti (NM 280/61), Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon. Note occlusal wear on P3–M2." captionText-2="Fig. 18. Holotype left (A) and right (B) mandibles of Temnocyon fingeruti (NM 280/61), from Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon, both in labial view (left c, p2–m3; right c, p1–m3)." captionText-3="Fig. 19. Occlusal views of the mandibular dentition of the holotype of Temnocyon fingeruti (NM 280/ 61). Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon. A, left and right p2–m3; B, stereopair of p3–m3. Note apical wear on premolars and carnassials." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610782" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610784" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610789" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610792" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4610782/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4610784/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4610789/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4610792/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Figures 16–19</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="98C62A46576DAC40FBB6B3233705026F" box="[1041,1068,359,381]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="131.[150,188,1585,1604]" captionTargetBox="[182,1174,211,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-1@131.[182,1174,211,1555]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="Fig. 68. Holotype basicranium of Temnocyon fingeruti (NM 280/61), Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon. A, epoxy cast of basicranium showing left and right auditory bullae each composed of an ectotympanic, an E1 caudal entotympanic forming the medial wall, and an E2 caudal entotympanic completing the posterior wall of the bulla. B, basicranium of NM 280/61 in ventral view (stereopair). C, detail of the auditory region and the principal bulla elements (stereopair). For abbreviations, see page 5." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610964/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">68</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576DAC40FD7DB3D730170039" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576DAC40FD7DB3D730170039" blockId="45.[701,1228,403,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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<typeStatus id="DF468861576DAC40FD7DB3D7303102BB" box="[730,792,403,427]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">TYPE</typeStatus>
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: NM 280/61, a complete skull and lower jaws in articulation, the rostrum offset,
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<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FD73B394303202F4" box="[724,795,464,486]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
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from the posterior cranium by sediment deformation after burial;
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<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E576DAC40FBC3B3AA375501E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985302" collectorName="Lower Beardog Section, E" county="Haystack Valley Member" elevation="29" location="Valley Member" municipality="Haystack Valley" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oregon" typeStatus="holotype">
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both left and right I1–3, C, P1–4, M1–2 and left i3, c, p2–4, m1–3, right c, p1–4, m1–3, from the
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<collectingCounty id="E9234E4F576DAC40FD4DB002373F014E" box="[746,1046,582,604]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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<collectingMunicipality id="E026ACB9576DAC40FD4DB0023082014E" box="[746,939,582,604]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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Haystack
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<location id="05226018576DAC40FCC6B0023082014E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1:05226018576DAC40FCC6B0023082014E" box="[865,939,582,604]" county="Haystack Valley Member" municipality="Haystack Valley" name="Valley Member" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Oregon">Valley</location>
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</collectingMunicipality>
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Member
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</collectingCounty>
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(revised),
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<location id="05226018576DAC40FB35B00230AA0168" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1:05226018576DAC40FB35B00230AA0168" county="Haystack Valley Member" municipality="Haystack Valley" name="John Day Formation" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Oregon">John Day Formation</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F821576DAC40FC3DB02030DD016B" box="[922,1012,612,633]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectorName id="AD085315576DAC40FBACB02030690185" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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||
<location id="05226018576DAC40FBACB020303F018A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1:05226018576DAC40FBACB020303F018A" county="Haystack Valley Member" municipality="Haystack Valley" name="Lower Beardog Section" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Oregon">Lower Beardog Section</location>
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, E
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</collectorName>
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1/2, NE4, SW4, SW4, sec. 27, T8S, R25E,
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<location id="05226018576DAC40FCFEB0DB30E101A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5576DAC5EFCA4B30D312106C1:05226018576DAC40FCFEB0DB30E101A7" box="[857,968,671,693]" county="Haystack Valley Member" municipality="Haystack Valley" name="Kimberly" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Oregon">Kimberly</location>
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7.5-minute quadrangle, from
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<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FC89B0F8304D01C1" box="[814,868,700,723]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.92608" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="ft" value="96.0">
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||
<elevation id="8BD0D1F0576DAC40FC89B0F8304D01C1" box="[814,868,700,723]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.92608" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="ft" value="96.0">96 ft</elevation>
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</quantity>
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stratigraphic level in appendix 1–6,
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576DAC40FD5BB09F375501E2" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr. & E. Stepleton" box="[764,1148,730,752]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref84031" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr., and E. Stepleton. 2004. Geology and paleontology of the Upper John Day beds, John Day River Valley, Oregon: lithostratigraphic and biochronologic revision in the Haystack Valley and Kimberly areas (Kimberly and Mt. Misery Quadrangles). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 282: 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="2004">Hunt and Stepleton (2004: 81)</bibRefCitation>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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||
<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FB28B09E37E201E2" box="[1167,1227,730,752]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88976" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="ft" value="62.0">62 ft</quantity>
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above a radioisotopically dated horizon at,23.8 Ma.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576DAC40FD7DB17630AC0096" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576DAC40FD7DB17630AC0096" blockId="45.[701,1228,403,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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DISTRIBUTION: Latest Oligocene, late midArikareean, John Day Formation, Wheeler County,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F821576DAC40FC82B12B30A90096" box="[805,896,879,900]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576DAC40FD7DB1CF371D00E9" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576DAC40FD7DB1CF371D00E9" blockId="45.[701,1228,403,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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ETYMOLOGY: The species name recognizes Michael Fingerut, who discovered and collected the
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<typeStatus id="DF468861576DAC40FCF7B18C309F00CC" box="[848,950,968,990]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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in the Balm Creek drainage, north-central
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<collectingRegion id="C239F821576DAC40FC72B1A2371900E9" box="[981,1072,998,1019]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576DAC43FD7DB64632C80766" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576DAC40FD7DB64637E205CD" blockId="45.[701,1228,403,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
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DIAGNOSIS: Wolf-sized species of
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FBD3B64131DB0725" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FBD3B64131DB0725" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Temnocyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(basilar skull length,
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<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FBBFB665374E0725" box="[1048,1127,1057,1079]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
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), distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FCC5B60430CB0747" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[866,994,1086,1109]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FCC5B60430CB0747" box="[866,994,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FB86B604378F0747" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1057,1190,1086,1109]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FB86B604378F0747" box="[1057,1190,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. subferox</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by much larger size, from
|
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FC49B61937B70760" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1006,1182,1117,1138]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FC49B61937B70760" box="[1006,1182,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by smaller size; differs from similarly sized
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FB15B63F31D007BF" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FB15B63F31D007BF" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. ferox</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by greater inflation of the frontal paranasal sinuses (relative to braincase width, table 7) and by different form and proportions of p4–m2 and M1–2 (tables 2, 3), including a more lingually extended M1–2 with less expansion of M1 protocone region (ratio A/B, table 6), a much larger M2 and m2, a longer m2 (ratio E/F), and by a more robust, wider p4.
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||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FC29B7C13753068B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[910,1146,1412,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
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||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FC29B7C13753068B" box="[910,1146,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
differs from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FD58B7E630A506A5" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[767,908,1442,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FD58B7E630A506A5" box="[767,908,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its much smaller M1 (in the upper dentition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FC69B784377506C7" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[974,1116,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FC69B784377506C7" box="[974,1116,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only M1 survives), more elongate m1–2, stronger m1 metaconid, and larger, rectangular m2 with vestigial metaconid and more developed paraconid, and by the p4/m1 ratio (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FBD0B47137E50559" box="[1143,1228,1589,1611]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9812" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="0.78">0.78 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FD1AB4173069057A" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[701,832,1619,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FD1AB4173069057A" box="[701,832,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FCD6B41730EB057B" box="[881,962,1619,1641]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1336" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="0.84">0.84 in</quantity>
|
||
both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FBAEB41737BE057A" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[1033,1175,1619,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FBAEB41737BE057A" box="[1033,1175,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FD1AB43530330597" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[701,794,1648,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FD1AB43530330597" box="[701,794,1648,1670]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FC96B43537320597" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[817,1051,1648,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FC96B43537320597" box="[817,1051,1648,1670]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FB15B435303205B6" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FB15B435303205B6" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FC8AB4CB309B05B6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[813,946,1677,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FC8AB4CB309B05B6" box="[813,946,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. subferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FBCBB4CB37E205B1" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[1132,1227,1678,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FBCBB4CB37E205B1" box="[1132,1227,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in P4 proportions (ratio C/D, table 6); P4 is not known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FCFAB48E30CE05CD" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[861,999,1738,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FCFAB48E30CE05CD" box="[861,999,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FBB8B48E37ED05CD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1055,1220,1738,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FBB8B48E37ED05CD" box="[1055,1220,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B576EAC43FFD3B1B030C9072E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610782/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" startId="46.[116,155,1012,1031]" targetBox="[115,1170,211,981]" targetPageId="46">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576EAC43FFD3B1B030C9072E" blockId="46.[93,1193,1012,1084]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Fig. 16. Holotype cranium and mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FDC9B1B0306A0715" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[622,835,1012,1031]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FDC9B1B0306A0715" box="[622,835,1012,1031]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NM 280/61), from Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon. This skull was found 62 ft (,19 m) above a tuffaceous horizon dated to,23.8 Ma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576EAC43FD67B66D30FD072E" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr. & E. Stepleton" box="[704,980,1065,1084]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref84031" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr., and E. Stepleton. 2004. Geology and paleontology of the Upper John Day beds, John Day River Valley, Oregon: lithostratigraphic and biochronologic revision in the Haystack Valley and Kimberly areas (Kimberly and Mt. Misery Quadrangles). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 282: 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="2004">Hunt and Stepleton, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576EAC43FFDDB61932C80766" blockId="46.[93,619,1117,1759]" box="[122,481,1117,1141]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">REFERRED SPECIMENS: None.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E76548576EAC5FFFDDB63F37150027" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576EAC43FFDDB63F37400558" blockId="46.[93,619,1117,1759]" lastBlockId="46.[667,1194,1119,1759]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: The skull of NM 280/61 is elongate (basilar length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576EAC43FE2AB6DE32F207A2" box="[397,475,1178,1200]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||
, table 7) as are the known skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FE38B6FC312C07DF" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[415,517,1208,1229]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FE38B6FC312C07DF" box="[415,517,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FDF6B6FC339607F9" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FDF6B6FC339607F9" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">T. subferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differs from the short, broad skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FF64B6B632E5061B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[195,460,1266,1289]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FF64B6B632E5061B" box="[195,460,1266,1289]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Cranial size and proportions are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FDF6B75533B00650" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FDF6B75533B00650" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except for the much greater frontal sinus inflation and entirely different form of P4–M2 and p4–m
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576EAC43FE9EB72C3242066C" box="[313,363,1384,1406]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FED0B72D32D7066F" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[375,510,1384,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FED0B72D32D7066F" box="[375,510,1384,1406]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite smaller size, a narrower snout and clearly dissimilar dentition, the profile of NM 280/61 compares with the skull form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FE71B785339C06E1" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FE71B785339C06E1" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. NM 280/61 approximates a large male wolf (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FF79B7BF32480503" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[222,353,1530,1553]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FF79B7BF32480503" box="[222,353,1530,1553]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in rostral proportions and palatal dimensions but shows a longer postorbital cranium with broader basicranium, greater frontal sinus inflation, and smaller braincase volume. Although the teeth are similar in occlusal dimensions to those of a wolf, NM 280/61 has larger canines, more robust premolars, with a proportionately smaller shearing m1 and a longer m2–3 crushing platform. As with other John Day crania, sutures and anatomical detail are obscured by diagenetic alteration of bone. The orbital region preserves the orbital foramina nested in the elongate depression previously descibed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576EAC43FC1CB75431F70650" authority="(UCMP 1549)" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576EAC43FC1CB75437170637" box="[955,1086,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
(UCMP 1549)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An orbital foramen, sphenorbital fissure, and anterior opening for the alisphenoid canal (the foramen rotundum opening internally into the canal) are situated as in that plesiomorphic species, and it is apparent that this anatomical pattern is common to all temnocyonines where the orbital region has been preserved. The basicranium and auditory region are exceptional and are discussed in the section on Basicranial Anatomy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576EAC42FD1FB41732BC0559" blockId="46.[667,1194,1119,1759]" lastBlockId="47.[128,654,1501,1759]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The mandible is gracile and slender (depth beneath m1, 32 mm; below p2, 27 mm) with toothrow length (p1–m3) of
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576EAC43FC54B4CA377E05B6" box="[1011,1111,1678,1700]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
|
||
. These teeth are worn, indicating a mature but not aged individual; the canines, particularly the lower pair, reflect some damage, with the right lower canine beveled to a rounded stub suggesting it had been broken and smoothed by abrasion during life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B576FAC42FF31B72A301C06A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610784/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" startId="47.[150,188,1390,1409]" targetBox="[159,1196,211,1357]" targetPageId="47">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576FAC42FF31B72A301C06A5" blockId="47.[128,1228,1390,1463]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Fig. 17. Holotype palate and upper dentition (
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576FAC42FD23B72A31B50693" bold="true" box="[644,668,1390,1409]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">A,</emphasis>
|
||
left and right I1–3, C, P1–M2;
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576FAC42FC7AB72B30DD0690" bold="true" box="[989,1012,1391,1410]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">B,</emphasis>
|
||
stereopair with right P3–M2) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576FAC42FF50B7CE32E0068E" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[247,457,1417,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576FAC42FF50B7CE32E0068E" box="[247,457,1417,1436]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NM 280/61), Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon. Note occlusal wear on P3–M2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576FAC42FF3AB41030940594" blockId="47.[128,654,1501,1759]" lastBlockId="47.[701,1228,1501,1759]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Lower incisors of temnocyonines rarely survive but are preserved in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576FAC42FE69B43631790594" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[462,592,1649,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576FAC42FE69B43631790594" box="[462,592,1649,1671]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The i1–3 were quite small; there is little room (,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576FAC42FF38B4E833CC05D3" box="[159,229,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
) for them between the canines. During feeding these incisors would have been of little use. A somewhat larger i3 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576FAC42FC83B7BE30AD0502" box="[804,900,1530,1552]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576FAC42FC49B7BF37640502" box="[1006,1101,1531,1552]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) contrasts with i2 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576FAC42FC37B45C30DA053F" box="[912,1011,1560,1582]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="5.9">5.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576FAC42FBC5B45C37EA053F" box="[1122,1219,1560,1581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) represented only by a broken root. There is no evidence of i1 that if present was placed in front of and
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576FAC42FCF0B42B30B10594" box="[855,920,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">below</emphasis>
|
||
i2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576FAC5DFD7CB4CA33930748" blockId="47.[701,1228,1501,1759]" lastBlockId="48.[93,620,1062,1759]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The canine measures,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576FAC42FC5EB4CB376405B6" box="[1017,1101,1679,1700]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576FAC42FD73B4E8300105D3" box="[724,808,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, measured at the enamel base; the symphyseal width is narrow, only
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFFFAB663339E072E" box="[93,183,1063,1084]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
measured across the base of the canines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B5770AC5DFFD3B185328C071B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610789/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" startId="48.[116,155,961,980]" targetBox="[116,1168,212,931]" targetPageId="48">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5DFFD3B185328C071B" blockId="48.[93,1194,961,1034]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Fig. 18. Holotype left (
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFEDDB18532A500C6" bold="true" box="[378,396,961,980]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and right (
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFDA8B185313600C6" bold="true" box="[527,543,961,980]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
|
||
) mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405770AC5DFD66B18630BC00C6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[705,917,961,980]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFD66B18630BC00C6" box="[705,917,961,980]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NM 280/61), from Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon, both in labial view (left c, p2–m3; right c, p1–m3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5DFFDDB62531480786" blockId="48.[93,620,1062,1759]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The p1 is a small, peglike tooth (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFFFAB63B33900786" box="[93,185,1151,1173]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width, 4.0 mm) and is much worn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5DFFDDB6D832D00673" blockId="48.[93,620,1062,1759]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The p2 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFE96B6D932B107A0" box="[305,408,1181,1202]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="12.1">12.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFE54B6D8316307A0" box="[499,586,1180,1202]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="5.6">5.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is much larger than p1 with its posterior slope somewhat longer than the anterior slope. A thin enamel ridge travels down both the anterior face to the anterolingual corner and the posterior face to the posterolabial cingulum. There are no accessory cusps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5DFFDDB72D338D0503" blockId="48.[93,620,1062,1759]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The p3 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFE96B72D32B1066D" box="[305,408,1385,1407]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="15.3">15.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFE54B72D3163066D" box="[499,586,1385,1407]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is a larger replica of p2 with a small posterior cingular shelf and a tiny basal cusp; the shelf is indented by wear on the left p3, less so on the right. There are no evident accessory cusps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5DFFDDB45D328C0595" blockId="48.[93,620,1062,1759]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The p4 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFE96B45D32B1053D" box="[305,408,1561,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.93" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="19.3">19.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFE54B45D3163053D" box="[499,586,1561,1583]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is quite long relative to p3. There is a prominent labially situated posterior accessory cusp above a cingular shelf.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5DFFDDB4CB30B60765" blockId="48.[93,620,1062,1759]" lastBlockId="48.[667,1194,1062,1759]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The principal cusps of p2–4 are worn flat by apical abrasion. The p2–3 are not tall relative to those in the large durophagous species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405770AC5DFCBBB6633098072E" box="[796,945,1063,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFCBBB6633098072E" box="[796,945,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405770AC5DFC51B6623788072F" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[1014,1185,1062,1085]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFC51B6623788072F" box="[1014,1185,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They compare with p2–4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405770AC5DFC53B601375F0748" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[1012,1142,1091,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFC53B601375F0748" box="[1012,1142,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are much larger teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5DFD1FB6C430C9057B" blockId="48.[667,1194,1062,1759]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The m1 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFCD0B6C430F60787" box="[887,991,1152,1173]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4699999999999998" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="24.7">24.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFB9CB63B378B0787" box="[1083,1186,1151,1173]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="10.6">10.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is a narrow, shearing carnassial that in this individual shows apical wear on trigonid and talonid cusps. Although the mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405770AC5DFB28B69C31D2061B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFB28B69C31D2061B" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the wolf are of similar size, m1 is much smaller and the premolars larger in the beardog. The paraconid is mesially advanced to form a shear plane with the tall protoconid. A prominent metaconid is situated posterolingual to the protoconid. The talonid is filled by a large hypoconid; this cusp does not attain the height of the paraconid as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405770AC5DFCCDB79B30D606E6" box="[874,1023,1503,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFCCDB79B30D606E6" box="[874,1023,1503,1524]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405770AC5DFBEEB79A31C60500" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15770AC5DFBEEB79A31C60500" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A sinuous labial cingulum is present on the talonid but subdued on the trigonid. There is no entoconid yet a very narrow lingual talonid shelf occurs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35770AC5CFD1FB435314907FE" blockId="48.[667,1194,1062,1759]" lastBlockId="49.[128,654,1209,1759]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The elongate m2 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFC4FB436377B0595" box="[1000,1106,1650,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="14.8">14.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265770AC5DFD3CB4CB31DF05B6" box="[667,758,1679,1700]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="8.9">8.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) displays a low paraconid anterolingual to the taller, rather blunt, labial protoconid; a small metaconid is present. The m2 talonid has a low, more centrally placed hypoconid; there is no entoconid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B5771AC5CFF31B608371A0786" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610792" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610792/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" startId="49.[150,188,1100,1119]" targetBox="[172,1182,211,1069]" targetPageId="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35771AC5CFF31B608371A0786" blockId="49.[128,1227,1100,1172]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Fig. 19. Occlusal views of the mandibular dentition of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405771AC5CFC2CB6083774074D" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[907,1117,1100,1119]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15771AC5CFC2CB6083774074D" box="[907,1117,1100,1119]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NM 280/ 61). Balm Creek, Haystack Valley Member (revised), John Day Formation, Wheeler Co., Oregon.
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15771AC5CFB2DB622378A076B" bold="true" box="[1162,1187,1126,1145]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">A,</emphasis>
|
||
left and right p2–m3;
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15771AC5CFE9AB6C5327D0786" bold="true" box="[317,340,1153,1172]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">B,</emphasis>
|
||
stereopair of p3–m3. Note apical wear on premolars and carnassials.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35771AC5CFF3AB6B0314406AB" blockId="49.[128,654,1209,1759]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The rectangular m3 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFD86B6B131A00618" box="[545,649,1269,1290]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="9.8">9.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFF78B756326E0635" box="[223,327,1298,1319]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) has a distinct trigonid somewhat elevated above the talonid. The protoconid is connected by a curvilinear ridge to a very small metaconid. A low hypoconid is the only talonid cusp. A cingulum surrounds both the m2 and m3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35771AC5CFF3AB78637EB07FE" blockId="49.[128,654,1209,1759]" lastBlockId="49.[701,1228,1209,1759]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The upper dentition is one of the most complete among temnocyonines. Both toothrows are intact: width of the transverse incisor row,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFEB7B45E325E053D" box="[272,375,1562,1583]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4699999999999998" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="24.7">24.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width between canines,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFF27B47333D8055E" box="[128,241,1591,1612]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="24.9">24.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; a narrow palate between P1–2 (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFF20B41033DB0578" box="[135,242,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.59" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="25.9">25.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) widens between P3–4 (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFDB3B41031A80578" box="[532,641,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6799999999999997" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="36.8">36.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and reaches its maximum breadth (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFD88B43531AC0595" box="[559,645,1649,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
|
||
) between the embrasures of the P4–M1 pair. Palatal length measured from I1 along the midline to the posterior border of the palate is
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFD7BB6FD300307DC" box="[732,810,1209,1230]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Toothrow length from P1–M2 is
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFD1AB692300D07FE" box="[701,804,1238,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.209999999999999" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="92.1">92.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(P2–4,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFC27B69230C007FE" box="[896,1001,1238,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.87" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="58.7">58.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; M1–2,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFBECB692379F07FE" box="[1099,1206,1238,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.73" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="27.3">27.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35771AC5CFD7CB6B1307D057B" blockId="49.[701,1228,1209,1759]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
I1 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFCFBB6B0309E0618" box="[860,951,1268,1290]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFBB1B6B137590618" box="[1046,1136,1269,1290]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and I2 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFC84B75630AA0635" box="[803,899,1298,1320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFC4BB75637620635" box="[1004,1099,1298,1319]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) are quite small, their apices worn flat. I3 is larger (length, 10.0 mm; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFC5BB70837770670" box="[1020,1118,1356,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
), heavily worn to a stub. There are short diastemata between I3 and the canine (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFC5BB7C33770068E" box="[1020,1113,1415,1436]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), between C–P1 (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFCBBB7E030AE06AB" box="[796,903,1444,1466]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
), P1–2 (
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFBA4B7E0374606AB" box="[1027,1135,1444,1465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
), P2–3 (7.0 mm), and P3–4 (2.0 mm). The small I3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405771AC5CFD79B79B304906E1" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[734,864,1502,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15771AC5CFD79B79B304906E1" box="[734,864,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contrasts in size with the huge I3s of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405771AC5CFCA9B7B830A30500" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[782,906,1531,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15771AC5CFCA9B7B830A30500" box="[782,906,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">D. oryktes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405771AC5CFC6CB7B837790503" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[971,1104,1532,1553]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15771AC5CFC6CB7B837790503" box="[971,1104,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">M. ferocior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Wear on the upper incisors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405771AC5CFC19B45D376B053C" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[958,1090,1561,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15771AC5CFC19B45D376B053C" box="[958,1090,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows that they occluded with i
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFC65B4723738055E" box="[962,1041,1590,1612]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="7.62" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="in" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 in</quantity>
|
||
a grasping or nipping role.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35771AC5CFD7CB43537E505CD" blockId="49.[701,1228,1209,1759]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The canine (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFC57B436374E0595" box="[1008,1127,1650,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="17.3">17.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265771AC5CFD1AB4CB300A05B6" box="[701,803,1679,1700]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="12.3">12.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, measured at enamel-dentine contact) is broken and worn, but it was more robust than a wolf canine from a similarly sized skull.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFFDDB291338D0250" blockId="50.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P1 is a small peglike tooth (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFDAAB290314E03F8" box="[525,615,212,234]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFF15B2B632270215" box="[178,270,242,263]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) with a low vertical anterior face and a posterior slope lacking accessory cusps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFFDDB30F329502AA" blockId="50.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P2 is a larger triangular tooth (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFFFAB32C33E2026F" box="[93,203,360,381]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="13.4">13.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFE94B32332BB026F" box="[307,402,359,381]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) with a posterior slope slightly longer than the anterior face. There are no accessory cusps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFFDDB3853131017A" blockId="50.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P3 is somewhat larger (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFE5DB384314E02C4" box="[506,615,448,470]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width, 7.0 mm) than P2 with anterior and posterior faces as in P2 but having a broader heel than P2. Heavy wear on the posterior slope prevents identification of an accessory cusp but it was probably not present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFFDDB035314200F7" blockId="50.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P4 is a short carnassial (length, 22.0 mm; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFF1FB0CA320E01B1" box="[184,295,654,676]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="15.4">15.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) with a prominent shear plane beveling the lingual faces of paracone and metastylar blade. A blunt protocone is situated directly lingual to the paracone. The posterior half of the protocone occluded against the m1 paraconid, evidenced by an elliptical wear facet, whereas the anterior face of the protocone was abraded by the p4 accessory cusp. Labial and lingual cingula are present but the anterior face of P4 and the adjacent heel of P3 were deeply worn by the principal and accessory cusps of the large p4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFFDDB1A9339D0619" blockId="50.[93,620,212,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">The principal cusps of P1–3 exhibit flat apical wear facets. This blunting of cusps also occurred on the M1 paracone and metacone (with minor apical wear on M2 paracone) and the paracone and metastylar blade of P4. P4 wear included a shear component that extended posteriorly along the lingual faces of the M1 paracone-metacone and M2 paracone, evidenced by shear facets on these molars.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFFDDB75730A8021A" blockId="50.[93,620,212,1759]" lastBlockId="50.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
M1 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFEBDB75732A0063A" box="[282,393,1299,1320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="17.1">17.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFE52B757314D063A" box="[501,612,1299,1320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2399999999999998" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="22.4">22.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) retains a plesiomorphic occlusal form little different from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFE33B70A31080671" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" box="[404,545,1356,1379]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFE33B70A31080671" box="[404,545,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The paracone and slightly smaller metacone are bordered by a labial cingulum with developed parastyle. The cingulum thins on the margins of M1 at the level of the protocone basin but then thickens to form a prominent posterolingual cingulum around the protocone, which does not equal the strongly swollen M1 lingual cingula observed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFE71B47C3142055F" box="[470,619,1592,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFE71B47C3142055F" box="[470,619,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFF34B41032170579" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[147,318,1620,1643]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFF34B41032170579" box="[147,318,1620,1643]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The protocone is situated near the anterior margin of the tooth and is more sharp-crested and less bunodont. A preprotocrista runs anterolabially from the protocone to the anterior cingulum, and a short weak postprotocrista intersects the posterior cingulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFD1FB35430BA01B3" blockId="50.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
M2 (length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFCF5B35430980234" box="[850,945,272,294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="9.6">9.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFBBFB35437AB0234" box="[1048,1154,272,294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="17.4">17.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is smaller and of a different form than M1; the anterior margin is convex, the posterior concave. The paracone is much larger than the low reduced metacone yet the lingual face of the two cusps forms a vertical shear plane. The labial and anterior sides of M2 are bordered by a cingulum that thickens to form a wide lingual swelling. A minute protocone situated in the center of an enamel flat retains an anterolabially directed preprotocrista and a tiny postprotocrista. The posterior margin of M2 is worn by the anterior face of m3 since there is no M3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFD1FB0EF37150027" blockId="50.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFD7EB0EF307301D2" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[729,858,683,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFD7EB0EF307301D2" box="[729,858,683,704]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, crushing/shearing occlusion was accomplished by p4–m2 and P3–M2. More anterior teeth served to grasp the food and, via the action of the tongue, passed it back to the carnassials and molars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E765485772AC5EFD1FB178312106C1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5FFD1FB178374C0670" blockId="50.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
DISCUSSION: The skull and mandibles of NM 280/61 represent one of the bestpreserved North American temnocyonines. The species preserves the most wolflike dentition of any temnocyonine and exhibits an attritional dental wear pattern much like that known for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFCC0B1AA30D80716" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[871,1009,1005,1028]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFCC0B1AA30D80716" box="[871,1009,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite some crushing of the skull that collapsed the zygomata and shifted the rostrum laterally relative to the frontal region, the cranium, teeth, and basicranial anatomy are exceptional. NM 280/61 demonstrates that a plesiomorphic temnocyonine dental pattern continued in the Pacific Northwest to very near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, currently placed at 23.03 Ma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325772AC5FFC32B6B037B70618" author="Gradstein, F. M. & J. G. Ogg & A. G. Smith" box="[917,1182,1268,1290]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" refId="ref82940" refString="Gradstein, F. M., J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith (editors), A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 589 pp." type="book" year="2004">Gradstein et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because NM 280/61 occurs only,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265772AC5FFB81B75637770635" box="[1062,1118,1298,1319]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
above a radiometric date of 23.8 Ma, its stratigraphic level places it in the latest Oligocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35772AC5EFD1FB72F312106C1" blockId="50.[667,1194,213,1759]" lastBlockId="51.[128,654,1440,1491]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
NM 280/61 is the stratigraphically youngest John Day temnocyonine yet discovered; whether Great Plains early Miocene temnocyonines such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFCD2B787370A06CA" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[885,1059,1475,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFCD2B787370A06CA" box="[885,1059,1475,1496]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFBCDB785303906E4" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFBCDB785303906E4" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
existed in the Pacific Northwest is not known. Absence of early Miocene temnocyonines in the John Day beds could simply reflect the more limited representation of sediments of that age, which are often unfossilferous. However, large daphoenine and amphicyonine beardogs have been found in early Miocene John Day strata of early Hemingfordian age (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5FFC39B48E372205CD" authorityName="Peterson" authorityYear="1910" box="[926,1035,1738,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Borocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFC39B48E372205CD" box="[926,1035,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">Borocyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405772AC5EFB85B48C32E906A4" authority=": Hunt and Stepleton, 2004" authorityName=": Hunt and Stepleton" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Amphicyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" order="Carnivora" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15772AC5FFB85B48C378B05CD" box="[1058,1186,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">Amphicyon</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325773AC5EFF27B7E432E906A4" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr. & E. Stepleton" box="[128,448,1440,1462]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref84031" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr., and E. Stepleton. 2004. Geology and paleontology of the Upper John Day beds, John Day River Valley, Oregon: lithostratigraphic and biochronologic revision in the Haystack Valley and Kimberly areas (Kimberly and Mt. Misery Quadrangles). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 282: 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="2004">Hunt and Stepleton, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), suggesting that they replaced the temnocyonines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |