539 lines
65 KiB
XML
539 lines
65 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="390FA3C5EC7614E6E8528981672659AB">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A71D2B162C3EF7D035591B32AB164BCA">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="63DB2C319DAC16AC3B4E8AB56E4E529B">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="885487D5576AAC40FF07B291373F0234" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618415" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588598" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618415" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D5576AAC40FF07B291373F0234" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D5576AAC40FF07B291373F0234" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576AAC47FF07B29132B5021A" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FF07B29132B5021A" blockId="42.[160,552,213,264]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="5B0A81AF576AAC47FF07B29132B5021A" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FF07B291310103F8" authority="Cook, 1909" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[160,552,213,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FF07B29132BE03F8" box="[160,407,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576AAC47FE07B291310103F8" author="Cook, H." box="[416,552,213,235]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="261 - 272" refId="ref82156" refString="Cook, H. 1909. Some new Carnivora from the lower Miocene beds of western Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska Geological Survey 3 (9): 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1909">Cook, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="98C62A46576AAC47FE8BB2B632B5021A" box="[300,412,242,264]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[150,188,1401,1420]" captionTargetBox="[207,1152,214,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-89@43.[196,1158,210,1371]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 15. Temnocyon percussor Cook, Niobrara River valley, Sioux Co., Nebraska. Holotype (AMNH 81005) left partial mandible with p3–m2 (A, B) and right mandibular fragment with p1, p4, and m2 (C, D) from 0.5 mi west of Agate Ranch headquarters, Harrison Formation, Sioux Co., Nebraska. A, D, labial and B, C, lingual views. Referred right m1 (E, AMNH 81054) and right M1 (F, AMNH 81047) from AMNH–Cook Quarry, basal Anderson Ranch Formation. Cook’s 1909 drawing of the holotype is a composite of the two mandibular fragments (A to D) illustrated here, both from the same individual." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610778/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Figure 15</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E76548576AAC47FFFAB36431420220" box="[93,619,287,306]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FFFAB36431420220" blockId="42.[93,619,287,306]" box="[93,619,287,306]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20ED11ED576AAC47FFFAB36431420220" box="[93,619,287,306]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<treatmentCitation id="815C10D2576AAC47FFFAB36432D90220" author="Cook, H." box="[93,496,287,306]" page="266" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" year="1909">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FFFAB36432D90220" authority="Cook, 1909: 266" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityPageNumber="266" authorityYear="1909" box="[93,496,287,306]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FFFAB36432100220" box="[93,313,288,306]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576AAC47FEE6B35B32D90220" author="Cook, H." box="[321,496,287,306]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="261 - 272" refId="ref82156" refString="Cook, H. 1909. Some new Carnivora from the lower Miocene beds of western Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska Geological Survey 3 (9): 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1909">Cook, 1909: 266</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 271, fig. 3.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
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||
<subSubSection id="48E76548576AAC47FFDDB30E32A801D2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FFDDB30E32A801D2" blockId="42.[93,620,330,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<typeStatus id="DF468861576AAC47FFDDB30E3391024D" box="[122,184,330,354]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">TYPE</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="66ECAE06576AAC47FF6FB308320F0273" box="[200,294,332,353]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">AMNH</collectionCode>
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81005, associated right and left partial mandibles, left p3–m2, right p1, p4, m2, roots or alveoli of p2–3, m1, and a partial m3 alveolus, a doubtfully associated right upper canine, comprising
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576AAC47FE6FB384314202C5" author="Cook, H." box="[456,619,448,471]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="261 - 272" refId="ref82156" refString="Cook, H. 1909. Some new Carnivora from the lower Miocene beds of western Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska Geological Survey 3 (9): 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1909">Cook’s (1909)</bibRefCitation>
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<typeStatus id="DF468861576AAC47FFFAB39A33A602E1" box="[93,143,478,499]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FF1AB39A329C02E1" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[189,437,478,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FF1AB39A329C02E1" box="[189,437,478,499]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, found ‘‘about one-half mile west of Agate,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F821576AAC47FE0DB3BF31370103" box="[426,542,507,529]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
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, in the Lower Harrison beds ….’’, Sioux County,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F821576AAC47FFFAB07133E70159" box="[93,206,565,587]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
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(see Discussion for additional information on site of collection). Cook’s figure of the
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<typeStatus id="DF468861576AAC47FEA4B034321C0197" box="[259,309,624,645]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
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is a composite based on both mandibles, although this is not plainly stated in his publication.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576AAC47FFDDB082317F01E9" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FFDDB082317F01E9" blockId="42.[93,620,330,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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DISTRIBUTION: Late Arikareean, upper Arikaree Group, Sioux County,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F821576AAC47FE79B0A1317A01E9" box="[478,595,741,763]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E76548576AAC47FFDDB14533B0066D" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FFDDB14533CE0765" blockId="42.[93,620,330,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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DIAGNOSIS: Differs from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FE16B140311D0008" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[433,564,771,794]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FE16B140311D0008" box="[433,564,771,794]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FFFAB16533C40025" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[93,237,800,823]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FFFAB16533C40025" box="[93,237,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. subferox</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in larger size and from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FDF6B16533CA0041" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FDF6B16533CA0041" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in much smaller size. Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FEACB11832460062" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[267,367,859,881]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FEACB11832460062" box="[267,367,859,881]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. ferox</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by taller differently proportioned p3–4 and by dimensions of m1– 2 and M1 that together exceed the size attributable to a
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FE9BB1F7328B00DA" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[316,418,947,968]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FE9BB1F7328B00DA" box="[316,418,947,968]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. ferox</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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population (tables 2, 3).
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FF55B19532A400F4" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[242,397,977,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FF55B19532A400F4" box="[242,397,977,998]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. percussor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FDF6B19533940710" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FDF6B19533940710" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having a taller more robust, somewhat longer p3–4, shorter m1–2, and no m2 metaconid. M1 lingual cingulum better developed in
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FEF4B60132CD0748" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[339,484,1093,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FEF4B60132CD0748" box="[339,484,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. percussor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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relative to
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FFFAB62733C90765" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[93,224,1122,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FFFAB62733C90765" box="[93,224,1122,1144]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FFDDB63A33B0066D" blockId="42.[93,620,330,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
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<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E576AAC47FFDDB63A3354063A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985301" collectingDate="1909-08" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="American Museum-Cook Quarry & Agate Spring Quarries & Anderson Ranch Fm. & H. Cook" county="Sioux County" location="Sioux County" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" specimenCode="AMNH 81054" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nebraska">
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REFERRED SPECIMENS: (1)
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<specimenCode id="505B9EB8576AAC47FE1CB6C431410784" box="[443,616,1152,1174]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">AMNH 81054</specimenCode>
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, right m1,
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<collectorName id="AD085315576AAC47FF7FB6D9314507A0" box="[216,620,1181,1203]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">American Museum–Cook Quarry</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576AAC47FFC2B6FE33C707C2" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[101,238,1210,1232]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref83368" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1972. Miocene amphicyonids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Agate Spring Quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska. American Museum Novitates 2506: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1972">Hunt, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
),
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||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FEA5B6FE321C07C2" box="[258,309,1210,1232]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
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north of the
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<collectorName id="AD085315576AAC47FE76B6FF33EC07FF" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Agate Spring Quarries</collectorName>
|
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, basal
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<collectorName id="AD085315576AAC47FEB0B693313207FF" box="[279,539,1239,1261]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Anderson Ranch Fm.</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
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<collectingCounty id="E9234E4F576AAC47FD8EB69333910618" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Sioux County</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F821576AAC47FF6FB6B132150619" box="[200,316,1269,1291]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="AD085315576AAC47FEEAB6B132920619" box="[333,443,1269,1291]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">H. Cook</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="74431003576AAC47FE6BB6B1314E0618" box="[460,615,1269,1290]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" value="1909-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6407E9EB576AAC47FE6BB6B1314E0618" box="[460,615,1269,1290]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" value="1909-08">August 1909</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; (2)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E576AAC47FF35B75633BC066D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985312" collectingDate="1908-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="American Museum-Cook Quarry & Anderson Ranch Fm. & H. Cook" county="Sioux County" location="Sioux County" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" specimenCode="AMNH 81047" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nebraska">
|
||
<specimenCode id="505B9EB8576AAC47FF35B75632640635" box="[146,333,1298,1319]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">AMNH 81047</specimenCode>
|
||
, right M1,
|
||
<collectorName id="AD085315576AAC47FE5EB756324C0656" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">American Museum–Cook Quarry</collectorName>
|
||
, basal
|
||
<collectorName id="AD085315576AAC47FE0AB76B33A70670" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Anderson Ranch Fm.</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="E9234E4F576AAC47FF3BB70932150670" box="[156,316,1357,1379]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Sioux County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C239F821576AAC47FEEDB70932930671" box="[330,442,1357,1379]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="AD085315576AAC47FE60B70931190671" box="[455,560,1357,1379]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">H. Cook</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="74431003576AAC47FD9AB70933BC066D" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" value="1908-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6407E9EB576AAC47FD9AB70933BC066D" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" value="1908-07">July 1908</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E76548576AAC41FFDDB7C2308D0786" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FFDDB7C237050250" blockId="42.[93,620,330,1759]" lastBlockId="42.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: AMNH 81005—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576AAC47FD8AB7C333CA06A9" author="Cook, H." pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="261 - 272" refId="ref82156" refString="Cook, H. 1909. Some new Carnivora from the lower Miocene beds of western Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska Geological Survey 3 (9): 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1909">Cook (1909: 266)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
only briefly described this individual but presented an accurate illustration of the dentition. This illustration posterior to p3 is based on the left mandibular fragment, and anterior to p3 on the anterior part of the right mandible. It is not possible to estimate jaw depth since the lower border of the mandible has been broken away along the length of the horizontal ramus. However, an estimate of mandibular length, based on length of toothrow (c–m
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FE67B48D317605CD" box="[448,607,1737,1759]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1109" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2110.9">2, 110.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
), compares with the mandibular length of Eyerman’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576AAC47FD4CB2B630320215" box="[747,795,242,263]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576AAC47FCE8B2B7309A0215" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[847,947,242,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576AAC47FCE8B2B7309A0215" box="[847,947,242,264]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(c–m2,,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FB93B2B637B50215" box="[1076,1180,242,263]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="102.0">102 mm</quantity>
|
||
), an observation complemented by the similar premolar spacing in both animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FD1FB30E307102E0" blockId="42.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The p1 measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FC26B30F30F10272" box="[897,984,331,352]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="8.4">8.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, 5.0 mm in width. It is a small, single-rooted peglike tooth situated on the jaw margin anterointernal to the anterior root of p2. The main cusp is anteriorly inclined, and there are no accessory cusps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FD1FB3BF37AB01B1" blockId="42.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The p2 is not preserved in either mandible; the alveolar measurements of length and width are 14.8 and
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FC3DB07130D40159" box="[922,1021,565,587]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The anterior root is more labially placed than the posterior root, the tooth being directed outward, a trait also seen in several other temnocyonines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FD1FB0EF307C00DA" blockId="42.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The p3 measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FC0EB0EF373201D3" box="[937,1051,683,705]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.59" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="15.9">15.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FD3CB08D31D301CC" box="[667,762,713,734]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="7.8">7.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width. There are no posterior accessory or basal cingulum cusps. The tooth in lateral view is nearly an equilateral triangle, the posterior slope being only slightly longer than the anterior slope. Weak enamel ridges run down the anterior and posterior slopes; there is slight development of a lingual and posterior cingulum that is even less well defined labially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC47FD1FB194370B063A" blockId="42.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The p4 measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FC0EB194373200F4" box="[937,1051,976,998]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="19.7">19.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, 9.0 mm in width. It has the same form as p3, only larger and taller, with the addition of a prominent posterior accessory cusp and a shelflike heel at the rear of the tooth. The posterior accessory cusp is situated about half the distance down the posterior slope and is labial in position. A weak cingulum is present on the lingual and posterolabial faces of p4. A small cingular cusp also occurs on the shelflike heel of p4 where the posterior enamel ridge descends to meet it.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576AAC46FD1FB77433DC057A" blockId="42.[667,1194,213,1759]" lastBlockId="43.[128,654,1589,1759]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The m1 measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FC0AB77437340657" box="[941,1053,1328,1350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="23.5">23.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FD3CB70930290671" box="[667,768,1357,1379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width. Trigonid length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FB9BB709378C0671" box="[1084,1189,1357,1379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6199999999999999" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="16.2">16.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; talonid length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FCF8B72F30EA0692" box="[863,963,1387,1408]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="7.3">7.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The trigonid appears somewhat inflated: paraconid and metaconid are of about equal height, the taller protoconid elevated only,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576AAC47FBEFB786378106CA" box="[1096,1192,1474,1496]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
above the main p4 cusp. The metaconid is present, reduced, and situated on the posterolingual corner of the massive protoconid about half the distance to its base. The hypoconid is the only talonid cusp: it is centrally positioned, and occupies nearly all the talonid. A cingulum is developed on labial and lingual margins of the talonid. On the posterior slope of the hypoconid there is a tiny cusp apparently derived from the cingulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B576BAC46FF31B73D37860503" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610778" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610778/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" startId="43.[150,188,1401,1420]" targetBox="[207,1152,214,1365]" targetPageId="43">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576BAC46FF31B73D37860503" blockId="43.[128,1227,1401,1553]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Fig. 15.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576BAC46FF58B73E31E5069E" authority="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[255,716,1401,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FF58B73E32F2069E" box="[255,475,1402,1420]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
|
||
Cook, Niobrara River
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
valley, Sioux Co., Nebraska. Holotype (AMNH 81005) left partial mandible with p3–m2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FD8AB7D7317506B5" bold="true" box="[557,604,1427,1447]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
) and right mandibular fragment with p1, p4, and m2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FB35B7D737EA06B5" bold="true" box="[1170,1219,1427,1447]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">C, D</emphasis>
|
||
) from 0.5 mi west of Agate Ranch headquarters, Harrison Formation, Sioux Co., Nebraska.
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FBF7B7EA37A306D3" bold="true" box="[1104,1162,1454,1473]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">A, D,</emphasis>
|
||
labial and
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FF17B78D33C006CE" bold="true" box="[176,233,1481,1500]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">B, C,</emphasis>
|
||
lingual views. Referred right m1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FDF8B78D315C06CE" bold="true" box="[607,629,1481,1500]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E,</emphasis>
|
||
AMNH 81054) and right M1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FC6AB78D30CA06CE" bold="true" box="[973,995,1481,1500]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">F,</emphasis>
|
||
AMNH 81047) from AMNH–Cook Quarry, basal Anderson Ranch Formation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576BAC46FCA4B7A730A006E4" author="Cook, H." box="[771,905,1507,1526]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="261 - 272" refId="ref82156" refString="Cook, H. 1909. Some new Carnivora from the lower Miocene beds of western Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska Geological Survey 3 (9): 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1909">Cook’s 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
drawing of the holotype is a composite of the two mandibular fragments (A to D) illustrated here, both from the same individual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576BAC41FF3AB43532290272" blockId="43.[128,654,1589,1759]" lastBlockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
|
||
The m2 measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576BAC46FE35B435312B0594" box="[402,514,1649,1670]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="13.9">13.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, 9.0 mm in width. The form of the tooth is most like m
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576BAC46FEB6B4E8326805D0" box="[273,321,1708,1730]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
YPM-PU 10787 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576BAC46FD84B4E831AD05D3" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[547,644,1708,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FD84B4E831AD05D3" box="[547,644,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and differs from the elongate m2 of
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576BAC46FDE0B48E303D0559" box="[583,788,1590,1759]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
. The prominent m2 protoconid is the same height as the m1 hypoconid. These two cusps, aligned in series with the much smaller hypoconid of m2, are low, blunt, crushing instruments. A low paraconid occupies the anterolingual corner of m2. A low ridge descends the protoconid to the lingual margin of m2. The m2 talonid is occupied solely by the low hypoconid placed directly behind the much larger protoconid. There is no entoconid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576CAC41FFDDB32C3383017A" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The isolated upper canine measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FFFAB3C133ED0289" box="[93,196,389,411]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in labiolingual width at the enamel base; anteroposterior length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FE4CB3E6314E02AA" box="[491,615,418,440]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="17.2">17.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; height,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FF10B384320A02C7" box="[183,291,448,470]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.12" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="61.2">61.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The tooth is recurved and exhibits a flat wear surface,,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FE4DB399316A02E0" box="[490,579,477,499]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FF12B3BE33D10102" box="[181,248,506,528]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, on the anterointernal face near the tip. The tooth is badly cracked, probably from postmortem drying prior to burial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576CAC41FFDDB034328100F7" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
AMNH 81054—This isolated right m1 compares well with Cook’s type m1 (AMNH 81005) but exhibits more wear. Although a vertical shear facet is evident on the labial face of the protoconid-paraconid, the tips of the protoconid, paraconid, and hypoconid are blunted by apical wear, suggesting mastication of hard material. This tooth measures
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FF70B11E326D007D" box="[215,324,858,879]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.42" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="24.2">24.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FE7FB11E316C007D" box="[472,581,858,879]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="10.8">10.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width. The m1 talonid of AMNH 81054 is nearly identical to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576CAC41FE69B1D0311D00B8" box="[462,564,916,938]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
m1, including the cingular swelling on the posterior slope of the hypoconid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576CAC41FFDDB1AA32CA066D" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Because they retain the m1 metaconid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FDF6B1AA33E10732" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FDF6B1AA33E10732" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
carnassials are easily confused with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FF6CB66332FC072C" box="[203,469,1063,1086]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Daphoenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FF6CB66332FC072C" box="[203,469,1063,1086]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Daphoenodon superbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the amphicyonid that occurs with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FE2FB60231300749" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[392,537,1094,1115]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FE2FB60231300749" box="[392,537,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the American Museum–Cook Quarry. In
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FDF6B62733E60787" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FDF6B62733E20787" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">T. percussor</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
however, the hypoconid fills almost the entire talonid, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FE68B6D8314207A1" authorityName="Peterson" authorityYear="1909" box="[463,619,1180,1203]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Daphoenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FE68B6D8314207A1" box="[463,619,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Daphoenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the hypoconid occupies only the labial talonid surface, and does not encroach on a narrow lingual talonid shelf. Isolated teeth in the American Museum–Cook Quarry demonstrate the presence of three beardogs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FFC1B70932780670" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[102,337,1357,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FFC1B70932780670" box="[102,337,1357,1378]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FEF8B70F327C066D" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FEF8B70F314E0670" box="[351,615,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Daphoenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superbus">Daphoenodon superbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FFFAB72E327C066D" baseAuthorityName="Wortman" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[93,341,1386,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Ysengrinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">Ysengrinia americana</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) at the site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576CAC41FFDDB7CC30E3015B" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" lastBlockId="44.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
AMNH 81047—This isolated M1 was also found in the American Museum–Cook Quarry. Although not associated with other material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FF1CB7A4327906E7" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[187,336,1504,1525]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FF1CB7A4327906E7" box="[187,336,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it has the form and predicted cusp morphology that correspond to mandibular teeth of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576CAC41FE66B45E31020522" box="[449,555,1562,1584]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The tooth is an enlarged version of the M1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FDF6B47C33920579" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FDF6B47C33920579" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FEA5B411324C057B" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[258,357,1620,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FEA5B411324C057B" box="[258,357,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, measuring
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FDA7B41031420578" box="[512,619,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.09" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="20.9">20.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FF7DB436326A0595" box="[218,323,1650,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.79" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="27.9">27.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width; hence it lacks the extremely swollen lingual cingulum found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FF2EB4E9323705D0" box="[137,286,1709,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FF2EB4E9323705D0" box="[137,286,1709,1730]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FED1B4EF310805D0" box="[374,545,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FED1B4EF310805D0" box="[374,545,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The paracone and metacone are conspicuously elevated above the lingual half of the tooth, forming a vertical shear surface. The paracone is somewhat larger than the metacone; both cusps are bordered by a sharply defined labial cingulum continuous with a prominent parastyle. The protocone is centrally situated on a flat enamel platform, and is less knoblike, more crescentic in form than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FBC5B3E631DB02C6" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FBC5B3E631DB02C6" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A long preprotocrista runs from the protocone to the anterior cingulum, and a short low postprotocrista extends from protocone to posterior cingulum, similar in this respect to M1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FCC2B07030EA015B" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[869,963,564,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FCC2B07030EA015B" box="[869,963,564,585]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576CAC41FD1FB016308D0786" blockId="44.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The plesiomorphic form of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FB93B01731970197" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FB93B01731970197" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M1 (AMNH 81047) is unique in the late Arikareean; the older
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FC14B0C9376101B0" box="[947,1096,653,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FC14B0C9376101B0" box="[947,1096,653,674]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage and contemporary
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FCDCB0ED370F01D2" box="[891,1062,681,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FCDCB0ED370F01D2" box="[891,1062,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have more derived upper molars in which the protocone region forming the lingual half of M1 is more expanded, primarily due to the more swollen lingual cingulum. In AMNH 81047 the anteroposterior length of the protocone region is quite narrow relative to the length of the labial margin of the tooth (table 5), and its anterior cingulum is plesiomorphic (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FD18B1F6306C00D5" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[703,837,944,967]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FD18B1F6306C00D5" box="[703,837,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in contrast to the enlarged cingulum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FC9DB18B30E600F6" box="[826,975,975,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FC9DB18B30E600F6" box="[826,975,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The narrow M1 protocone region and the lack of a swollen anterior cingulum indicate the presence of a metaconid on the mandibular carnassial, and so AMNH 81047 cannot be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FD3CB62530190764" box="[667,816,1121,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FD3CB62530190764" box="[667,816,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FCF8B62437230765" box="[863,1034,1120,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FCF8B62437230765" box="[863,1034,1120,1143]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the m1 lacks a metaconid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E76548576CAC40FD1FB6DE373F0234" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576CAC41FD1FB6DE373B05B1" blockId="44.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
DISCUSSION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FCFBB6D9377307A0" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[860,1114,1181,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FCFBB6D9377307A0" box="[860,1114,1181,1202]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to upper Arikaree Group sediments in western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C239F821576CAC41FD5CB693304407FF" box="[763,877,1239,1261]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and has never been found outside of the Niobrara River valley near Agate in Sioux County. The species is more advanced in dental traits than the John Day
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576CAC41FD3CB70831D60670" box="[667,767,1356,1378]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FC85B70830540673" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[802,893,1356,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FC85B70830540673" box="[802,893,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FC2DB708373D0673" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[906,1044,1356,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FC2DB708373D0673" box="[906,1044,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has broader, more robust teeth, taller premolars (p3–4), and a much larger yet still plesiomorphic M1. Although the two species are similar in dental features, the Great Plains
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FC74B785374806C4" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[979,1121,1473,1494]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FC74B785374806C4" box="[979,1121,1473,1494]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a slightly longer m2 than found in the John Day
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FD3CB7B831D00502" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[667,761,1531,1553]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FD3CB7B831D00502" box="[667,761,1531,1553]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ratio E/F is,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FC08B7BF30D90503" box="[943,1008,1531,1553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="1.7">1.7 in</quantity>
|
||
AMNH 81005,,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576CAC41FD15B45D31DA053C" box="[690,755,1560,1582]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="1.8">1.8 in</quantity>
|
||
YPM-PU 10787, table 6). Eyerman’s type (YPM-PU 10787) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FC6AB47237020559" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[973,1067,1590,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FC6AB47237020559" box="[973,1067,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a smaller individual than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576CAC41FC6AB4103775057B" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[973,1116,1620,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576CAC41FC6AB4103775057B" box="[973,1116,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a less evolved dental stage, suggesting an older age for the John Day carnivore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576CAC40FD1FB4E832B9026F" blockId="44.[667,1194,213,1759]" lastBlockId="45.[128,654,213,1759]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576CAC41FD1FB4E8306205D0" author="Cook, H." box="[696,843,1708,1730]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" pagination="261 - 272" refId="ref82156" refString="Cook, H. 1909. Some new Carnivora from the lower Miocene beds of western Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska Geological Survey 3 (9): 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1909">Cook (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was aware that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576CAC41FB9CB4E8378D05D0" box="[1083,1188,1708,1730]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, found by him in 1906, was dentally similar to the John Day
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FEE7B291328F03F8" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[320,422,213,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FEE7B291328F03F8" box="[320,422,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
yet represented a larger carnivore with different p3–4 proportions. The M1 later found by Cook in 1908 is reasonably referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FE37B36931340250" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[400,541,301,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FE37B36931340250" box="[400,541,301,322]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its large size and form in agreement with the m1–2 of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576DAC40FF0AB323323A026F" box="[173,275,359,381]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
mandible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576DAC40FF3AB3C13139072E" blockId="45.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
|
||
If
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576DAC40FF65B3C132740289" author="Cook, H." box="[194,349,389,411]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" pagination="261 - 272" refId="ref82156" refString="Cook, H. 1909. Some new Carnivora from the lower Miocene beds of western Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska Geological Survey 3 (9): 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1909">Cook (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
correctly attributed the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576DAC40FF27B3E733CF02AB" box="[128,230,419,441]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FEBBB3E7313002AA" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[284,537,419,440]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FEBBB3E7313002AA" box="[284,537,419,440]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 81005) to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FE80B3FB329F02C4" baseAuthorityName="Barbour" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[295,438,447,470]" class="Mammalia" family="Protoceratidae" genus="Syndyoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FE80B3FB329F02C4" box="[295,438,447,470]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Syndyoceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
level or ‘‘quarry’’ one-half mile west of Agate, then the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF468861576DAC40FF27B3BE33CF0102" box="[128,230,506,528]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
material comes from the Harrison Formation about
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FEFFB05C3293013C" box="[344,442,536,558]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3716" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.2192" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="ft" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">40–50 ft</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FE6AB05C311F013F" box="[461,566,536,558]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 m</quantity>
|
||
) below the upper contact of the formation with the Anderson Ranch beds. The isolated molars (AMNH 81054, 81047) come from the American Museum–Cook Quarry in the basal Anderson Ranch Fm., about
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B26576DAC40FDE9B0EE31A401D2" box="[590,653,682,704]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="ft" value="50.0">50 ft</quantity>
|
||
stratigraphically higher than Cook’s AMNH 81005. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FEAAB0A032B501E9" baseAuthorityName="Barbour" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[269,412,740,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Protoceratidae" genus="Syndyoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FEAAB0A032B501E9" box="[269,412,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Syndyoceras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
level is late Arikareean in age and occurs in proximity to the Agate Ash, initially 21.3 Ma (KA 481,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576DAC40FF27B17832A70040" author="Evernden, J. & D. Savage & G. Curtis & G. James" box="[128,398,828,850]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" pagination="145 - 198" refId="ref82462" refString="Evernden, J., D. Savage, G. Curtis, and G. James. 1964. Potassium-argon dates and the Cenozoic mammalian chronology of North America. American Journal of Science 262: 145 - 198." type="journal article" year="1964">Evernden et al., 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), now more recently dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method at,22.9 Ma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B32576DAC40FF20B13332FA009F" author="Izett, G. A. & J. D. Obradovich" box="[135,467,887,909]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref84293" refString="Izett, G. A., and J. D. Obradovich. 2001. 40 Ar / 39 Ar ages of Miocene tuffs in basin-fill deposits (Santa Fe Group, New Mexico, and Troublesome Formation, Colorado) of the Rio Grande system. The Mountain Geologist 38 (2): 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="2001">Izett and Obradovich, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The similarity of the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FEEDB1D132F700B8" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[330,478,917,938]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FEEDB1D132F700B8" box="[330,478,917,938]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FD8FB1D131A400BB" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[552,653,916,938]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FD8FB1D131A400BB" box="[552,653,916,938]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests a relationship: although the age of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FF27B18B33C800F6" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[128,225,975,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FF27B18B33C800F6" box="[128,225,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is uncertain (see Age and Correlation), a date older than 22.9 Ma is supported by its less advanced dentition relative to the more robust teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FEDBB6633120072E" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[380,521,1063,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FE38B6633120072E" box="[415,521,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C3576DAC40FF3AB601373F0234" blockId="45.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="45.[701,1227,213,294]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FED0B60231250749" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[375,524,1094,1115]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FED0B60231250749" box="[375,524,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with m1 metaconid) in western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C239F821576DAC40FE28B6263129076A" box="[399,512,1122,1144]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
in both the Harrison Formation and basal Anderson Ranch beds in the Agate area, and the occurrence of large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FED8B6FD31A707C2" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[383,654,1209,1232]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FED8B6FD31A707C2" box="[383,654,1209,1232]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(without m1 metaconid) in these same two formations, also in the Agate area, demonstrates that the temnocyonine dentition was evolving at different rates in these two contemporary lineages. This had been difficult to prove given the fact that two or more temnocyonine species rarely occur in proximity in the same rock unit. However, based on fossils in this study, two temnocyonine genera had already lost the m1 metaconid prior to the late Arikareean (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FE56B7B933FF053D" authority=", LACM" authorityName="LACM" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FE56B7B931AF0500" box="[497,646,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
, LACM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
9194;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FE9BB45D31A8053D" authority=", CM 1603" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[316,641,1561,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FE9BB45D32CE0522" box="[316,487,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
, CM 1603
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); hence these represent more derived dentitions relative to a geologically younger
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FDADB41133C20595" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FDADB41133C20595" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Temnocyon percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that retains its m1 metaconid and plesiomorphic M1 into the late Arikareean interval. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FEAEB4E832B005D3" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[265,409,1708,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FEAEB4E832B005D3" box="[265,409,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
directly precedes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D40576DAC40FDD3B4E8322F05CD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FDD3B4E8322F05CD" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is probable, then
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD1576DAC40FD91B48E31DB03F8" box="[566,754,213,1759]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Temnocyon</emphasis>
|
||
maintains this plesiomorphic dental pattern in the Great Plains until its extinction at the end of the Arikareean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |