461 lines
59 KiB
XML
461 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="839D6909181D0FD3FAF6DD1CD2C13DF5" ID-CLB-Dataset="7680" ID-DOI="10.1206/358.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64639217-c52a-453d-a6b3-382db4402257" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615989200907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hunt, Robert M." docDate="2011" docId="885487D55766AC44FF04B36830AD05CD" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011.358.1-153.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (358)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/358.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Temnocyon ferox Eyerman 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="746DFFAD5740AC6DFFA7B24433290312" masterDocTitle="Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1698933491662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9B8E46497B84D40CE1E2FBB5E51D2A9C">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="24EACE31D1B8E18838E25BEB17233E02">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="B6FF43C5BD6ED398127004DA10D3050D">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="885487D55766AC44FF04B36830AD05CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618411" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618411" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55766AC44FF04B36830AD05CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D55766AC44FF04B36830AD05CD" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="48E765485766AC4BFF04B36832E5024D" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFF04B36832E5024D" blockId="38.[163,549,299,351]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="5B0A81AF5766AC4BFF04B36832E5024D" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFF04B368310C0253" authority="Eyerman, 1896" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[163,549,299,321]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFF04B36832420252" box="[163,363,299,321]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325766AC4BFED2B36F310C0253" author="Eyerman, J." box="[373,549,299,321]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="267 - 287" refId="ref82503" refString="Eyerman, J. 1896. The genus Temnocyon and a new species thereof and the new genus Hypotemnodon from the John Day Miocene of Oregon. American Geologist 17 (5): 267 - 287." type="journal article" year="1896">Eyerman, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="98C62A465766AC4BFF5BB30D328D024C" box="[252,420,329,351]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="39.[150,188,1625,1644]" captionStartId-1="40.[116,155,782,801]" captionStartId-2="41.[150,188,1057,1076]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1200,211,1593]" captionTargetBox-1="[114,1172,211,749]" captionTargetBox-2="[287,1071,212,1027]" captionTargetId-0="figure-1@39.[155,1201,210,1594]" captionTargetId-1="figure-409@40.[114,1173,210,752]" captionTargetId-2="figure-293@41.[283,1071,212,1027]" captionTargetPageId-0="39" captionTargetPageId-1="40" captionTargetPageId-2="41" captionText-0="Fig. 12. Holotype of Temnocyon ferox Eyerman (YPM-PU 10787), from ‘‘near Maginnis’ ranch, Turtle Cove, John Day river, Upper John Day beds, Oregon.’’ A, Cranium in lateral view; B, maxilla with P3–M2 (white plaster fills voids in teeth); C, Eyerman’s (1896) restoration of the holotype cranium and mandible. Note crushing and fragmentation of the cranium in (A)." captionText-1="Fig. 13. Holotype mandibles of Temnocyon ferox Eyerman (YPM-PU 10787), with both canines and left and right p2–m2. Mandibular bone is heavily fractured. Associated forelimb, figure 53." captionText-2="Fig. 14. Occlusal view of the holotype mandibles of Temnocyon ferox Eyerman (YPM-PU 10787), with left p2–4, m1–2, right p3–4, m1–2. An m1 metaconid is evident on both carnassials (stereopair)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610770" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610774" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610776" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4610770/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4610774/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4610776/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Figures 12–14</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="98C62A465766AC4BFE16B30D32E5024D" box="[433,460,329,351]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="112.[116,155,1585,1604]" captionTargetBox="[183,1103,211,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-1@112.[183,1104,211,1555]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="Fig. 53. Articulated right forelimb of the holotype of Temnocyon ferox (YPM-PU 10787), John Day Formation, Oregon. The forefoot shows elongation of the paraxonic metacarpals 3, 4, and their digits, with reduction of metacarpals 1, 2, and 5 (metacarpal 5 is hidden from view). A partial femur (fe) and tibia (ti) of an oreodont were entombed with the beardog. Abbreviations: sc, scapula; hu, humerus, ul, ulna; ra, radius; cp, carpus; nos. 1–4, metacarpals; pr, proximal phalanx; ip, intermediate phalanx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610914/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">53</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485766AC4BFFFAB333311C02E4" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFFAB33333FF02B6" blockId="38.[93,620,375,503]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20ED11ED5766AC4BFFFAB33333FF02B6" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitation id="815C10D25766AC4BFFFAB33331340298" author="Eyerman, J." box="[93,541,375,394]" page="284" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" year="1896">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFFFAB33331340298" authority="Eyerman, 1896: 268 - 284" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityPageNumber="268 - 284" authorityYear="1896" box="[93,541,375,394]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFFFAB33332390298" box="[93,272,375,394]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325766AC4BFEBEB33331340298" author="Eyerman, J." box="[281,541,375,394]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="267 - 287" refId="ref82503" refString="Eyerman, J. 1896. The genus Temnocyon and a new species thereof and the new genus Hypotemnodon from the John Day Miocene of Oregon. American Geologist 17 (5): 267 - 287." type="journal article" year="1896">Eyerman, 1896: 268–284</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 11, figs. 1–9.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFFAB3E9323102C9" blockId="38.[93,620,375,503]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20ED11ED5766AC4BFFFAB3E9323102C9" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitation id="815C10D25766AC4BFFFAB3E933E602C9" author="Wortman, J. L. & W. D. Matthew" page="118" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" year="1899">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFFFAB3E933E602C9" authority=": Wortman and Matthew, 1899: 115 - 118" authorityName="Wortman and Matthew" authorityPageNumber="115 - 118" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFFFAB3E9323A02D2" box="[93,275,429,448]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325766AC4BFE84B3E933E602C9" author="Wortman, J. L. & W. D. Matthew" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="109 - 139" refId="ref87214" refString="Wortman, J. L., and W. D. Matthew. 1899. The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12 (6): 109 - 139." type="journal article" year="1899">Wortman and Matthew, 1899: 115–118</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 3.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFFAB3A0311C02E4" blockId="38.[93,620,375,503]" box="[93,565,483,503]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20ED11ED5766AC4BFFFAB3A0311C02E4" box="[93,565,483,503]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<treatmentCitation id="815C10D25766AC4BFFFAB3A0312002E4" author="Merriam, J. C." box="[93,521,483,503]" page="23" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" year="1906">
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFFFAB3A0312002E4" authority=": Merriam, 1906: 22 - 23" authorityName=": Merriam" authorityPageNumber="22 - 23" authorityYear="1906" box="[93,521,483,503]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFFFAB3A0323902E4" box="[93,272,483,502]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
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||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325766AC4BFEB8B3A7312002E4" author="Merriam, J. C." box="[287,521,483,502]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref85038" refString="Merriam, J. C. 1906. Carnivora from the Tertiary Formations of the John Day Region. Bulletin of the Department of Geology, University of California 5 (1): 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1906">Merriam, 1906: 22–23</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 29.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485766AC4BFFDDB04A3143003F" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFDDB04A3143003F" blockId="38.[93,620,526,1759]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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<typeStatus id="DF4688615766AC4BFFDDB04A33910136" box="[122,184,526,550]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">TYPE</typeStatus>
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: PU 10787, as given in
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<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325766AC4BFDA5B05433810151" author="Eyerman, J." pageId="38" pageNumber="38" pagination="267 - 287" refId="ref82503" refString="Eyerman, J. 1896. The genus Temnocyon and a new species thereof and the new genus Hypotemnodon from the John Day Miocene of Oregon. American Geologist 17 (5): 267 - 287." type="journal article" year="1896">Eyerman (1896)</bibRefCitation>
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, a nearly complete articulated skeleton with associated skull and lower jaws, the basicranium badly damaged. Found in the same block with a partial oreodont skeleton, ‘‘near Maginnis’ ranch, Turtle Cove, John Day river, Upper John Day beds,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F8215766AC4BFE59B084317501C7" box="[510,604,704,725]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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,’’ collected by L.S. Davis, 1889. The
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<typeStatus id="DF4688615766AC4BFDBEB09A316201E1" box="[537,587,734,755]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
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is now conserved in the Yale Peabody Museum collection and is numbered YPM-PU 10787.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E765485766AC4BFFDDB1713145007B" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFDDB1713145007B" blockId="38.[93,620,526,1759]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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DISTRIBUTION: Mid- or late Arikareean, John Day Formation, John Day valley,
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<collectingRegion id="C239F8215766AC4BFDB6B1103141007B" box="[529,616,852,873]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E765485766AC4BFFDDB13432C806C6" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFDDB134322E06A4" blockId="38.[93,620,526,1759]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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DIAGNOSIS: Wolf-sized species of
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFDB4B13733BB00B7" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFDB4B13733BB00B7" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Temnocyon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(basilar skull length,,
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<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFE1DB1D4312100B7" box="[442,520,912,934]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
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), distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFEA6B1EA32AB00D1" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[257,386,940,963]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
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||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFEA6B1EA32AB00D1" box="[257,386,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. altigenis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFE67B1EA316C00D1" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[448,581,940,963]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFE67B1EA316C00D1" box="[448,581,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. subferox</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by much larger size, from
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFE2AB18F311700F2" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[397,574,971,992]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFE2AB18F311700F2" box="[397,574,971,992]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by much smaller size, and from the
|
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFE71B1AC324D0708" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
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||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFE71B1AC33FB0709" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">Mammacyon obtusidens</taxonomicName>
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–
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<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFF47B642324D0708" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[224,356,1029,1051]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">M. ferocior</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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group by retention of the m1 metaconid and possession of a short m2 relative to m1 (ratio E/F,,
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<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFDBAB60431450744" box="[541,620,1088,1110]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.064" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="in" value="1.6">1.6 in</quantity>
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||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFFFAB61A33DB0761" box="[93,242,1118,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFFFAB61A33DB0761" box="[93,242,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFEBDB61932750761" box="[282,348,1117,1139]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="in" value="1.8">1.8 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFEC2B61A32ED0760" authorityName=": Merriam" authorityYear="1906" box="[357,452,1117,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFEC2B61A32ED0760" box="[357,452,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFE79B61A31420761" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[478,619,1118,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFE79B61A31420761" box="[478,619,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFEC0B63F32E30782" authorityName=": Merriam" authorityYear="1906" box="[359,458,1147,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFEC0B63F32E30782" box="[359,458,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its taller, broader p3–4 and by its larger more robust m1–2 and M1 (tables 2, 3).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFE08B6F2313907D8" authorityName=": Merriam" authorityYear="1906" box="[431,528,1205,1227]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFE08B6F2313907D8" box="[431,528,1205,1227]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFDF6B6F233E107FB" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFDF6B6F233E107FB" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share a similar m1–2 form but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFFFAB6B533D90614" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[93,240,1265,1286]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFFFAB6B533D90614" box="[93,240,1265,1286]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a larger species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFDF6B6B533940631" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFDF6B6B533940631" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFECBB74A32F80631" authorityName=": Merriam" authorityYear="1906" box="[364,465,1294,1315]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFECBB74A32F80631" box="[364,465,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its more elongate, narrower m1, longer m2, disproportionate size of M1–2 (small M2 relative to M
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFF39B72233E1066E" box="[158,200,1382,1404]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFF75B72232180669" authorityName=": Merriam" authorityYear="1906" box="[210,305,1382,1403]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFF75B72232180669" box="[210,305,1382,1403]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; large M
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFE07B72232E7066E" box="[416,462,1382,1404]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFE70B72231720669" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[471,603,1382,1403]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFE70B72231720669" box="[471,603,1382,1403]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); dental ratios (table 6); and more inflated frontal region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFDDB7F932C806C6" blockId="38.[93,620,526,1759]" box="[122,481,1469,1493]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">REFERRED SPECIMENS: None.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E765485766AC45FFDDB79F324F051F" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFDDB79F317A05B1" blockId="38.[93,620,526,1759]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: Eyerman described and figured the
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF4688615766AC4BFF4FB7BF32330502" box="[232,282,1531,1552]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFE1DB7BF3133051D" authorityName=": Merriam" authorityYear="1906" box="[442,538,1530,1552]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFE1DB7BF3133051D" box="[442,538,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1896: 268–279, pl. 11), reporting that it came from the upper John Day beds, Turtle Cove,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215766AC4BFFFAB417339E057A" box="[93,183,1619,1640]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and so I include here only relevant observations to facilitate comparison with other temnocyonine species of similar size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFFDDB4E837710158" blockId="38.[93,620,526,1759]" lastBlockId="38.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The skull and associated mandibles are crushed and fragmented, held together by an extremely hard, indurated gray tuff that preserved the articulated skeleton. Sutures and other fine anatomical details are obscured and distorted. The skull has a basilar length of,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFC82B30E3059024D" box="[805,880,330,352]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
|
||
. The snout is of moderate length: preorbital distance,,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFC5DB323376C026F" box="[1018,1093,359,381]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
; postorbital,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFD52B3C0306C0288" box="[757,837,388,410]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFC4BB3C1375E0289" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1004,1143,388,411]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFC4BB3C1375E0289" box="[1004,1143,388,411]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the preorbital distance is proportionately shorter and the postorbital longer. The frontals are little inflated, much less so than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFB28B39931D2011C" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFB28B39931D2011C" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a carnivore of about the same size. The basicranium unfortunately is so damaged that no details can be identified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35766AC4BFD1FB01630F506AB" blockId="38.[667,1194,213,1759]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The dentition reflects the plesiomorphic pattern seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFCF2B03430F10194" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[853,984,623,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFCF2B03430F10194" box="[853,984,623,646]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFBBCB034378B0194" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1051,1186,623,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFBBCB034378B0194" box="[1051,1186,623,646]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. subferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is simply scaled to larger size, differing most notably in the form of M1–2. The p1 is represented by a single alveolus; p2 and p3 are not robust as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFCCAB0A1372B01E8" box="[877,1026,741,762]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFCCAB0A1372B01E8" box="[877,1026,741,762]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFBEEB0A031C6000A" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFBEEB0A031C6000A" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but rather low as seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405766AC4BFB8FB1473780000A" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[1064,1193,769,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15766AC4BFB8FB1473780000A" box="[1064,1193,769,792]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Logan Butte—they carry no posterior accessory cusps and have thin enamel ridges traversing their anterior and posterior faces; p4 is distinctly larger than p3 and has a labially placed posterior accessory cusp—p4 has a squared heel with a centrally placed cingulum cusp and is elongate relative to m1 length. The m1 is a short, rather broad carnassial retaining a slightly reduced metaconid; the m1 talonid is nearly entirely occupied by the massive hypoconid (there is no entoconid); the hypoconid is much lower in height than the m1 paraconid. The m2 is short, a striking feature of the species; m1/m2 length ratio is,1.8. The m2 trigonid is dominated by a large protoconid and the talonid by a hypoconid, both labially placed—there is no metaconid and only an extremely reduced paraconid; the trigonid width is
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFCA6B708306E0673" box="[769,839,1356,1377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and the talonid narrows to a width of
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265766AC4BFCA2B72D3048066C" box="[773,865,1385,1407]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The m1 hypoconid and m2 protoconid-hypoconid form a linear series of three blunt, crushing cusps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35766AC45FD1FB7863127075C" blockId="38.[667,1194,213,1759]" lastBlockId="40.[93,620,872,1758]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The upper premolars are also lowcrowned, gradually increasing in height from P1–3. Only P3 has a posterior accessory cusp, very small, somewhat labial in position above a slightly expanded heel with a squared posterior border. Although the upper carnassials are damaged, the metastylar blade was apparently short and the protocone modestly enlarged. M1 still retained a parastyle, and a prominent cingulum surrounded the tooth; the lingual cingulum was thickened, enlarging the protocone region, more so than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FF79B1E0324A00AB" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[222,355,930,953]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FF79B1E0324A00AB" box="[222,355,930,953]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. subferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. M1 retains both preand postprotocristae and the protocone is situated almost exactly in the center of the expanded lingual half of the tooth. M2 is much smaller than M1 and has markedly reduced the metacone; M3 is absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B5767AC4AFF31B41D306805AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610770" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610770/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" startId="39.[150,188,1625,1644]" targetBox="[155,1200,211,1593]" targetPageId="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35767AC4AFF31B41D306805AE" blockId="39.[128,1228,1625,1724]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Fig. 12. Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405767AC4AFE35B41E319D057F" authority="Eyerman" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[402,692,1625,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15767AC4AFE35B41E3163057E" box="[402,586,1625,1644]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
|
||
Eyerman
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(YPM-PU 10787), from ‘‘near Maginnis’ ranch, Turtle Cove, John Day river, Upper John Day beds, Oregon.’’
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15767AC4AFCAAB430300C0595" bold="true" box="[781,805,1652,1671]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Cranium in lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15767AC4AFB89B430376D0595" bold="true" box="[1070,1092,1652,1671]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">B,</emphasis>
|
||
maxilla with P3–M2 (white plaster fills voids in teeth);
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15767AC4AFD98B4CA317E05B3" bold="true" box="[575,599,1678,1697]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">C,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325767AC4AFDC7B4CB303105B3" author="Eyerman, J." box="[608,792,1678,1698]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" pagination="267 - 287" refId="ref82503" refString="Eyerman, J. 1896. The genus Temnocyon and a new species thereof and the new genus Hypotemnodon from the John Day Miocene of Oregon. American Geologist 17 (5): 267 - 287." type="journal article" year="1896">Eyerman’s (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
restoration of the holotype cranium and mandible. Note crushing and fragmentation of the cranium in (A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B5768AC45FFD3B14A3736002E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610774" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610774/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" startId="40.[116,155,782,801]" targetBox="[114,1172,211,749]" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35768AC45FFD3B14A3736002E" blockId="40.[93,1193,782,828]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig. 13. Holotype mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FE71B14B31C60030" authority="Eyerman" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[470,751,783,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FE71B14B31A00030" box="[470,649,783,802]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
|
||
Eyerman
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(YPM-PU 10787), with both canines and left and right p2–m2. Mandibular bone is heavily fractured. Associated forelimb, figure 53.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35768AC45FFDDB612339107F1" blockId="40.[93,620,872,1758]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Relative to the wolf the upper and lower canines are larger whereas the incisors are the same size. Each lower incisor shows a single accessory cusp (Nebenzacke) on its labial margin.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35768AC45FFDDB6A8324F051F" blockId="40.[93,620,872,1758]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
A partially articulated postcranial skeleton, including the limbs, fore- and hind feet, was found in association with the skull and mandibles and was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325768AC45FDA5B7013380066A" author="Eyerman, J." pageId="40" pageNumber="40" pagination="267 - 287" refId="ref82503" refString="Eyerman, J. 1896. The genus Temnocyon and a new species thereof and the new genus Hypotemnodon from the John Day Miocene of Oregon. American Geologist 17 (5): 267 - 287." type="journal article" year="1896">Eyerman (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although difficult to free from the indurated matrix, the skeleton was prepared to demonstrate its limb proportions and digitigrade paraxonic fore- and hind feet. The limbs are discussed in the section on Postcranial Osteology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E765485768AC44FFDDB45030AD05CD" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35768AC45FFDDB45031DF051E" blockId="40.[93,620,872,1758]" lastBlockId="40.[667,1193,872,1757]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
DISCUSSION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FE87B45232C60539" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[288,495,1558,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FE87B45232C60539" box="[288,495,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FEA6B47032AB0558" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[257,386,1587,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FEA6B47032AB0558" box="[257,386,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FE67B470316C0558" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[448,581,1587,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FE67B470316C0558" box="[448,581,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. subferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by larger size, similar to a living wolf, but shares with those species a plesiomorphic temnocyonine dentition. These three species probably form a morphocline in which body size increases through time.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FED0B48D32FF05CF" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[375,470,1736,1758]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FED0B48D32FF05CF" box="[375,470,1736,1758]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, is the first species in this lineage to show specialization of its carnassials and molars, while still retaining simple low premolars that distinguish this species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FC56B185375700C4" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[1009,1150,961,982]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FC56B185375700C4" box="[1009,1150,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FB28B185300800E6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FB28B185300800E6" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FBB3B19B378000E6" box="[1044,1193,991,1012]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FBB3B19B378000E6" box="[1044,1193,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FD70B1B830AB0701" box="[727,898,1020,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FD70B1B830AB0701" box="[727,898,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have larger more developed premolars. The presence of the m1 metaconid and short m2 are diagnostic features of the molars distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FBECB61237800779" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[1099,1193,1110,1131]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FBECB61237800779" box="[1099,1193,1110,1131]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from temnocyonines of similar size such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FD3CB6D6309D07B5" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[667,948,1168,1191]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FD3CB6D6309D07B5" box="[667,948,1168,1191]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Mammacyon obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which has no m1 metaconid and a larger, elongate m2) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FD3CB68930A007F0" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[667,905,1229,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FD3CB68930A007F0" box="[667,905,1229,1250]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Temnocyon fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FC3CB68930D207F0" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[923,1019,1229,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FC3CB68930D207F0" box="[923,1019,1229,1250]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FC99B6AF30E907ED" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[830,960,1258,1280]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FC99B6AF30E907ED" box="[830,960,1258,1280]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using M1–2: the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FB28B6AF31FE060F" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FB28B6AF31FE060F" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M1 shows a more developed lingual cingulum and M2 is much reduced whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FD18B700306E064B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[703,839,1348,1369]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FD18B700306E064B" box="[703,839,1348,1369]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the M1 shows only modest expansion of the lingual cingulum and M2 is large. However, the M1 lingual cingula of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FD7CB7D9301206A0" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[731,827,1437,1458]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FD7CB7D9301206A0" box="[731,827,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FCDDB7D930D706A0" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[890,1022,1437,1458]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FCDDB7D930D706A0" box="[890,1022,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much less developed relative to the hypertrophied lingual cingula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FCD3B79D372006FC" box="[884,1033,1497,1518]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FCD3B79D372006FC" box="[884,1033,1497,1518]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Mammacyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FBEEB79C31C6051E" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FBEEB79C31C6051E" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35768AC45FD1FB451302D05B3" blockId="40.[667,1193,872,1757]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Upper carnassials of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FC08B4513725053B" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[943,1036,1556,1578]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FC08B4513725053B" box="[943,1036,1556,1578]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are damaged but appear to be sectorial teeth like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FD3CB415300A0577" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[667,803,1616,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FD3CB415300A0577" box="[667,803,1616,1638]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, P4 has a prominent protocone more lingually situated than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FB28B42A31D405B0" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FB28B42A31D405B0" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. subferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35768AC44FD1FB4EE33D8061B" blockId="40.[667,1193,872,1757]" lastBlockId="41.[128,654,1180,1759]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FCF1B4EE370905AD" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[854,1056,1706,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FCF1B4EE370905AD" box="[854,1056,1706,1727]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to the available teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405768AC45FC11B48C376A05CF" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[950,1091,1736,1757]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15768AC45FC11B48C376A05CF" box="[950,1091,1736,1757]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p3–m2, M1). The size increase from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FE45B6D8316A07A3" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[482,579,1180,1201]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FE45B6D8316A07A3" box="[482,579,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FDD3B6D833C207DD" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FDD3B6D833C207DD" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by development of a taller p3–4 and more robust m
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265769AC44FDBBB692314E07FE" box="[540,615,1238,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" metricValueMax="5.08" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" unit="in" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FDD3B69333C3061B" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FDD3B69333C3061B" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">T. percussor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5482664B5769AC44FF31B665375C075D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610776" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610776/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" startId="41.[150,188,1057,1076]" targetBox="[287,1071,212,1027]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35769AC44FF31B665375C075D" blockId="41.[128,1228,1057,1103]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Fig. 14. Occlusal view of the holotype mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FD19B66630FD0727" authority="Eyerman" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[702,980,1057,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FD19B66630590726" box="[702,880,1057,1076]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
|
||
Eyerman
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(YPM-PU 10787), with left p2–4, m1–2, right p3–4, m1–2. An m1 metaconid is evident on both carnassials (stereopair).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35769AC44FF3AB75631210594" blockId="41.[128,654,1180,1759]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FF3AB756325D0635" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[157,372,1298,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FF3AB756325D0635" box="[157,372,1298,1319]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the few temnocyonines for which there is a confirmed association of the cranium and an articulated postcranial skeleton.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325769AC44FE2BB72E3179066D" author="Eyerman, J." box="[396,592,1385,1407]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" pagination="267 - 287" refId="ref82503" refString="Eyerman, J. 1896. The genus Temnocyon and a new species thereof and the new genus Hypotemnodon from the John Day Miocene of Oregon. American Geologist 17 (5): 267 - 287." type="journal article" year="1896">Eyerman (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was aware of the evident disproportion between skull and limbs: the skull was larger than that of the average wolf yet the limbs were noticeably shorter. Limb elongation is nonetheless present, although not to the degree seen in the wolf. When compared with the limb and foot skeleton of the cursorial wolf,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FF27B41033F6057A" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[128,223,1619,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FF27B41033F6057A" box="[128,223,1619,1641]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows a number of parallel adaptations (see Postcranial Osteology).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="004236C35769AC44FF3AB4CB30AD05CD" blockId="41.[128,654,1180,1759]" lastBlockId="41.[701,1228,1180,1759]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Forelimb elongation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FE08B4CB315C05B6" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[431,629,1679,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FE08B4CB315C05B6" box="[431,629,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evident relative to the plesiomorphic forelimb of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FF38B48E323705CD" authorityName=": Stock" authorityYear="1933" box="[159,286,1736,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FF38B48E323705CD" box="[159,286,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">T. altigenis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FEFFB48C32FC05CD" box="[344,469,1736,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Daphoenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FEFFB48C32FC05CD" box="[344,469,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Daphoenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in the wolf, the forelimb of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FC23B6D830CE07A3" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[900,999,1180,1201]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FC23B6D830CE07A3" box="[900,999,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a narrow distal humerus with reduced medial epicondyle, a closely apposed distal ulna and radius (i.e., articular process of the ulna reduced to a smooth planar facet pressed against the distal radius), and a digitigrade paraxonic forefoot with narrow carpus (metacarpals 2 and 5 short; metacarpal 1 reduced). In the hind foot there is a narrow elongated tarsus; long paraxonic metatarsals 3–4; shorter metatarsals 2 and 5; and metatarsal 1 a thin rodlike bone
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265769AC44FD58B79A307906E6" box="[767,848,1502,1524]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (not as reduced as the minute triangular nubbin,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265769AC44FBAEB7B837610503" box="[1033,1096,1532,1553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length, that is the vestige of the first metatarsal of the wolf). Paraxonic metapodials of the fore- and hind foot of the wolf are,
|
||
<quantity id="C7059B265769AC44FC5EB4103752057B" box="[1017,1147,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2 to 2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
longer than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405769AC44FCF9B43630920594" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[862,955,1649,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="3289EAD15769AC44FCF9B43630920594" box="[862,955,1649,1671]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">T. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The lengthened radius and ulna and the long paraxonic metacarpals are responsible for the more elongate forelimb of the wolf.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |