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<document id="C9FCE5A38FB89D0544EE331E549CF8FF" ID-CLB-Dataset="7680" ID-DOI="10.1206/358.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64639217-c52a-453d-a6b3-382db4402257" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615989200907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hunt, Robert M." docDate="2011" docId="885487D55700AC25FD7CB62132BC0289" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011.358.1-153.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (358)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/358.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mammacyon ferocior Hunt 2011, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="746DFFAD5740AC6DFFA7B24433290312" masterDocTitle="Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1698933491662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="9A79C750210ECEBB1FEB1B76DA6F2B05">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="56E6CB9DF24ABE54B6B7B7967C340DFA">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="885487D55700AC25FD7CB62132BC0289" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618427" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618427" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55700AC25FD7CB62132BC0289" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D55700AC25FD7CB62132BC0289" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">
<subSubSection id="48E765485700AC2DFD7CB62130DC078A" pageId="64" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="004236C35700AC2DFD7CB62130DC078A" blockId="64.[731,1129,1123,1177]" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">
<heading id="5B0A81AF5700AC2DFD7CB62130DC078A" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="64" pageNumber="64" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405700AC2DFD7CB62130F80768" authority="Hunt, 2011" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[731,977,1123,1146]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="64" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15700AC2DFD7CB62130F80768" bold="true" box="[731,977,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BA57AA5700AC2DFC45B62137400768" box="[994,1129,1124,1146]" pageId="64" pageNumber="64" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="98C62A465700AC2DFCF7B6C730DC078A" box="[848,1013,1155,1177]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="65.[150,188,1158,1177]" captionStartId-1="66.[116,155,1012,1031]" captionStartId-2="68.[116,155,1252,1271]" captionStartId-3="70.[116,155,1377,1396]" captionTargetBox-0="[211,1143,211,1123]" captionTargetBox-1="[327,962,217,974]" captionTargetBox-2="[108,1170,212,1206]" captionTargetBox-3="[96,1189,211,1347]" captionTargetId-0="figure-242@65.[211,1144,210,1128]" captionTargetId-1="figure-310@66.[318,970,211,981]" captionTargetId-2="figure-191@68.[108,1178,211,1221]" captionTargetId-3="figure-117@70.[96,1189,210,1347]" captionTargetPageId-0="65" captionTargetPageId-1="66" captionTargetPageId-2="68" captionTargetPageId-3="70" captionText-0="Fig. 28. Holotype mandible of Mammacyon ferocior (F:AM 27562) with right canine, p1–m3, from the Arikaree Group, north of Keeline, Niobrara Co., Wyoming. The large crushing p4 nearly equals the carnassial in size. A, labial and B, lingual views." captionText-1="Fig. 29. Occlusal stereopair of the mandibular dentition (p4–m3) of Mammacyon ferocior (F:AM 27562). Note absence of m1 and m2 metaconids, apical wear on p4–m2 cusps, a labial shear facet on m1 protoconid-paraconid, and the broad p4 (compare fig. 23)." captionText-2="Fig. 30. Cranium of Mammacyon ferocior (F:AM 54134) in (A) right lateral; (B) dorsal; and (C; opposite page) left lateral (restored) views, from the Arikaree Group, north of Keeline, Niobrara Co., Wyoming, showing (B) width of the frontal paranasal sinuses relative to braincase volume." captionText-3="Fig. 31. Mammacyon ferocior (F:AM 54134) rostrum (A) in palatal view with right and left P4–M2, right P1, and alveoli for I1–3, C, P2–3, from the Arikaree Group, north of Keeline, Niobrara Co., Wyoming. Stereophotos (B) of crushing P4–M2. This is the largest species of Mammacyon, and represents the climax of durophagy in the genus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610816" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610819" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610823" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610825" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4610816/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4610819/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4610823/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4610825/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">Figures 28–31</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485700AC2DFD1FB6EB30650597" pageId="64" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="004236C35700AC2DFD1FB6EB30650597" blockId="64.[667,1193,1199,1759]" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">
<typeStatus id="DF4688615700AC2DFD1FB6EB31DF07D7" box="[696,758,1199,1223]" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">TYPE</typeStatus>
: Right partial mandible with i3 root, c–m3, and associated limb elements and vertebrae: atlas, caudal vertebra, sacrum, glenoid of scapula, left humerus, distal right humerus, both ulnae, rib fragments, left metacarpal 2, proximal left and right metacarpal 3, innominate fragments, partial left femur, left tibia, proximal right tibia, both calcanea, left astragalus, proximal right astragalus, right navicular, both cuboids, left ectocuneiform, right metatarsal 2, left distal metatarsal 3, proximal right metatarsal 5 (reduced), from?Harrison Formation, north of Keeline, Niobrara County,
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215700AC2DFB88B470378C0558" box="[1071,1189,1588,1610]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
, collected by Charles Falkenbach, 1931 (
<collectionCode id="66ECAE065700AC2DFD04B42B319C0596" box="[675,693,1647,1668]" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">F</collectionCode>
:
<collectionCode id="66ECAE065700AC2DFD1EB42B31C70596" box="[697,750,1647,1668]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="64" pageNumber="64" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
27562).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485700AC2DFD1FB4C8303C05CD" pageId="64" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="004236C35700AC2DFD1FB4C8303C05CD" blockId="64.[667,1193,1199,1759]" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">
DISTRIBUTION: Mid- or early late Arikareean, Arikaree Group, Niobrara County,
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215700AC2DFD3CB48D303805CD" box="[667,785,1737,1759]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="64" pageNumber="64">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5482664B5701AC2CFF31B6C2315507DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610816" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610816/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" startId="65.[150,188,1158,1177]" targetBox="[211,1143,211,1123]" targetPageId="65">
<paragraph id="004236C35701AC2CFF31B6C2315507DC" blockId="65.[128,1228,1158,1231]" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">
Fig. 28. Holotype mandible of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFE4FB6C331EB0788" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[488,706,1159,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFE4FB6C331EB0788" box="[488,706,1159,1178]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 27562) with right canine, p1–m3, from the Arikaree Group, north of Keeline, Niobrara Co., Wyoming. The large crushing p4 nearly equals the carnassial in size.
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFE9AB6FF327C07DC" bold="true" box="[317,341,1211,1230]" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">A,</emphasis>
labial and
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFE69B6F832CC07DD" bold="true" box="[462,485,1212,1231]" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">B,</emphasis>
lingual views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="48E765485701AC2CFF3BB6B531A70656" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="004236C35701AC2CFF3BB6B531A70656" blockId="65.[128,654,1265,1759]" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">
ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin,
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFD89B6B731AF061A" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[558,646,1267,1288]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFD89B6B731AF061A" box="[558,646,1267,1288]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ‘‘particularly fierce,’’ in allusion to the large size and presumed disposition of this predator.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485701AC2FFF3BB70E33C507BD" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="004236C35701AC2CFF3BB70E37ED0689" blockId="65.[128,654,1265,1759]" lastBlockId="65.[701,1228,1267,1759]" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">
DIAGNOSIS: Largest species of the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFDE0B70933F1066D" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFDE0B70933F1066D" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage, thus sharing the same dental characters of form and proportion as
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFDCCB7CC33DC06A8" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFDCCB7CC33DC06A8" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but distinguished by larger size. Dental ratio A/B, 1.23; ratio C/D, 1.13 (table 6), lower than all
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFE0FB79B310206E6" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[424,555,1503,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFE0FB79B310206E6" box="[424,555,1503,1524]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Ratio C/D (1.13), lowest of all temnocyonines. Distinguished from other large temnocyonines such as
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFEEFB47332F5055F" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[328,476,1590,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFEEFB47332F5055F" box="[328,476,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">R. amplidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by an elongate m2 (ratio E/F:
<quantity id="C7059B265701AC2CFE95B410325C0578" box="[306,373,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.064" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="1.6">1.6 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFEDAB4113129057B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[381,512,1620,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFEDAB4113129057B" box="[381,512,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,,
<quantity id="C7059B265701AC2CFD8FB41031430578" box="[552,618,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="1.9">1.9 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFDD4B41133D9059A" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFDD4B41133D9059A" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">R. amplidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); from
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFEF2B43631770595" box="[341,606,1649,1671]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFEF2B43632920594" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[341,443,1649,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">T. ferox</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFE6AB43631770595" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[461,606,1650,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">T. percussor</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFDD3B43633C905B6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFDD3B43633C905B6" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFE8BB4CB32F005B6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[300,473,1679,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFE8BB4CB32F005B6" box="[300,473,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by absence of the m1 metaconid; from
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFE10B4E8314D05D3" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[439,612,1708,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFE10B4E8314D05D3" box="[439,612,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by much smaller size; and from
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFE45B48C30380618" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[482,785,1267,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFE45B48C30380618" box="[482,785,1267,1759]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFCF2B6B030E9061B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[853,960,1268,1289]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFCF2B6B030E9061B" box="[853,960,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">D. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a p4 with labially placed posterior accessory cusp (centrally placed in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFCE4B76930C70656" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[835,1006,1325,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFCE4B76930C70656" box="[835,1006,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFBB7B76B37B40651" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1040,1181,1326,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFBB7B76B37B40651" box="[1040,1181,1326,1348]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
p4 posteriorly broader than in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405701AC2CFBBAB70837ED0670" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[1053,1220,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="65" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15701AC2CFBBAB70837ED0670" box="[1053,1220,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="65">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Cranium with greatly inflated frontal sinuses relative to small braincase volume (table 7).
</paragraph>
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REFERRED SPECIMEN: F:AM 54134, a skull with poorly preserved basicranium yet in other features complete and uncrushed. This is the largest known North American temnocyonine skull (basilar length,
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). Upper dentition with alveoli for six incisors, two canines, left P1–3, right P2–3; complete right P1, P4–M2 (P4 damaged), and left P4–M2; M3 not present in the species. From the?Harrison Formation, north of Keeline, Niobrara County, collected by C. Falkenbach in 1944, from a stratigraphic level ‘‘high in the formation’’ in this area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5482664B5702AC2FFFD3B1B031E3072E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610819" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610819/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" startId="66.[116,155,1012,1031]" targetBox="[327,962,217,974]" targetPageId="66">
<paragraph id="004236C35702AC2FFFD3B1B031E3072E" blockId="66.[93,1193,1012,1084]" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">
Fig. 29. Occlusal stereopair of the mandibular dentition (p4–m3) of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405702AC2FFCD3B1B0377A0715" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[884,1107,1012,1031]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15702AC2FFCD3B1B0377A0715" box="[884,1107,1012,1031]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 27562). Note absence of m1 and m2 metaconids, apical wear on p4–m2 cusps, a labial shear facet on m1 protoconid-paraconid, and the broad p4 (compare fig. 23).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="48E765485702AC2AFFDDB6F2324F0618" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" type="description">
<paragraph id="004236C35702AC2FFFDDB6F233E406E1" blockId="66.[93,620,1119,1759]" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">
DESCRIPTION: FAM 27562—The depth of the mandible (estimated at,
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFE45B691311607F8" box="[482,575,1237,1258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
) is uncertain because the ventral border of the horizontal ramus is damaged. Length of toothrow from the posterior border of the canine alveolus to the posterior limit of m3 is
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFF26B72C322B066F" box="[129,258,1384,1406]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.262" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="126.2">126.2 mm</quantity>
. The mandibular symphysis extends from the anterior canine border almost to the posterior border of p2, having a greatest length of
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFEF0B78432E906C7" box="[343,448,1472,1493]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.88" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="48.8">48.8 mm</quantity>
and depth of
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFFFAB79933E006E1" box="[93,201,1501,1523]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.63" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="36.3">36.3 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35702AC2FFFDDB7B8300C07F8" blockId="66.[93,620,1119,1759]" lastBlockId="66.[667,1194,1119,1759]" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">
Lower canine height is
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFE2BB7BF32D80503" box="[396,497,1531,1553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="47.5">47.5 mm</quantity>
above the labial alveolar border. The tooth is grooved on its posterolabial face by the upper canine, identical to the similarly positioned groove in LACM 9194 (
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405702AC2FFEA1B43632810595" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[262,424,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15702AC2FFEA1B43632810595" box="[262,424,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). At the enamel base the canine measures
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFE3BB4CB32DB05B6" box="[412,498,1679,1700]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
in width,
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFFFAB4E833E005D3" box="[93,201,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="20.3">20.3 mm</quantity>
in anteroposterior length, and is somewhat posteriorly recurved. In addition to the groove worn by the upper canine, there is a deep elliptical wear facet on the anterolingual face produced by the I3 which is much larger than I1–2 based on alveolar dimensions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35702AC2FFD1FB6B63717066F" blockId="66.[667,1194,1119,1759]" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">
The p1 is a small, peglike tooth that measures
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFCB7B754307C0637" box="[784,853,1296,1317]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFC7DB754371D0637" box="[986,1076,1296,1318]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="5.9">5.9 mm</quantity>
in width. The main cusp is anteriorly placed as in all temnocyonines, with a long posterior slope and no accessory or cingular cusps.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35702AC2EFD1FB7C232F60272" blockId="66.[667,1194,1119,1759]" lastBlockId="67.[128,654,213,1759]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">
The p2 is much larger than p1, measuring
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFD3CB7E0302806AB" box="[667,769,1444,1465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7899999999999998" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="17.9">17.9 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265702AC2FFC25B7E030F206AB" box="[898,987,1444,1465]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.1 mm</quantity>
in greatest width posterior to the main cusp. There are no accessory or cingular cusps. The posterior face is longer and more gently inclined relative to the more vertical anterior face. Fine enamel ridges are present on both anterior and posterior faces and, as in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405702AC2FFB21B41030390595" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="66" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15702AC2FFB21B41030390595" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="66">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the anterior ridge descends to the anterolingual cingulum whereas the posterior ridge runs to the posterolabial cingulum. The tooth itself is angled outward; that is, the anterior p2 root is more labial in position than the posterior root. A somewhat swollen cingulum is more defined along the lingual bases of p2, p3, and p4 relative to its less pronounced labial expression.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC2EFF3AB32C323301B0" blockId="67.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">
The p3 is simply a taller, larger example of p2; it measures
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFE9AB3C1328D0289" box="[317,420,389,411]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.93" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="19.3">19.3 mm</quantity>
in length,
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in width. There are no accessory or cingular cusps despite the broadened heel of p3 relative to p2. Thin enamel ridges run down the anterior and posterior faces to the barely discernible cingulum, the anterior ridge contacting the anterolingual corner, the posterior touching the posterolabial corner where the cingulum is better developed along the posterior margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC2EFF3AB0EF31170710" blockId="67.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">
The p4 is more massive and robust than p3. It measures
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFE99B08C328C01CF" box="[318,421,712,733]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.19" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="21.9">21.9 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFD80B08C31A401CF" box="[551,653,712,733]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="10.7">10.7 mm</quantity>
in width. A large posterior accessory cusp occurs about halfway between the tip of the main cusp and the crown base. It lies labial not only to the main cusp but also to the basal cusp occupying the center of the broad posterior shelf of p4. The main cusp of p4 is nearly as tall and robust as the protoconid of m1. Both p3 and p4 are particularly tall premolars; their principal cusps are each,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFF31B1A833F30710" box="[150,218,1004,1026]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
taller than the m1 paraconid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC2EFF3AB64E32200749" blockId="67.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">Flat apical wear facets are present on the principal cusps of p1–4 and on the m1 protoconid.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC2EFF3AB62730130250" blockId="67.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="67.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">
The m1 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFE35B627312B076B" box="[402,514,1123,1145]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="27.7">27.7 mm</quantity>
in length,,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFF31B6C533C10784" box="[150,232,1153,1174]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
in width (the labial talonid is lost). The carnassial is large and robust yet appears rather low and almost dwarfed relative to the tall, massive premolars. The metaconid is absent. Both protoconid and paraconid are massive, broad cusps, the protoconid showing strong apical wear. However, carnassial shear is evidenced by a near-vertical facet on the labial face of the paraconid-protoconid. The paraconid, placed anterolingual to the protoconid, has not rotated into a position directly anterior to the protoconid as in carnivorans with highly developed carnassial shear. The hypoconid is large, blunt, centrally placed on the talonid, and the entoconid is absent. The cingulum is not well defined and appears only as a vague swelling around the base of the tooth. However, a prominent swelling of the enamel occurs at the posterolingual corner of m1 and represents a small cingular shelf; anterior to this swelling on the lingual margin of the talonid, the base of m1 is indented or ‘‘notched.’’ Both the cingular swelling and indentation also occur in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405703AC2EFB0EB354301B0251" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15703AC2EFB0EB354301B0251" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC2EFD7CB30F378301B3" blockId="67.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">
The m2 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFC68B30F37690272" box="[975,1088,331,352]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="17.3">17.3 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFD1AB32C300D026F" box="[701,804,360,381]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
in width. This is the longest North American temnocyonine m2, yet the m1 of this same individual is exceeded in length by the m1 of three other species (
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15703AC2EFBBAB38437ED02C7" box="[1053,1220,448,469]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405703AC2EFD1AB39A306B02E1" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[701,834,476,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15703AC2EFD1AB39A306B02E1" box="[701,834,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">D. oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405703AC2EFCFBB39A30D202E1" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[860,1019,476,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15703AC2EFCFBB39A30D202E1" box="[860,1019,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">R. amplidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A low, blunt protoconid occupies the center of the trigonid; a hypoconid of nearly equal height lies directly behind the protoconid in the center of the talonid. There is neither metaconid nor entoconid. A vestigial paraconid appears as a low platform at the anterolingual corner of m2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC2EFD7CB0EF37700040" blockId="67.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">
The m3 is a small, oval tooth with minimal surface relief. It measures
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in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFD1AB0A1303701E8" box="[701,798,741,762]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
in width. Because the enamel is damaged, cusp pattern is uncertain; however, a low protoconid was the principal cusp and a small, reduced talonid is present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC2EFD7CB11F300E07FF" blockId="67.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">
FAM 54134—The skull is largely uncrushed and the largest known for the subfamily. It displays ‘‘bearlike’’ proportions reflected in the swollen muzzle, inflated frontal region, heavy zygomatic arches, and pronounced sagittal and lambdoid crests. The upper teeth represent the most highly specialized durophagous dentition developed by a temnocyonine, a crushing dentition unlike that of bears (
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405703AC2EFC1AB6263737076A" box="[957,1054,1122,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ursinae">Ursinae</taxonomicName>
). The locus of crushing in the upper teeth of F:AM 54134 involves P3–M1/p4–m2 whereas in living ursine bears the M1–M2/m1–m3 serve this function.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35703AC29FD7CB6B1310A053F" blockId="67.[701,1228,213,1759]" lastBlockId="68.[93,620,1352,1759]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">
Basilar length of skull is
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFBAEB6B237430619" box="[1033,1130,1270,1291]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="280.0">280 mm</quantity>
comparable in size to adult male
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405703AC2EFC5EB75737EA063A" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1780" box="[1017,1219,1299,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Ursus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15703AC2EFC5EB75737EA063A" box="[1017,1219,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="67">Ursus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The braincase is proportionately small relative to overall skull size; in fact the expanded frontal sinuses appear to have had a volume greater than the cranial cavity (table 7). The secondary palate is long (
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFC4DB7E1371B06A8" box="[1002,1074,1445,1466]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
) and narrow for a skull of this length: palatal width measured across the M1s is
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFBB3B79B374D06E7" box="[1044,1124,1503,1525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="cm" value="8.7">8.7 cm</quantity>
whereas only
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFD5CB7B9301F0500" box="[763,822,1533,1554]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
of this is occupied by the palatal bone between the teeth, with the remainder taken up by the enlarged molars. The tall, narrow infraorbital foramen (height,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFBD4B41037EE0578" box="[1139,1223,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
; width,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFCAAB436307A0595" box="[781,851,1650,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
), opens on the maxilla above the upper carnassial. The orbitotemporal region is long: postorbital length is,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFB9AB4E837A205D3" box="[1085,1163,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="cm" value="19.0">19 cm</quantity>
, preorbital,
<quantity id="C7059B265703AC2EFC94B48D30B305CD" box="[819,922,1737,1759]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="67" pageNumber="67" unit="cm" value="12.5">12.5 cm</quantity>
. The left orbital region preserves the elongate depression in alisphenoid and orbitosphenoid bones for the optic foramen, sphenorbital fissure, and anterior aperture of the alisphenoid canal. The canal is
<quantity id="C7059B265704AC29FFFAB7FB338406C6" box="[93,173,1471,1492]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
in length; its posterior opening shares a common fossa with the foramen ovale. The foramen rotundum opens internally into the canal as in other temnocyonine crania.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5704AC29FFD3B6A03737063E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610823/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="68" startId="68.[116,155,1252,1271]" targetBox="[108,1170,212,1206]" targetPageId="68">
<paragraph id="004236C35704AC29FFD3B6A03737063E" blockId="68.[93,1193,1252,1324]" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">
Fig. 30. Cranium of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405704AC29FED4B6A0317F07E5" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[371,598,1252,1271]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="68" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FED4B6A0317F07E5" box="[371,598,1252,1271]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 54134) in (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FC9AB6A0306607E5" bold="true" box="[829,847,1252,1271]" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">A</emphasis>
) right lateral; (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FBA2B6A0373C07E5" bold="true" box="[1029,1045,1252,1271]" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">B</emphasis>
) dorsal; and (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FFC2B6BA33540603" bold="true" box="[101,125,1278,1297]" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">C;</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FF22B6BB32270603" box="[133,270,1279,1297]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">opposite page</emphasis>
) left lateral (restored) views, from the Arikaree Group, north of Keeline, Niobrara Co., Wyoming, showing (B) width of the frontal paranasal sinuses relative to braincase volume.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35704AC29FFDDB47130B005CD" blockId="68.[93,620,1352,1759]" lastBlockId="68.[667,1193,1352,1759]" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">
The basicranium is foreshortened: the length from the common fossa for the posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal and the foramen ovale to the ventral notch of the foramen magnum (an estimate of basicranial length) is only
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, approximately one-fifth the basilar skull length. Although the basicranium is damaged there is an evident similarity to the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405704AC29FC5EB7C037800688" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[1017,1193,1411,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="68" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FC5EB7C037800688" box="[1017,1193,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
basicranium (ACM 34-41). Enough of the basicranial axis is preserved to show that, on the right side, the margin of the basioccipital was deeply excavated for an enlarged inferior petrosal venous sinus. This is the most pronounced development of the sinus in any temnocyonine skull and is related to the large size of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405704AC29FD4AB43530460597" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[749,879,1648,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="68" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FD4AB43530460597" box="[749,879,1648,1670]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The sinus includes a deep central pocket also seen in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405704AC29FB81B4CB31D005D0" baseAuthorityName="UCMP" baseAuthorityYear="1549" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="68" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15704AC29FB81B4CB31D005D0" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="68">Temnocyon altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 9999), penetrating
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into the basioccipital.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004236C35705AC28FF31B03D3247019E" blockId="69.[150,366,632,652]" box="[150,366,632,652]" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">
Fig. 30.
<emphasis id="3289EAD15705AC28FF58B03C324E019E" box="[255,359,632,652]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">Continued</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35705AC28FF3AB0FC3234006D" blockId="69.[128,654,696,1759]" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">The morphology of the upper dentition is comparable to ACM 34-41, however the Keeline skull has larger, more robust teeth, a massive P3–M2 crushing dental battery, close-spaced P2–4 (no diastemata), huge canines, and a full complement of incisors with large I3.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35705AC28FF3AB1CC311F07B8" blockId="69.[128,654,696,1759]" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">
Incisor alveoli show that the upper incisors became larger from I1 to I3: I1 alveolus measures
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in length,
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in width; I2 alveolus,
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X
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FE37B1A532D900E5" box="[400,496,993,1015]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
; I3 alveolus,
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FF27B1BB33C10706" box="[128,232,1023,1045]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
X
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FEB1B1BB32470706" box="[278,366,1023,1044]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
. There is a diastema of,
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between I3 and the canine alveolus. The canine alveolus measures
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X
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FF27B61C33FE077C" box="[128,215,1112,1134]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
; the maxilla surrounding the canine roots is swollen to accommodate the large canines, indicating a male individual.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35705AC28FF3AB6F63214053E" blockId="69.[128,654,696,1759]" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">
The upper premolars were somewhat crowded judging from the placement of P1– 3 alveoli. This is not the crowding seen in many young amphicyonids since the wear on cheek teeth shows F:AM 54134 to be a mature adult. As is the case in the mandible, P2 is angled outward and shows the effect of crowding more than any other tooth, its posterior alveolus more lingual than the anterior. This degree of crowding also occurs in the upper teeth of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405705AC28FED7B798312606E3" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[368,527,1498,1521]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15705AC28FED7B798312606E3" box="[368,527,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 34- 41) and must be characteristic of large species of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405705AC28FF06B453321F053E" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[161,310,1559,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15705AC28FF06B453321F053E" box="[161,310,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35705AC28FF3AB47137E201F9" blockId="69.[128,654,696,1759]" lastBlockId="69.[701,1228,696,1759]" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">
P1 is a small rounded peg (
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FDA0B470314E0558" box="[519,615,1588,1610]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FF7DB416321C057A" box="[218,309,1618,1640]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
in width) preserved only on the right side close behind the large canine. The alveoli for P2–3 measure
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by
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FF27B4E833F705D3" box="[128,222,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity>
, and
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FE82B4E832A405D3" box="[293,397,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.11" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="21.1">21.1 mm</quantity>
by
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FE66B4E8310405D3" box="[449,557,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="13.4">13.4 mm</quantity>
, respectively. The larger posterior alveolus common to each of these premolars shows that both P2 and P3 were posteriorly broad, especially P3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35705AC2BFD7CB0B032540539" blockId="69.[701,1228,696,1759]" lastBlockId="70.[93,619,1528,1759]" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">
The enormous P4 with its short metastylar blade and massive paracone and protocone represents the culmination of the trend toward a crushing dentition within the genus. Its
<quantity id="C7059B265705AC28FD4FB12F30140092" box="[744,829,875,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" unit="mm" value="26.0">26 mm</quantity>
length is almost equalled by its
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width. Length of the metastylar blade is
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; length of paracone including the parastylar region is
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. The embrasure between the protocones of P4 and M1 for the m1 trigonid is reduced to
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in anteroposterior length, notably less than the anteroposterior lengths of the protocones themselves (P4 protocone,
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; M1 protocone,
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) so that very little of the lower carnassial could have been inserted into this space. Occlusion of the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405705AC28FBE0B6F737E507D5" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[1095,1228,1202,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="69" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15705AC28FBE0B6F737E507D5" box="[1095,1228,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="69">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible (F:AM 27562) with the upper teeth of the skull demonstrates that the m1 protoconid is arrested at the level of the lingual cingulum of M1 by the narrow embrasure; the m1 paraconid and hypoconid also act as enamel stops against P4 and the M1 protocone basin. Thus, although some shear occurred between upper and lower carnassials, particularly in unworn teeth, a specialized crushing action was the dominant occlusal mode. Following an initial shearing stroke as the mandible brought the lower carnassial into contact with the upper teeth, the final phase of occlusion between p4–m2 and P3–M2 must have been mortar and pestle crushing employing the lingually expanded P4–M1 protocones. Ratios A/B and C/D (table 6) are the lowest in the genus, and are related to the development of a crushing occlusion in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405706AC2BFF54B452325F0539" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[243,374,1558,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="70" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15706AC2BFF54B452325F0539" box="[243,374,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5706AC2BFFD3B72532D906D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610825/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="70" startId="70.[116,155,1377,1396]" targetBox="[96,1189,211,1347]" targetPageId="70">
<paragraph id="004236C35706AC2BFFD3B72532D906D6" blockId="70.[93,1193,1377,1476]" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">
Fig. 31.
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405706AC2BFF7AB72632930666" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[221,442,1377,1396]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="70" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15706AC2BFF7AB72632930666" box="[221,442,1377,1396]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 54134) rostrum (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15706AC2BFD60B72531F00666" bold="true" box="[711,729,1377,1396]" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">A</emphasis>
) in palatal view with right and left P4–M2, right P1, and alveoli for I1–3, C, P2–3, from the Arikaree Group, north of Keeline, Niobrara Co., Wyoming. Stereophotos (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15706AC2BFECFB7D2325106BB" bold="true" box="[360,376,1430,1449]" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">B</emphasis>
) of crushing P4–M2. This is the largest species of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405706AC2BFC27B7D3372C06BB" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[896,1029,1431,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="70" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15706AC2BFC27B7D3372C06BB" box="[896,1029,1431,1449]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and represents the climax of durophagy in the genus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35706AC2AFFDDB47031A7015B" blockId="70.[93,619,1528,1759]" lastBlockId="71.[128,654,213,1759]" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">
M1 measures
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in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265706AC2BFDA2B4703142055B" box="[517,619,1588,1609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.98" pageId="70" pageNumber="70" unit="mm" value="29.8">29.8 mm</quantity>
in width. Despite its enormous size, it retains the characteristic temnocyonine configuration in which an expanded protocone region is separated from the enlarged labial half of the tooth by a prominent constriction at the level of the protocone basin. The paracone is slightly larger than the metacone. These two cusps are labially bordered by a cingulum, which is more pronounced labial to the paracone and is continuous with a small parastyle at the anterolabial corner of M1. Although the cusps are worn, in all respects they appear as in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405706AC2BFCD9B48D370B05CC" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" box="[894,1058,1735,1758]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="70" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15706AC2BFCD9B48D370B05CC" box="[894,1058,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="70">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The large protocone is situated in the center of a broad enamel platform more developed than in any other temnocyonine species. The enamel platform is surrounded by an expanded lingual cingulum. A preprotocrista extends from the protocone toward the anterior cingulum, and a weak vestige of a postprotocrista also appears on the surface of the enamel platform trending toward the posterior cingulum. There are no para- or metaconules. Lateral to the protocone itself is a deep protocone basin that receives the m1 hypoconid much as pestle fits against mortar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35707AC2AFF3AB016316900F1" blockId="71.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">
M2 is rectangular in occlusal outline with its long axis oriented transversely; it measures
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in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265707AC2AFEC1B0C832E501B0" box="[358,460,652,674]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="17.4">17.4 mm</quantity>
in width, and is much smaller than M1. The paracone is much larger than the metacone. A strong labial cingulum borders only the paracone; the metacone cingulum is weak. The paracone-metacone region forms an elevated labial rim that overlooks the flat protocone region. The centrally situated protocone on this enamel flat is but a reduced version of the same cusp on M1. Wear has reduced the protocone to a flat surface nearly coplanar with the enamel flat on which it rests.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35707AC2AFF3AB1A832C1074B" blockId="71.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">
M3 was no longer present in this species. The maxilla terminates abruptly behind M
<quantity id="C7059B265707AC2AFD27B64D33BE072F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
smooth bone indicating that in life there was no tooth posterior to M2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35707AC2AFF3AB626324F0618" blockId="71.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">
Length of the upper toothrow from the posterior border of the canine alveolus to the posterior border of M2 is
<quantity id="C7059B265707AC2AFE11B6D9310707A0" box="[438,558,1181,1202]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.042" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="104.2">104.2 mm</quantity>
. Length of the left P1–3 based on an alveolar measurement is,
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. Greatest length of P4–M2 is
<quantity id="C7059B265707AC2AFF5FB6B0324B0618" box="[248,354,1268,1290]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.57" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="55.7">55.7 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485707AC25FF3BB75532BC0289" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="004236C35707AC2AFF3BB755375E02E0" blockId="71.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="71.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">
DISCUSSION: Although the mandible (F:AM 27562) and skull (F:AM 54134) here assigned to
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFEB0B70A313D0670" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[279,532,1357,1379]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFEB0B70A313D0670" box="[279,532,1357,1379]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Mammacyon ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not associated, the teeth in the mandible not only correspond in size and form to the upper teeth but also occlude perfectly. The collector, Charles Falkenbach, did not provide exact locality data for these fossils, but we know that they were derived from the same general locality north of Keeline,
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215707AC2AFE6CB45E31680522" box="[459,577,1562,1584]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
, from gray volcaniclastic fine-grained sandstone of the Arikaree Group. Recent geologic study of the area north of Keeline and examination of the fossils previously collected from the area by the Frick Laboratory suggest that the fauna including
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFE9DB48E329505CC" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[314,444,1737,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFE9DB48E329505CC" box="[314,444,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be considered as mid- to early late Arikareean in age. The fauna lacks a number of mammalian species that typify the late Arikareean (Ar3) Harrison Formation fauna of Sioux County to the east (see Age and Correlation). Although a radioisotopic age is not available for the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFB0EB32C303F028B" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFB0EB32C303F028B" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hypodigm, faunal relationships suggest that the species is older than,23 Ma.
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFD1AB384307B02C7" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[701,850,448,469]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFD1AB384307B02C7" box="[701,850,448,469]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been found in any known latest Arikareean (Ar4) fauna.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35707AC2AFD7CB3BE306D068E" blockId="71.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">
Associated limb elements and vertebrae were collected with the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFC25B05C372B013F" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[898,1026,536,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFC25B05C372B013F" box="[898,1026,536,557]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mandible (F:AM 27562) in 1931; they are alike in form but larger in size than the postcranials associated with the genoholotype of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFC44B03437510197" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[995,1144,624,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFC44B03437510197" box="[995,1144,624,645]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 34-41). Additional limb and foot bones (F:AM 107758) collected by Falkenbach in 1950 ‘‘from brownish sandstone
<quantity id="C7059B265707AC2AFB92B08337A901CF" box="[1077,1152,711,733]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" unit="ft" value="15.0">15 feet</quantity>
below highest exposure, west end, north of Keeline, Wyo.’’ belong to a large temnocyonine and also possibly represent limb elements of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFB0EB164303C0040" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFB0EB164303C0040" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Included are a humerus (length,
<quantity id="C7059B265707AC2AFD1AB11E3035007D" box="[701,796,858,879]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.34" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="234.0">234 mm</quantity>
; width of distal end,
<quantity id="C7059B265707AC2AFBA1B11E3744007D" box="[1030,1133,858,880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.029999999999999" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="50.3">50.3 mm</quantity>
), partial scapula (only the glenoid and adjacent blade), distal?tibia, distal?radius, and two elongate metapodials.
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFCFBB1F630CB00D5" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[860,994,946,967]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFCFBB1F630CB00D5" box="[860,994,946,967]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
retained a postcranial skeleton much like (if not identical to)
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFB0EB194301B0710" authorityName=": Macdonald" authorityYear="1970" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFB0EB194301B0710" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">M. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, indicative of a digitigrade cursorial gait in which the forelimb was characterized by a narrow distal humerus, a lengthening of radius and ulna with limited ability for pronation/supination, and an elongate tarsus and carpus (see Postcranial Osteology). These are the first large Cenozoic carnivorans to achieve a limb skeleton modified for a digitigrade stance, restricted fore-aft limb excursion, and a striding cursorial gait. This recommends a behavioral mode in which a cursorial habit was coupled with durophagous feeding, an ecology to some extent paralleling spotted hyaenids (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFBB1B72D37A9066C" box="[1046,1152,1385,1406]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFBB1B72D375E066C" box="[1046,1143,1385,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crocuta</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
in the Old World.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35707AC25FD7CB7E132BC0289" blockId="71.[701,1228,213,1759]" lastBlockId="72.[93,620,213,411]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">
None of the other very large North American temnocyonine species (
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFBEFB786306A06E7" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFBEFB786306A06E7" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Temnocyon macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFCF6B79A376C06E7" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[849,1093,1502,1525]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFCF6B79A376C06E7" box="[849,1093,1502,1525]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Delotrochanter major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFBF4B79A30040500" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Rudiocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFBF4B79A30040500" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Rudiocyon amplidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are known from skulls, although
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFD1AB45D30E50522" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[701,972,1561,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFD1AB45D30E50522" box="[701,972,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is represented by a substantial partial cranium (UNSM 47800) from the carnivore dens at Beardog Hill, Agate National Monument. The skull of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405707AC2AFB0EB436303F05B6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="71" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferocior">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15707AC2AFB0EB436303F05B6" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">M. ferocior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 54134) is the most complete cranium of a large temnocyonine and demonstrates that the terminal species of the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405708AC25FFFAB29133DB03F8" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[93,242,213,234]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="72" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15708AC25FFFAB29133DB03F8" box="[93,242,213,234]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="72">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage possessed a rather ursidlike profile, strong inflation of the frontal sinuses relative to volume of the cranial cavity, a broad rostrum swollen around the large canine alveoli, and a robust dentition with cheek teeth adapted for crushing bone, fibrous sinew, and muscle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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