treatments-xml/data/66/6D/87/666D878B2A502B782DB37092FE6C2770.xml

<document id="91BBC5FD098C49B88C5DF83B723CB30A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.211535" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b94fc6e7-eacd-4cad-9ec8-604fbdd75625" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="211535" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513172769" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Smith, Eric N., Ogale, Hemant &amp; Giri, Varad B." docDate="2012" docId="666D878B2A502B782DB37092FE6C2770" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03437p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3437" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Calliophis castoe Smith, Ogale &amp; Giri, 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="9A54FFF32A522B742D24733DFFA32447" masterDocTitle="A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elapidae) from the west coast of peninsular India" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="53" updateTime="1698313628967" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="941D80C294FD9A653964F3C75C0E23DA">A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elapidae) from the west coast of peninsular India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="637F3C440AD76A983797BD42F1A68EAD">Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E85B17AB47EDD3623C4E277C0CFE84E8">Ogale, Hemant</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F973ACAC70C08F742C49C91ED887B2FB">Giri, Varad B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C105458662DD794E56A2BD2676EE495B">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="666D878B2A502B782DB37092FE6C2770" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6176704" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523612" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6176704" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:666D878B2A502B782DB37092FE6C2770" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/666D878B2A502B782DB37092FE6C2770" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762DB37092FEC6278E" box="[151,357,943,969]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DB37092FEC6278E" bold="true" box="[151,357,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C78357F42A502B762C487092FE6A278E" box="[364,457,943,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A502B762DB370EFFEB127AD" blockId="2.[151,457,943,1002]" box="[151,274,978,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
(
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A502B762DBB70EFFEAA27AD" box="[159,265,978,1002]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1143,1166]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1907,1930]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1262,1285]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,250,1830,1853]" captionStartId-5="8.[151,250,648,671]" captionStartId-6="9.[151,250,1827,1850]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,807,1816]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,193,1107]" captionTargetBox-2="[374,1209,193,1867]" captionTargetBox-3="[402,1246,200,1219]" captionTargetBox-4="[362,1258,1453,1803]" captionTargetBox-5="[340,1247,193,627]" captionTargetBox-6="[341,1244,413,1806]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,807,1816]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1124]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[364,1210,193,1868]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[340,1247,193,1241]" captionTargetId-4="figure@7.[359,1259,1448,1803]" captionTargetId-5="figure@8.[340,1247,193,627]" captionTargetId-6="figure@9.[340,1247,409,1806]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionTargetPageId-6="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Calliophis castoe, dorsum of live adult male specimen (not collected) from Dicholi, Goa, India, elevation ca. 10 m. Photo by H. Ogale (UTADC- 6738)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Calliophis castoe, venter of subadult female paratype (BNHS 3474), 313 mm TL, from Ambe Ghat, South Goa district, Goa, India, elevation 295 m. Photo by V. Giri (UTADC- 6832)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Comparison of left lateral aspects of heads of species of Calliophis from India. A. C. beddomei, subadult female holotype, BMNH 1946.1. 17.99. B. C. bibroni, subadult male, BMNH 1946.1. 17.93 (C. cerasinus holotype). C. C. castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. D. C. melanurus, adult female, BMNH 74.4. 29.45. E. C. nigrescens, subadult male, BMNH. 74.4.29.239." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Dorsal (top), right-lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) aspects of the head of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing distinct color pattern of long and medially broken nuchal band, bicolored lateral body pattern, and immaculate chin and throat area." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Left-lateral aspect of head of Calliophis castoe, adult male paratype, from Karwar, Karnataka, India, elevation ca. 15 m, BNHS 2191, showing contact between prefrontal and second supralabial, anterior preocular and small supralabial 7. Maxillary fang is visible, arising between supralabials 2 and 3." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Right-lateral aspect of head of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing head glands and associated structures after skin reflection: rostral gland (r); salivary gland (s); nasal gland (n); Harderian gland (h); venom gland (v); venom duct (d); infralabial gland, with two areas differentiated, anterior (ai) and posterior (pi); m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis (AES)." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Right hemipenis of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views showing spinulated body from base to tips and sulcus spermaticus dividing towards lobes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211536/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211537/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/211538/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/211539/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/211540/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/211541/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/211542/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Figs. 1–7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="CED411B32A502B762DB37727FE632008" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762DB37727FECE2077" ID-CoL="PVM3" box="[151,365,1050,1072]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Callophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DB37727FECE2077" box="[151,365,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Callophis nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<treatmentCitation id="6F65108C2A502B762C587727FDE22077" author="Phipson" box="[380,577,1050,1072]" page="245" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B762C587727FDAE2077" author="Phipson" box="[380,525,1050,1072]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Phipson, H. M. (1887) The poisonous snakes of the Bombay Presidency. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 2, 244 - 250." type="journal article" year="1887">Phipson 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 245
</treatmentCitation>
, 248, Carwar [Karwar], 
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Presidency specimen; 
<treatmentCitation id="6F65108C2A502B7629A07727FABE2077" author="Vidal" box="[1156,1309,1050,1072]" page="65" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="1890">
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B7629A07727FB592077" author="Vidal" box="[1156,1274,1050,1072]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Vidal, G. W. (1890) A list of the venomous snakes of Kanara; with remarks as to the imperfections of existing records of the distribution of snakes, and facts and statistics showing the influence of Echis carinata on the death-rate of the Bombay Presidency. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 5, 64 - 71." type="journal article" year="1890">Vidal 1890</bibRefCitation>
: 65
</treatmentCitation>
–66, in part, North Kanara specimen)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762DB37765FE3C2029" box="[151,415,1112,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hemibungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DB37765FE3C2029" box="[151,415,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Hemibungarus nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
variety 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762CD67765FDDE2029" box="[498,637,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">khandallensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B762FAE7765FB952029" author="Wall" box="[650,1078,1112,1134]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Wall, F. (1913) Varieties of Hemibungarus nigrescens and Hydrophis torquatus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 22, 638 - 639." type="journal article" year="1913">Wall 1913: 638, in part, Karwar specimen</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A502B762DB3774AFD1A20CB" blockId="2.[151,1436,1050,1195]" box="[151,697,1142,1165]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762DB3774AFE3C20CA" box="[151,415,1143,1165]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hemibungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DB3774AFE3C20CA" box="[151,415,1143,1165]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Hemibungarus nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B762C88774BFD1120CB" author="Wall" box="[428,690,1142,1164]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Wall, F. (1928) The Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes of our British Indian Dominions (including Ceylon) and how to recognize them. With symptoms of snake poisoning and treatment. Fourth edition, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 173 pp." type="book" year="1928">Wall 1928: 22, 35, in part</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A502B762DB377A8FCCA20EC" blockId="2.[151,1436,1050,1195]" box="[151,873,1173,1195]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762DB377A8FE3C20EC" box="[151,415,1173,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hemibungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DB377A8FE3C20EC" box="[151,415,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Hemibungarus nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
variety A (
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B762F3577A8FCC120EC" author="Wall" box="[529,866,1173,1195]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Wall, F. (1928) The Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes of our British Indian Dominions (including Ceylon) and how to recognize them. With symptoms of snake poisoning and treatment. Fourth edition, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 173 pp." type="book" year="1928">Wall 1928: 36, Karwar specimen</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<typeStatus id="317F883F2A502B762DB377E5FEA720B7" box="[151,260,1240,1264]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
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(
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Natural History Society, 
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, Maharashtra, 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A502B76293F77EAFBF520A8" box="[1051,1110,1239,1263]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">India</collectingCountry>
) 3461, an adult male from Amboli, Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra, 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A502B762FA977C1FD6A2153" box="[653,713,1276,1300]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">India</collectingCountry>
, [ca. 
<quantity id="293C9B782A502B762E2B77C1FCFE2153" box="[783,861,1276,1300]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="715.0">715 m</quantity>
] (ca. 
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<geoCoordinate id="8BF0505A2A502B76297777C1FB552153" box="[1107,1270,1276,1300]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" precision="1" value="73.99468">73.994686° E</geoCoordinate>
), collected 
<date id="9A7A105D2A502B7628A477C1FEEE2170" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" value="2009-09-12">12 September 2009</date>
by Hemant Ogale (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A502B762F0D7622FD362170" box="[553,661,1311,1335]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1907,1930]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1262,1285]" captionTargetBox-0="[374,1209,193,1867]" captionTargetBox-1="[402,1246,200,1219]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[364,1210,193,1868]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[340,1247,193,1241]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Comparison of left lateral aspects of heads of species of Calliophis from India. A. C. beddomei, subadult female holotype, BMNH 1946.1. 17.99. B. C. bibroni, subadult male, BMNH 1946.1. 17.93 (C. cerasinus holotype). C. C. castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. D. C. melanurus, adult female, BMNH 74.4. 29.45. E. C. nigrescens, subadult male, BMNH. 74.4.29.239." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Dorsal (top), right-lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) aspects of the head of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing distinct color pattern of long and medially broken nuchal band, bicolored lateral body pattern, and immaculate chin and throat area." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211538/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211539/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Figs. 3–4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A502B762F857622FD6D2170" box="[673,718,1311,1335]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,648,671]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1827,1850]" captionTargetBox-0="[340,1247,193,627]" captionTargetBox-1="[341,1244,413,1806]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[340,1247,193,627]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[340,1247,409,1806]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Right-lateral aspect of head of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing head glands and associated structures after skin reflection: rostral gland (r); salivary gland (s); nasal gland (n); Harderian gland (h); venom gland (v); venom duct (d); infralabial gland, with two areas differentiated, anterior (ai) and posterior (pi); m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis (AES)." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Right hemipenis of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views showing spinulated body from base to tips and sulcus spermaticus dividing towards lobes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211541/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211542/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">6–7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A502B762DED7679FBAD21AB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1239,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DED7679FED3211C" bold="true" box="[201,368,1347,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A502B762DED7679FEE2211B" box="[201,321,1348,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
(2).
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="88D5AE582A502B762C5C7679FE60211B" box="[376,451,1348,1372]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">BNHS</collectionCode>
2191, an adult male from Karwar, Karwar [Uttara Kannada district], Karnataka, 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A502B76287F7679FA34211B" box="[1371,1431,1348,1372]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">India</collectingCountry>
, [ca. 
<quantity id="293C9B782A502B762DE3765AFEA121C7" box="[199,258,1383,1408]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
] (ca. 
<geoCoordinate id="8BF0505A2A502B762C1B765AFE7F21C7" box="[319,476,1383,1408]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" precision="1" value="14.804947">14.804947° N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8BF0505A2A502B762CC6765AFDDC2138" box="[482,639,1383,1407]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" precision="1" value="74.133316">74.133317° E</geoCoordinate>
), collected between 
<date id="9A7A105D2A502B762E47765AFBAB2138" box="[867,1032,1383,1407]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" value="1880" valueMax="1887">1880 and 1887</date>
by G. Vidal (1907 date of collection in 
<collectionCode id="88D5AE582A502B762D9276B1FEA221E3" box="[182,257,1420,1444]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">BNHS</collectionCode>
catalogue in error, specimen reported by Phipson in 1887 and Vidal in 1890) (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A502B7629B076B1FB7821E3" box="[1172,1243,1420,1444]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1830,1853]" captionTargetBox="[362,1258,1453,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[359,1259,1448,1803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left-lateral aspect of head of Calliophis castoe, adult male paratype, from Karwar, Karnataka, India, elevation ca. 15 m, BNHS 2191, showing contact between prefrontal and second supralabial, anterior preocular and small supralabial 7. Maxillary fang is visible, arising between supralabials 2 and 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211540/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). 
<collectionCode id="88D5AE582A502B7629D776B1FA9D21E3" box="[1267,1342,1420,1444]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">BNHS</collectionCode>
3474, a subadult female from Ambe Ghat, South Goa district, 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A502B762FDF7692FCD72180" box="[763,884,1455,1479]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Goa, India</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="293C9B782A502B762EA47692FC64218F" box="[896,967,1455,1480]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="295.0">295 m</quantity>
(
<geoCoordinate id="8BF0505A2A502B762EF27692FBC4218F" box="[982,1127,1455,1480]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" precision="1" value="15.064">15.06400° N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8BF0505A2A502B76294B7692FB5C2180" box="[1135,1279,1455,1479]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" precision="1" value="74.16578">74.16578° E</geoCoordinate>
), collected 
<date id="9A7A105D2A502B7628A47692FEAA21AB" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" value="2010-06-30">30 June 2010</date>
by Ravindra Bhambure, Harish Kulkarni, and Varad B. Giri (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A502B762E9F76E9FBA221AB" box="[955,1025,1492,1516]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1143,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1107]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1124]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Calliophis castoe, venter of subadult female paratype (BNHS 3474), 313 mm TL, from Ambe Ghat, South Goa district, Goa, India, elevation 295 m. Photo by V. Giri (UTADC- 6832)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211537/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A502B762DED76CAFB7D2210" blockId="2.[151,1437,1239,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DED76CAFDA82248" bold="true" box="[201,523,1527,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Referred digital photo (1).</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="88D5AE582A502B762F3276CAFDD72248" box="[534,628,1527,1551]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">UTADC</collectionCode>
(Digital Collection, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A502B762DC27521FDA12273" box="[230,514,1564,1588]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">United States of America</collectingCountry>
) 6738–45, photos of adult male from Dicholi (Bicholim), North Goa district, 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A502B7628427521FF702210" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Goa, India</collectingCountry>
, ca. 
<quantity id="293C9B782A502B762C217502FE9D221F" box="[261,318,1599,1624]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
(ca. 
<geoCoordinate id="8BF0505A2A502B762C517502FE78221F" box="[373,475,1599,1624]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" precision="555" value="15.59">15.59° N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8BF0505A2A502B762CC67502FDE42210" box="[482,583,1599,1623]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" precision="555" value="73.95">73.95° E</geoCoordinate>
), photographed on 
<date id="9A7A105D2A502B762E3B7502FC132210" box="[799,944,1599,1623]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" value="2009-07-29">29 July 2009</date>
by Hemant Ogale (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A502B7629AF7502FB6E2210" box="[1163,1229,1599,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,807,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,807,1816]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Calliophis castoe, dorsum of live adult male specimen (not collected) from Dicholi, Goa, India, elevation ca. 10 m. Photo by H. Ogale (UTADC- 6738)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211536/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A6DE65162A502B762DED755EFA3F23A3" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A502B762DED755EFB662313" blockId="2.[151,1437,1239,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DED755EFEE0223C" bold="true" box="[201,323,1635,1660]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A medium (
<quantity id="293C9B782A502B762CFF7559FDD6223B" box="[475,629,1636,1660]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.38" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="5.36" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="538.0" valueMax="540.0" valueMin="536.0">536–540 mm</quantity>
TL, mature males), brownish, terrestrial coralsnake in which the tail comprises 12.4–14.0% of the TL in the two known male vouchered specimens and 12.0% in the known female. The maxilla bears 4 maxillary teeth behind the fang, the dentary 10, the palatine 9 and the pterygoid 2. It has sublabial-chin-shield contact variable, usually 7 supralabials (8 on one side of one specimen), 6/6 infralabials, two postoculars, 240–254 ventrals, a divided anal, 45–53 divided subcaudals, dorsal scale rows arranged in 13 rows along entire body, and a color pattern of a wide parietal orange band, an unpatterned vinaceous-brown dorsum, a white lower lip, and Salmon Color to Flame Scarlet ventral and lateral areas (from neck to tail).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A502B762DED745DFA3F23A3" blockId="2.[151,1437,1239,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
The new species can be distinguished from all Asian and American coralsnakes, except for 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762821745DFEA723DB" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762821745DFEA723DB" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Sinomicrurus japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762C3274B8FE1323DB" box="[278,432,1924,1948]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="japonicus" subSpecies="boettgeri">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762C3274B8FE1323DB" box="[278,432,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">S. j. boettgeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B762C9B74B9FDF323DB" author="Fritze" box="[447,592,1924,1948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Fritze, A. (1894) Die Fauna der Liu-Kiu-Insel Okinawa. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 7 (5), 852 - 926." type="journal article" year="1894">Fritze, 1894</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762F4074B8FCA523DB" box="[612,774,1925,1948]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="japonicus" subSpecies="japonicus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762F4074B8FCA523DB" box="[612,774,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">S. j. japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B762E3174B9FC1C23DB" author="Gunther" box="[789,959,1924,1948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Gunther, A. (1868) Sixth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, (4) 1, 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1868">Günther, 1868</bibRefCitation>
], 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762EF774B8FBFA23DB" box="[979,1113,1924,1948]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="japonicus" subSpecies="takarai">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762EF774B8FBFA23DB" box="[979,1113,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">S. j. takarai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B76294D74B9FAFF23DB" author="Ota" box="[1129,1372,1924,1948]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Ota, H., Ito, A. &amp; Lin, J. - T. (1999) Systematic review of the Elapid snakes allied to Hemibungarus japonicus (Gunther, 1868) in the East Asian Islands, with description of a new subspecies from the central Ryukyus. Journal of Herpetology, 33 (4), 675 - 687." type="journal article" year="1999">Ota, Ito &amp; Lin, 1999</bibRefCitation>
]) and some 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B762DFD7495FD2E2387" authority="Gunther, 1868" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1868" box="[217,653,1960,1984]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculiceps">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B762DFD7495FE712387" box="[217,466,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Calliophis maculiceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B762CC47495FD252387" author="Gunther" box="[480,646,1960,1984]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Gunther, A. (1868) Sixth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, (4) 1, 413 - 429." type="journal article" year="1868">Günther, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, in having the highest number of maxillary teeth behind the fang, four on each side. The species of coralsnakes with the next highest counts are 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A502B76293774F0FAE223A3" authority="Smith, 1943" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1943" box="[1043,1345,1996,2020]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B76293774F0FB0523A3" box="[1043,1190,1996,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">C. beddomei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A502B76299774F1FAE223A3" author="Smith" box="[1203,1345,1996,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Smith, M. A. (1943) The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia Volume III. - Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London, 584 pp." type="book" year="1943">Smith, 1943</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A502B7628A674F0FA3F23A3" box="[1410,1436,1997,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">C.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A6DE65162A512B702DB373A4FCDB23AB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A512B772DB373A4FB1626A8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,751]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772DB373A4FE1B24E8" authority="Gunther, 1862" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,440,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hemibungarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772DB373A4FEAD24F7" box="[151,270,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">nigrescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B772C3273AAFE1B24E8" author="Gunther" box="[278,440,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Gunther, A. (1862) On new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, (3) 9, 124 - 132." type="journal article" year="1862">Günther, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
with two or three, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772FB073A5FC6924E8" authority="Takahashi, 1930" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1930" box="[660,970,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatori">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772FB073A5FD5524F7" box="[660,758,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">S. hatori</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B772E2273AAFC6124E8" author="Takahashi" box="[774,962,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Takahashi, S. (1930) Synopsis of the terrestrial snakes of Japan [in Japanese]. Shunyo-do, Tokyo, 310 pp." type="book" year="1930">Takahashi, 1930</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B77292773A5FAC124E8" authority="Steindachner, 1913" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1913" box="[1027,1378,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauteri">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B77292773A5FBCC24F7" box="[1027,1135,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">S. sauteri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B77295A73AAFAFA24E8" author="Steindachner" box="[1150,1369,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Steindachner, F. (1913) Uber zwei neue Schlangenarten aus Formosa. Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 50, 218 - 220." type="journal article" year="1913">Steindachner, 1913</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
with two, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772DEB7380FECE2493" box="[207,365,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculiceps">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772DEB7380FECE2493" box="[207,365,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. maculiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with one, two and rarely four, and some populations of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772EC57380FAC02493" authority="Reinhardt, 1844" authorityName="Reinhardt" authorityYear="1844" box="[993,1379,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macclellandii">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772EC57380FB372493" box="[993,1172,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">S. macclellandii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B7729807381FAF82493" author="Reinhardt" box="[1188,1371,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Reinhardt, J. T. (1844) Description of a new species of venomous snake, Elaps macclellandi. Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India, 4, 532 - 534." type="journal article" year="1844">Reinhardt, 1844</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
with none, one, or two teeth. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772C9473DDFD1D24BF" box="[432,702,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772C9473DDFD1D24BF" box="[432,702,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Sinomicrurus japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can have from 3 to 5 maxillary teeth behind the fang. The new species can additionally be distinguished from all species of Asian coralsnakes (
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B7729037239FA81255B" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[1063,1314,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B7729037239FB38255B" box="[1063,1179,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Calliophis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B7729807239FA81255B" author="Gray" box="[1188,1314,260,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Gray, J. E. (1835) Illustrations of Indian Zoology; Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major-General Hardwicke, Vol. II. (parts XI - XX). Adolphus Richter and Co. &amp; Parbury, Allen, and Co., London, Pls. 1 - 102." type="book chapter" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B7728107238FEB52578" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Maticora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B7728107238FA3F255B" box="[1332,1436,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Maticora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B772DB3721AFEB52578" author="Gray" box="[151,278,295,319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Gray, J. E. (1835) Illustrations of Indian Zoology; Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major-General Hardwicke, Vol. II. (parts XI - XX). Adolphus Richter and Co. &amp; Parbury, Allen, and Co., London, Pls. 1 - 102." type="book chapter" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
] and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772C717215FC2D2578" authority="Slowinski, Boundy &amp; Lawson 2001" authorityName="Slowinski, Boundy &amp; Lawson" authorityYear="2001" box="[341,910,295,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772C717215FE4F2578" box="[341,492,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Sinomicrurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B772CD0721AFC2D2578" author="Slowinski" box="[500,910,295,319]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Slowinski, J. B., Boundy, J. &amp; Lawson, R. (2001) The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica, 57 (2), 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2001">Slowinski, Boundy &amp; Lawson 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), except some 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B7729127215FB672507" box="[1078,1220,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B7729127215FB672507" box="[1078,1220,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in lacking contact between the preocular and nasal, allowing the prefrontal and third supralabial to touch. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B7729A97271FF7B25C0" authority="Jan, 1858" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibroni">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B7729A97271FAFF2523" box="[1165,1372,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Calliophis bibroni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B77284A7271FF7325C0" author="Jan" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Jan, G. (1858) Plan d'une iconographie descriptive des ophidiens et description sommaire de nouvelles especes des serpents. La Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Paris (2) 10, 438 - 449, 514 - 527." type="journal article" year="1858">Jan, 1858</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
also has the prefrontals touching the supralabials but lacks preoculars and has a banded body pattern. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772DB372A9FEFF25EB" box="[151,348,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772DB372A9FEFF25EB" box="[151,348,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from all other Indian coralsnakes, including 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772EC772A8FBD125EB" box="[995,1138,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772EC772A8FBD125EB" box="[995,1138,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and with the exception of some individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772C5A7285FD8F2597" box="[382,556,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macclellandi">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772C5A7285FD8F2597" box="[382,556,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">S. macclellandi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in having an unpatterned body, no dark pigmentation on the last supralabial, and a wide post-temporal light band. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772F6E72E1FC9625B3" box="[586,821,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772F6E72E1FC9625B3" box="[586,821,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Calliophis beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a pattern of dorsal spots adjacent to a middorsal stripe, never being dorsally unicolored. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772F76713DFCE7265F" box="[594,836,512,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772F76713DFCE7265F" box="[594,836,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Calliophis nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has a striped pattern but occasionally (variety 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772DB37118FECD267B" box="[151,366,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. n, khandallensis</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B772C597119FE5D267B" author="Wall" box="[381,510,548,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Wall, F. (1913) Varieties of Hemibungarus nigrescens and Hydrophis torquatus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 22, 638 - 639." type="journal article" year="1913">Wall, 1913</bibRefCitation>
]) has an obscured pattern that seems unicolored black. Nevertheless, these always have a dark stripe or spot covering part of the last supralabial and a dark nuchal band fused or very close to the head cap, both never the case in 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772CE87150FD9726C3" box="[460,564,621,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772CE87150FD9726C3" box="[460,564,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The underside of the tail differs between 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B7729317150FBDC26C3" box="[1045,1151,621,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B7729317150FBDC26C3" box="[1045,1151,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B7729937150FAEC26C3" box="[1207,1359,621,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B7729937150FAEC26C3" box="[1207,1359,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being uniformly orange in the former and red with white-bordered scales in the later. Some specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B77282071ADFE8F268B" authority="Shaw, 1802" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B77282071ADFA3F26EF" box="[1284,1436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">C. melanurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A512B772DBB7189FE87268B" author="Shaw" box="[159,292,692,716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Printed for G. Kearsley, London Vol. 3, Amphibia, 615 pp." type="book" year="1802">Shaw, 1802</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
have a nearly unicolored dorsal pattern, but always possess two tail bands, absent in the new species, and the nuchal band and the head cap are broadly fused (widely separated in the new species).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BABB66152A512B772DB3740DFDA12322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211536/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" targetBox="[151,1435,807,1816]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A512B772DB3740DFDA12322" blockId="3.[151,1436,1840,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772DB3740DFEB12301" bold="true" box="[151,274,1840,1863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A512B772C3C740DFE642300" box="[280,455,1840,1863]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A512B772C3C740DFE642300" box="[280,455,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsum of live adult male specimen (not collected) from Dicholi, Goa, India, elevation ca. 10 m. Photo by H. Ogale (UTADC-6738).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BABB66152A562B702DB3774AFCC620EB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211537/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1107]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A562B702DB3774AFCC620EB" blockId="4.[151,1436,1143,1196]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702DB3774AFEB720CA" bold="true" box="[151,276,1143,1166]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702C387745FE6D20C9" box="[284,462,1144,1166]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702C387745FE6D20C9" box="[284,462,1144,1166]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, venter of subadult female paratype (BNHS 3474), 313 mm TL, from Ambe Ghat, South Goa district, Goa, India, elevation 295 m. Photo by V. Giri (UTADC-6832).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A562B702DED77E4FAF622D6" blockId="4.[151,1436,1241,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
The new species can be further distinguished from other coralsnakes. From species in the 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B70299277E7FAEE20B6" box="[1206,1357,1241,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B70299277E7FAEE20B6" box="[1206,1357,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. melanurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B702C1C77C1FD802153" box="[312,547,1276,1300]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Smith, E. N., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., &amp; Somaweera, R. (2008) A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elapidae) from the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Zootaxa, 1847, 19 - 33." type="journal article">
Smith 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702CAE77C0FE692153" box="[394,458,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702F1F77C0FAD32153" authority="Smith, Manamendra-Arachchi &amp; Somaweera, 2008" authorityName="Smith, Manamendra-Arachchi &amp; Somaweera" authorityYear="2008" box="[571,1392,1276,1300]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haematoetron">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702F1F77C0FD5C2153" box="[571,767,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. haematoetron</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B702E2977C1FAD32153" author="Smith" box="[781,1392,1276,1300]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Smith, E. N., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., &amp; Somaweera, R. (2008) A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elapidae) from the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Zootaxa, 1847, 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Smith, Manamendra-Arachchi &amp; Somaweera, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B7028A677C0FEAE2171" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B7028A677C0FEAE2171" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. melanurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702C6E7622FE4B2171" box="[330,488,1310,1334]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculiceps">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702C6E7622FE4B2171" box="[330,488,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. maculiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the new species differs in lacking a bluish ventral tail color and melanized tail base muscles and associated tissues. It can also be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702E4F767FFBA2211E" box="[875,1025,1345,1369]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702E4F767FFBA2211E" box="[875,1025,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. melanurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in having more supralabials (6 vs. 7 or 8) and subcaudal scales (24–37 vs. 45–53). From 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702FC37658FC25213B" box="[743,902,1380,1404]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculiceps">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702FC37658FC25213B" box="[743,902,1380,1404]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. maculiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it can also be distinguished by its high number of ventrals (240–254 vs. 169–222) and subcaudals (45–53 vs. 20–31). From 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702ED976BAFBD321D9" box="[1021,1136,1414,1438]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibroni">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702ED976BAFBD321D9" box="[1021,1136,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. bibroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it can be distinguished by having a preocular (vs. no preocular), two postoculars (vs. 1), no tail bands (vs. 3–9), a divided anal (vs. single), and higher ventral (240–254 vs. 220–234) and subcaudal counts (45–53 vs. 26–37). Besides differing in dentition, color pattern and head scalation the new species differs from 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702E7176D2FC4D2241" box="[853,1006,1519,1542]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702E7176D2FC4D2241" box="[853,1006,1519,1542]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having relatively higher subcaudal counts (45–53 vs. 29–48) and fewer pterygoid teeth (2 vs. 5–8). 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702E40752CFBEE226E" box="[868,1101,1553,1577]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702E40752CFBEE226E" box="[868,1101,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Calliophis beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has more pterygoid teeth (2 vs. 4). 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702C2E7509FE6C220B" box="[266,463,1588,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702C2E7509FE6C220B" box="[266,463,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702F487508FCCD220B" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[620,878,1588,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702F487508FD45220B" box="[620,742,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B702FCB7509FCCD220B" author="Gray" box="[751,878,1588,1612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Gray, J. E. (1835) Illustrations of Indian Zoology; Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major-General Hardwicke, Vol. II. (parts XI - XX). Adolphus Richter and Co. &amp; Parbury, Allen, and Co., London, Pls. 1 - 102." type="book chapter" year="1835">
Gray, 
<quantity id="293C9B782A562B702E127509FCCD220B" box="[822,878,1588,1612]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6609" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="1835.0">1835</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing fewer ventral scales (240–254 vs. 303–320), more subcaudal scales (45–53 vs. 21–23), a unicolored dorsal pattern (vs. large and paired paravertebral spots and 5–7 well-defined stripes), and a venter with no bands (vs. numerous regularly spaced wide bands).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A562B702DED75A0FF572379" blockId="4.[151,1436,1241,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
From the long-glanded coralsnakes 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702F4A75A1FC5022F3" authority="Boie, 1827" authorityName="Boie" authorityYear="1827" box="[622,1011,1692,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bivirgata">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702F4A75A1FCF722F3" box="[622,852,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Calliophis bivirgata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B702E4C75A1FC4922F3" author="Boie" box="[872,1002,1692,1716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Boie, F. (1827) Bemerkungen uber Merrem's Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Marburg. 1820. Erste Lieferung: Ophidier. Isis von Oken, 20 (10), col. 508 - 566." type="journal article" year="1827">Boie, 1827</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B70291775A0FA3422F3" authority="Laurenti 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1075,1431,1692,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intestinalis">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B70291775A0FB7722F3" box="[1075,1236,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">C. intestinalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B7029C375A1FA3322F3" author="Laurenti" box="[1255,1424,1692,1716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum. Vienna, Joan. Thomae, 214 pp, Pls. I - V." type="book" year="1768">Laurenti 1768</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, previously in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702C877582FDA82291" box="[419,523,1727,1750]" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Maticora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702C877582FDA82291" box="[419,523,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Maticora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B702F637583FC992291" author="Slowinski" box="[583,826,1726,1751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Slowinski, J. B., Boundy, J. &amp; Lawson, R. (2001) The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica, 57 (2), 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2001">
Slowinski 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702F9A75FDFD532291" box="[702,752,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
), the new species differs in having a venom gland that is confined to the temporal region (vs. extending behind the head), a Harderian gland with a moderately developed posterior extension (vs. enlarged posterior extension, larger than the eyeball), and a unicolored dorsum (vs. striped).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A562B702DED7477FCDB23AB" blockId="4.[151,1436,1241,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
From species in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702CD67477FD2A2326" box="[498,649,1866,1889]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702CD67477FD2A2326" box="[498,649,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Sinomicrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702FE37477FC842326" box="[711,807,1865,1889]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatori">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702FE37477FC842326" box="[711,807,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. hatori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702E127477FC1C2326" box="[822,959,1866,1889]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702E127477FC1C2326" box="[822,959,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702EE87477FB7F2326" authority="Pope, 1928" authorityName="Pope" authorityYear="1928" box="[972,1244,1865,1889]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kelloggi">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702EE87477FBE02326" box="[972,1091,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. kelloggi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B7029757474FB772326" author="Pope" box="[1105,1236,1865,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Pope, C. H. (1928) Seven new reptiles from Fukien Province, China. American Museum Novitates, 320, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1928">Pope, 1928</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B7029CC7477FA3F2326" box="[1256,1436,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B7029CC7477FA3B2326" box="[1256,1432,1865,1889]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macclellandi">S. macclellandi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702DE37450FD2A23C3" authority="Slowinski et al. 2001" authorityName="Slowinski et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[199,649,1900,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauteri">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702DE37450FE9123C3" box="[199,306,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. sauteri</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702C607450FE2123C3" box="[324,386,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A562B702CAF7451FD2223C3" author="Slowinski" box="[395,641,1900,1924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Slowinski, J. B., Boundy, J. &amp; Lawson, R. (2001) The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) based on morphological and molecular characters. Herpetologica, 57 (2), 233 - 245." type="journal article" year="2001">
Slowinski 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702F277450FD9E23C3" box="[515,573,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the new taxon differs in possessing no protuberant sclerified tail tip, and a Harderian gland with a moderately developed posterior extension (vs. no extension). It can further be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702C54748FFE73238E" box="[368,464,1969,1993]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatori">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702C54748FFE73238E" box="[368,464,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. hatori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702CFA748FFDC4238E" box="[478,615,1970,1993]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702CFA748FFDC4238E" box="[478,615,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B702F87748FFCAE238E" box="[675,781,1970,1993]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauteri">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B702F87748FFCAE238E" box="[675,781,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. sauteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having no pattern of stripes, and from 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B7029FF748FFAF2238E" box="[1243,1361,1969,1993]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kelloggi">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B7029FF748FFAF2238E" box="[1243,1361,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. kelloggi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A562B7028A3748FFE8B23AB" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Sinomicrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macclellandi">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A562B7028A3748FFE8B23AB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">S. macclellandi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having no white band anterior to the nuchal band.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="BABB66152A572B712DB3744EFECA23A2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211538/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[374,1209,193,1867]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A572B712DB3744EFECA23A2" blockId="5.[151,1436,1907,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B712DB3744EFEB023CE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1907,1930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Comparison of left lateral aspects of heads of species of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A572B712E457449FC6823CD" box="[865,971,1908,1930]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B712E457449FC6823CD" box="[865,971,1908,1930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Calliophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from India. A. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A572B71294F7449FB4F23CD" box="[1131,1260,1908,1930]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B71294F7449FB4F23CD" box="[1131,1260,1908,1930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">C. beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, subadult female holotype, BMNH 1946.1.17.99. B. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A572B712CD874AEFDC723EF" box="[508,612,1938,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibroni">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B712CD874AEFDC723EF" box="[508,612,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">C. bibroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, subadult male, BMNH 1946.1.17.93 (
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A572B712ECB74AEFBCD23EF" box="[1007,1134,1939,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerasinus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B712ECB74AEFBCD23EF" box="[1007,1134,1939,1960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">C. cerasinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype). C. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A572B7129DB74AEFAFE23EF" box="[1279,1373,1939,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B7129DB74AEFAFE23EF" box="[1279,1373,1939,1960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. D. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A572B712F28748FFD3D2380" box="[524,670,1969,1991]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanurus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B712F28748FFD3D2380" box="[524,670,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">C. melanurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult female, BMNH 74.4.29.45. E. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A572B712972748FFB4A2380" box="[1110,1257,1970,1991]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A572B712972748FFB4A2380" box="[1110,1257,1970,1991]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, subadult male, BMNH.74.4.29.239.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="A6DE65162A542B722DED73A5FD752523" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A542B722DED73A5FB7D2578" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A542B722DED73A5FEF324E8" bold="true" box="[201,336,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Etymology.</emphasis>
It is a pleasure for us to name this beautiful coralsnake after Todd A. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A542B7229BE73AAFB4A24E8" box="[1178,1257,151,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">Castoe</taxonomicName>
, a talented and prolific scientist, and a partner in the study of coralsnake and pitviper systematics. The first author has worked on venomous snakes with him and shared “coralsnake trips” to 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A542B722E1173E2FC0524B0" box="[821,934,223,247]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A542B722E9573E2FBA424B0" box="[945,1031,223,247]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">México</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A542B72291873E2FBDA24B0" box="[1084,1145,223,247]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">India</collectingCountry>
. During a trip to 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A542B72281073E2FAD224B0" box="[1332,1393,223,247]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">India</collectingCountry>
, we first examined and realized the uniqueness of the species herein described. Because the Latin word 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A542B7228227238FAEF255B" box="[1286,1356,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">castus</emphasis>
means pure, the specific epithet is also reminiscent of the unmarked dorsum characteristic of the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A542B722DED7276FD752523" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" box="[201,726,331,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A542B722DED7276FE522524" bold="true" box="[201,497,331,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Suggested English name.</emphasis>
Castoe’s coralsnake
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A6DE65162A542B782DED7252FE6C2770" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="description">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A542B722DED7252FC5A2177" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A542B722DED7252FD3525C0" bold="true" box="[201,662,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
Description of 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A542B722C58724DFE4025CF" box="[380,483,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and variation.
</emphasis>
Features of the adult male 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A542B722EF77252FB9625C0" box="[979,1077,367,391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are followed in parentheses by variation of the adult male and subadult female 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A542B722F9572A8FC8325EA" box="[689,800,405,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. Total length 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B722E9D72A9FBB525EB" box="[953,1046,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.36" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="536.0">536 mm</quantity>
(540, 313); tail length 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B72283E72A9FACA25EB" box="[1306,1385,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
(67, 38); head length 8.0 mm (10.0, 6.5) from anterior edge of rostral to posterior end of mandible; head width 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B722862728AFA3F2588" box="[1350,1436,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
(5.6, 3.7) at broadest point; head slightly distinct from neck; snout 
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(3.4, 2.3) from front of rostral to anterior edge of eye; eye 0.2 (0.2, 0.2) times length of snout; pupil round; rostral 1.3 (1.4, 1.2) times wider than high; internasals 1.1 (1.1, 1.4) times wider than long, contacting only the nasals laterally; length of internasal suture 1.1 times diameter of eye (1.3, 0.9); prefrontals slightly wider than long (as wide as long, slightly wider than long), in contact laterally with nasal, third supralabial, preocular, and supraocular; prefrontal suture 1.8 (2.0, 1.5) times diameter of eye; frontal 1.6 (1.5, 1.4) times longer than wide; supraoculars 1.6 (1.4, 1.6) times longer than wide; parietals 2.1 (2.1, 2.3) times longer than wide; parietal suture 0.6 (0.7, 0.6) times length of parietals, 0.9 (1.1, 1.1) times longer than frontal; 1+0 temporals and one posttemporal, shields touching parietal laterally, large and elongated; temporal 2.3 (2.1, 2.5) times longer than wide; single preocular, 1.0 (1.4, 1.2) times longer than wide, lanceolate (rhomboidal), with apex rostrally, located mostly above line between center of eye and posterior border of naris; two postoculars, of about the same size, upper and lower, reaching beyond upper (or just reaching) and lower borders of eye, respectively; no loreal, preocular and nasal not in contact, prefrontal touching third supralabial; 7/7 (8/7 [higher count due to what appears to be a scale split due to injury], 7/7) supralabials, seventh largest and longest, first in contact with anterior nasal, second in contact with both nasal plates; third in contact with posterior nasal, prefrontal, preocular, and fraction of orbit; fourth below orbit and contacting lower postocular, fifth in contact with lower postocular and temporal, sixth in contact with temporal, and seventh in contact with temporal and posttemporal; mental 1.5 (1.4, 1.2) times as broad as long; anterior chin-shields 2.0 (2.1, 1.8) times longer than wide; posterior chin-shields 2.0 (2.6, 2.6) times longer than wide; 6/6 infralabials, first pair in contact behind mental, second small, second and third touching anterior chin-shields, fourth largest and contacting anterior and posterior chin-shields and first sublabial, fifth and sixth contacting sublabials; first sublabial touching chinshields (or not, in adult 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A542B722C867791FDA42083" box="[418,519,1196,1220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
); 2 (2, 2) gulars and 1 (1, 2) preventrals at midline between posterior chin-shields and first ventral; with few tubercles on head scales, concentrated anteriorly; dorsals in 13 rows, smooth, unreduced; apical pits absent; ventrals 240 (254, 254); anal divided; preanal single; subcaudals 53 (45, 46), paired; tail complete, tip round; no anal ridges or tubercles; no umbilical scar noticeable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A542B722DED7601FC0221A3" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
Dentition of 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A542B722C7E7600FE192112" box="[346,442,1341,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
BNHS 2191 examined in detail: maxillae bearing one fang 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B7229407601FB182113" box="[1124,1211,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
long, arising below supralabials 2 and 3, slanted backward; four posterior maxillary teeth on each side, first at about one fang length behind fang and largest, caudally smaller, slanted backward, below supralabials 3–5; 9/9 palatine teeth; 2/2 pterygoid teeth; 10/10 dentary teeth, decreasing in size from front to rear. 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A542B7229367695FBD92187" box="[1042,1146,1448,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
also with four posterior maxillary teeth on right side, other teeth bearing bones not examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A542B722DED76CDFD14239B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
Head glands examined on right side of 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A542B722FAE76CDFD4F224F" box="[650,748,1520,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
by reflecting head skin (UTADC 6733–34, 
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A542B7229C776CDFA8A224F" box="[1251,1321,1520,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,648,671]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,627]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,193,627]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Right-lateral aspect of head of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing head glands and associated structures after skin reflection: rostral gland (r); salivary gland (s); nasal gland (n); Harderian gland (h); venom gland (v); venom duct (d); infralabial gland, with two areas differentiated, anterior (ai) and posterior (pi); m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis (AES)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211541/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
): granular gland situated under rostral shield; salivary gland developed under supralabials 1–3; nasal gland occupying area below prefrontal shields (prefrontal shields, posterior nasal, and preocular), 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B7229037505FB312217" box="[1063,1170,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.18">1.18 mm</quantity>
wide, 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B7229CF7505FAF62217" box="[1259,1365,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.93" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.93">1.93 mm</quantity>
long, rhomboid; Harderian gland under anterolateral portion of parietal (and posterior of supraocular, upper postocular, and anterior area of temporal), 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B722CDA75BDFDC722DF" box="[510,612,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.41">1.41 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B722F8A75BDFCB722DF" box="[686,788,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.80 mm</quantity>
wide, triangular, apex caudal, with a moderate posterior extension; venom gland triangular (rounded anteriorly and posteriorly), corners at middle of border between fourth and fifth supralabial, middle and back of sixth supralabial, and middle of temporal at level of middle of eye, 
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wide, 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B722C3475D1FED62343" box="[272,373,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.70 mm</quantity>
long, not inflected ventrally and confined to head; venom duct 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B72296D75D1FB0D2343" box="[1097,1198,1772,1796]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.73" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="2.73">2.73 mm</quantity>
in length; infralabial gland bordering mouth under lateral tips of mental to middle of fifth infralabial, with two areas differentiated, one anterior and longer, and one posterior under the fourth and fifth infralabials; the anterior infralabial area is 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B72281E7409FA38230B" box="[1338,1435,1844,1868]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.11" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="3.11">3.11 mm</quantity>
in length, overlapping with the posterior infralabial area of 
<quantity id="293C9B782A542B722E727465FC1D2337" box="[854,958,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.59" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.59">1.59 mm</quantity>
in length; salivary, nasal, Harderian and infralabial glands yellowish and of irregular texture (granular), venom gland whitish and smooth; 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A542B7228357440FDB023FF" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis</emphasis>
(AES) forming a continuous loop, from upper parietal surface above and behind Harderian gland to insertion on compound bone.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BABB66152A552B732DB377D3FDAD2106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211539/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[402,1246,200,1219]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A552B732DB377D3FDAD2106" blockId="7.[151,1436,1262,1345]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A552B732DB377D3FEB52144" bold="true" box="[151,278,1262,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Dorsal (top), right-lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) aspects of the head of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A552B73294E77D3FABD2143" box="[1130,1310,1262,1284]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A552B73294E77D3FABD2143" box="[1130,1310,1262,1284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing distinct color pattern of long and medially broken nuchal band, bicolored lateral body pattern, and immaculate chin and throat area.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BABB66152A552B732DB3741BFCB1233D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211540/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[362,1258,1453,1803]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A552B732DB3741BFCB1233D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1830,1914]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A552B732DB3741BFEB1237B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1830,1853]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Left-lateral aspect of head of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A552B732F60741AFD56237A" box="[580,757,1831,1853]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A552B732F60741AFD56237A" box="[580,757,1831,1853]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult male paratype, from Karwar, Karnataka, India, elevation ca. 15 m, BNHS 2191, showing contact between prefrontal and second supralabial, anterior preocular and small supralabial 7. Maxillary fang is visible, arising between supralabials 2 and 3.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BABB66152A5A2B7C2DB371B5FE1D26BC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211541/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[340,1247,193,627]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5A2B7C2DB371B5FE1D26BC" blockId="8.[151,1437,648,763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2DB371B5FEB626D9" bold="true" box="[151,277,648,671]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Right-lateral aspect of head of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5A2B7C2F4171B5FCBA26D8" box="[613,793,648,671]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2F4171B5FCBA26D8" box="[613,793,648,671]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing head glands and associated structures after skin reflection: rostral gland (r); salivary gland (s); nasal gland (n); Harderian gland (h); venom gland (v); venom duct (d); infralabial gland, with two areas differentiated, anterior (ai) and posterior (pi); 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C298471FAFED326BD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis</emphasis>
(AES).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5A2B7C2DED701AFC7F2788" blockId="8.[151,1436,807,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
Left hemipenis of 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5A2B7C2C8E701AFDAF2778" box="[426,524,807,831]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
exposed 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2FA67015FD6E2778" box="[642,717,808,831]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">in situ</emphasis>
, slightly bifurcated, spinous, reaching level of subcaudal 6; hemipenis and associated muscles (
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2F017071FCEF2724" box="[549,844,844,867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">m. retractor penis magnus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2E7F7071FC4A2724" box="[859,1001,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">m. propulsor</emphasis>
, and subvertebral and medial hypaxial musculature) and 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2C54704DFD0527C0" box="[368,678,879,903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">m. constrictor sacculi ani</emphasis>
not covered by melanic 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2EC7704DFBF927C0" box="[995,1114,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">epymisium</emphasis>
; spines numerous, present throughout the length of the organ, from base (level of subcaudal 1) to tip, spines slightly larger at level of third and fourth subcaudal; cloacal scent glands oval, ending at level of subcaudal 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5A2B7C2DED70E6FE4020A8" blockId="8.[151,1436,807,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
Right hemipenis of 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5A2B7C2C9570E6FDB527B4" box="[433,534,987,1011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, removed, fully everted and partially expanded (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A5A2B7C296870E6FB3727B4" box="[1100,1172,987,1011]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1827,1850]" captionTargetBox="[341,1244,413,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[340,1247,409,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right hemipenis of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views showing spinulated body from base to tips and sulcus spermaticus dividing towards lobes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211542/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
, UTADC 6733–34), is bilobed, about 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C2C1B70C2FE362050" box="[319,405,1023,1047]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
in length, and 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C2F1A70C2FD372050" box="[574,660,1023,1047]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
in width, at apices. The organ includes a pedicel with tiny spines for the first 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C2DD3771EFECD207C" box="[247,366,1059,1083]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
. Between 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C2CC1771EFD9F207C" box="[485,572,1059,1083]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
and the tips of the lobes there are spines all around the hemipenis. At midhemipenis there are 17 spines around the organ. Spines diminish in size distally, from about 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C29BB777AFB572018" box="[1183,1268,1095,1119]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
at about 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C287F777AFA3F2018" box="[1371,1436,1095,1119]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
from the base to about 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C2CB97756FE5720C4" box="[413,500,1131,1155]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
near the tips. The hemipenis bifurcates 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C2E9E7756FBB220C4" box="[954,1041,1131,1155]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
before the terminus and the 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C28727756FEBD20E0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">sulcus spermaticus</emphasis>
bifurcates approximately 
<quantity id="293C9B782A5A2B7C2F6077B2FD3920E0" box="[580,666,1167,1191]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
before the hemipenial furcation. The 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C296777B2FAB420E0" box="[1091,1303,1167,1191]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">sulcus spermaticus</emphasis>
is bordered at the base (sinistrally) by a flap-like fold, is centripetal, and terminates distally on each lobe. There are no grooves, flounces, papillae, or calyces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5A2B7C2DED77C6FBEF2138" blockId="8.[151,1436,807,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
Hemipenes of male 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5A2B7C2C8F77C1FDA82153" box="[427,523,1276,1300]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
BNHS 2191exposed 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2E2477C1FCE62154" box="[768,837,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">in situ</emphasis>
and dissected, differ from those of 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5A2B7C29F377C6FA9A2154" box="[1239,1337,1275,1299]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in being relatively larger, reaching level of subcaudal 7 and also bifurcating at this level; also without any melanic 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2DB37679FEAC211C" box="[151,271,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">epymisium</emphasis>
; level of insertion of 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2F297679FC98211C" box="[525,827,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">m. retractor penis magnus</emphasis>
not examined; spines also numerous, throughout the length of the organ; cloacal scent glands slender and dessicated, difficult to examine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5A2B7C2DED76B6FB4E2314" blockId="8.[151,1436,807,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5A2B7C2DED76B6FE3C21E4" bold="true" box="[201,415,1419,1444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
Color (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A5A2B7C2C0476B6FE3321E3" box="[288,400,1419,1444]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1143,1166]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1907,1930]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1262,1285]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,250,1830,1853]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,807,1816]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,193,1107]" captionTargetBox-2="[374,1209,193,1867]" captionTargetBox-3="[402,1246,200,1219]" captionTargetBox-4="[362,1258,1453,1803]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,807,1816]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1124]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[364,1210,193,1868]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[340,1247,193,1241]" captionTargetId-4="figure@7.[359,1259,1448,1803]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Calliophis castoe, dorsum of live adult male specimen (not collected) from Dicholi, Goa, India, elevation ca. 10 m. Photo by H. Ogale (UTADC- 6738)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Calliophis castoe, venter of subadult female paratype (BNHS 3474), 313 mm TL, from Ambe Ghat, South Goa district, Goa, India, elevation 295 m. Photo by V. Giri (UTADC- 6832)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Comparison of left lateral aspects of heads of species of Calliophis from India. A. C. beddomei, subadult female holotype, BMNH 1946.1. 17.99. B. C. bibroni, subadult male, BMNH 1946.1. 17.93 (C. cerasinus holotype). C. C. castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. D. C. melanurus, adult female, BMNH 74.4. 29.45. E. C. nigrescens, subadult male, BMNH. 74.4.29.239." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Dorsal (top), right-lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) aspects of the head of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing distinct color pattern of long and medially broken nuchal band, bicolored lateral body pattern, and immaculate chin and throat area." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Left-lateral aspect of head of Calliophis castoe, adult male paratype, from Karwar, Karnataka, India, elevation ca. 15 m, BNHS 2191, showing contact between prefrontal and second supralabial, anterior preocular and small supralabial 7. Maxillary fang is visible, arising between supralabials 2 and 3." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211536/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211537/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/211538/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/211539/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/211540/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Figs. 1–5</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5A2B7C2C8E76B6FDB621E4" box="[426,533,1419,1443]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, coloration of recently killed specimen as recorded with a Nikon D90 digital camera, UTADC 6724–31: Dorsum of head and body Dusky Brown (19), turning Burnt Sienna (132) towards sides of body, with no dorsal bands or blotches over body; dark color extending to upper half of scale row 2, on body, and one half scale more in neck area; Dusky Brown (19) color on top of head extends as suborbital and temporal markings, restricted to rostronasal, circumorbital, frontal, and anterior and medial parietal surfaces; small dark markings covering part of lower edge of seventh supralabial, on right side, and upper edge of fourth infralabials; chin and area between supralabials 2 and 3 Pale Horn Color (92); subtemporal surface Chamois (123D) to Yellow Ocher (123C), turning whitish Pale Horn ventrally; head band interrupted by interparietal Dusky Brown (19) coloration, band occupying posterolateral surface of parietal, posttemporal, posterior labials, and first two rows of lower neck scales, Spectrum Orange (17) above, Chamois (123D) to Yellow Ocher (123C) laterally, whitish Pale Horn ventrally; body flanks, first two scale rows, Salmon Color (106) anteriorly to Flame Scarlet (15) posteriorly; no spots on ventral scales; body venter Salmon Color (106), anteriorly, to Flame Scarlet (15), towards anal plate; underside of tail and first row of dorsal scales on tail Burnt Orange (116), slightly darker near vent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5A2B7D2DED7462FEF72523" blockId="8.[151,1436,807,2019]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,356]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
Referred specimen, in life, as recorded with a Nikon D90 digital camera, UTADC 6738–45 (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A5A2B7C29F77462FAB72330" box="[1235,1300,1887,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1840,1863]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,807,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,807,1816]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Calliophis castoe, dorsum of live adult male specimen (not collected) from Dicholi, Goa, India, elevation ca. 10 m. Photo by H. Ogale (UTADC- 6738)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211536/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
): Similar to 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5A2B7C2DB374BEFF5E23DC" box="[151,253,1923,1947]" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; Dorsum of head, neck, and tail Dusky Brown (19) to Warm Sepia (221A); dorsum of body Deep Vinaceous (4), slightly darker and brownish middorsally, with no dorsal bands or blotches; dark color extending to upper half of scale row 2, on body, and one more scale on tail area; Warm Sepia (221A) color on top of head extends as suborbital and temporal markings, restricted to rostronasal, circumorbital, frontal, and anterior and medial parietal surfaces; chin and area between supralabials 2 and 3 pale Flesh Color (5); Dusky Brown (19) interparietal mark not interrupting posterior half of head band; subtemporal and posttemporal surfaces Spectrum Orange (17), turning Vinaceous (3) ventrally; body flanks, first two scale rows, Vinaceous (3) anteriorly to Flame Scarlet (15) posteriorly; no spots on ventral scales; first row of dorsal scales on tail Burnt Orange (110), slightly darker near vent.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BABB66152A5B2B7D2DB3741EFB8A231F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211542/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[341,1244,413,1806]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5B2B7D2DB3741EFB8A231F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1827,1880]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5B2B7D2DB3741EFEB0237E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1827,1850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Right hemipenis of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5B2B7D2CC27419FD3B237D" box="[486,664,1828,1850]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5B2B7D2CC27419FD3B237D" box="[486,664,1828,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views showing spinulated body from base to tips and 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5B2B7D2F51747FFC96231F" box="[629,821,1858,1880]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">sulcus spermaticus</emphasis>
dividing towards lobes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5B2B7E2DED74B8FD3725B3" blockId="9.[151,1436,1925,2021]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,716]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
Subadult female 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5B2B7D2CAE74BBFE4823D9" box="[394,491,1926,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(BNHS 3474) coloration, in life, as recorded with a Nikon D300S digital camera, UTADC 6831–32 (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A5B2B7D2C4A7494FE102386" box="[366,435,1961,1985]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1143,1166]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1107]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1124]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Calliophis castoe, venter of subadult female paratype (BNHS 3474), 313 mm TL, from Ambe Ghat, South Goa district, Goa, India, elevation 295 m. Photo by V. Giri (UTADC- 6832)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211537/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
): Dorsum of head and body Burnt Sienna (132), turning Raw Umber (223) towards sides of body, with no dorsal bands or blotches over body; dark color extending to upper half of scale row 2, on body, and one half scale more in neck area; Burnt Sienna (132) color on top of head extends as suborbital and temporal markings, restricted to rostronasal, circumorbital, frontal, and anterior and medial parietal surfaces; small dark markings covering part of upper edge of third and fourth infralabials, on right side; underside of head Pink (7); subtemporal and middle of third infralabial surface Chamois (123D), turning Pale Horn ventrally; head band interrupted partially by interparietal Burnt Sienna (132) coloration, band occupying posterolateral surface of parietal, posterior surface of temporal, posttemporal, posterior labials, and first two rows of lower neck scales, Chamois (123D) above, Pale Horn ventrally; body flanks, first two scale rows, Warm Buff (118) to Vinaceous (3), towards venter; no spots on ventral scales; body venter Vinaceous (3) anteriorly, Deep Vinaceous (4) at midbody, Salmon Color (106) at posterior third of body, to Spectrum Orange (17), before anal plate; anal plate Pale Horn Color (92); tail venter Spectrum Orange (17).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A582B7E2DED72C2FD712618" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A582B7E2DED72C2FE922650" box="[201,305,511,535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
in preservative (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A582B7E2CCB72C2FDFE2650" box="[495,605,511,535]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1907,1930]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1262,1285]" captionTargetBox-0="[374,1209,193,1867]" captionTargetBox-1="[402,1246,200,1219]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[364,1210,193,1868]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[340,1247,193,1241]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Comparison of left lateral aspects of heads of species of Calliophis from India. A. C. beddomei, subadult female holotype, BMNH 1946.1. 17.99. B. C. bibroni, subadult male, BMNH 1946.1. 17.93 (C. cerasinus holotype). C. C. castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461. D. C. melanurus, adult female, BMNH 74.4. 29.45. E. C. nigrescens, subadult male, BMNH. 74.4.29.239." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Dorsal (top), right-lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) aspects of the head of Calliophis castoe, adult male holotype, BNHS 3461, showing distinct color pattern of long and medially broken nuchal band, bicolored lateral body pattern, and immaculate chin and throat area." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211538/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211539/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">Figs. 3–4</figureCitation>
): Dorsum Sepia (119), with Pale Horn Color (92) markings on head; chin Pearl Gray (81); body venter Beige (219D) anteriorly, turning Vinaceous Pink (221C) posteriorly; underside of tail Vinaceous Pink (221C), anal plates slightly lighter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A582B7E2DED7151FCA6268B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
Male 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A582B7E2C2E7150FECE26C2" box="[266,365,621,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, after more than 100 years in preservative (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A582B7E2E707151FC3A26C3" box="[852,921,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1830,1853]" captionTargetBox="[362,1258,1453,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[359,1259,1448,1803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Left-lateral aspect of head of Calliophis castoe, adult male paratype, from Karwar, Karnataka, India, elevation ca. 15 m, BNHS 2191, showing contact between prefrontal and second supralabial, anterior preocular and small supralabial 7. Maxillary fang is visible, arising between supralabials 2 and 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211540/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
): Dorsum Antique Brown (37), darker above, with Pale Horn Color (92) markings on head; chin Pearl Gray (81); body venter Drab-Gray (119D) anteriorly, turning Pale Horn Color (92) posteriorly and under tail.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BABB66152A582B7E2DB3748DFD622381" box="[151,705,1968,1991]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211543/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[151,1435,769,1946]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A582B7E2DB3748DFD622381" blockId="10.[151,705,1968,1991]" box="[151,705,1968,1991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A582B7E2DB3748DFEB12382" bold="true" box="[151,274,1968,1991]" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A582B7E2C91748DFDC52381" box="[437,614,1968,1990]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A582B7E2C91748DFDC52381" box="[437,614,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in India.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BABB66152A592B7F2DB3770DFBDC2022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/211544/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1050]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A592B7F2DB3770DFBDC2022" blockId="11.[151,1437,1072,1125]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2DB3770DFEB72002" bold="true" box="[151,276,1072,1095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Type locality of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2CE3770DFCFA2001" authority="Amboli, Sindhudurg" authorityName="Amboli, Sindhudurg" box="[455,857,1072,1094]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2CE3770DFDDC2001" box="[455,639,1072,1094]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Calliophis castoe,</emphasis>
Amboli, Sindhudurg
</taxonomicName>
district, Maharashtra, India, elevation ca. 750 m, 1 July 2005. Image shows leaf litter and moss covered tree trunks. Photo by E. N. Smith (UTADC-6735).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A592B7F2DED77B1FC812287" blockId="11.[151,1437,1164,2016]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2DED77B1FCE720E3" bold="true" box="[201,836,1164,1189]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
Habitat, distribution and natural history (
<figureCitation id="76FF2A182A592B7F2F9977B1FC9520E2" box="[701,822,1164,1189]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStart-3="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1968,1991]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1072,1095]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1793,1816]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,250,1093,1116]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,769,1946]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,193,1050]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,892,1748]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,193,1072]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[151,1436,769,1947]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1051]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[151,1436,892,1749]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1072]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Distribution of Calliophis castoe in India." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Type locality of Calliophis castoe, Amboli, Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra, India, elevation ca. 750 m, 1 July 2005. Image shows leaf litter and moss covered tree trunks. Photo by E. N. Smith (UTADC- 6735)." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Type locality of Calliophis castoe, Amboli, Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra, India, elevation ca. 750 m, 2 July 2005. Image of a herpetological field party searching for snakes along a forest road, during monsoon season. Photo by E. N. Smith (UTADC- 6736)." captionText-3="FIGURE 11. Photographs taken near one of the known localites for Calliophis castoe, in the town of Karwar, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India, 9 – 10 July 2005. A. Mountains flanking Karwar to the southeast, near road to Shirwad. B. Southeastern valley of Karwar, 10 m, photo taken from hill above town. C – D. Forest near National Highway 63, between Ramanguli and Idgundi, elevation ca. 250 m, 14.863686 ° N, 74.654489 ° E. Photos by E. N. Smith (UTADC- 6746 – 49)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/211543/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/211544/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/211545/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/211546/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Figs. 8–11</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
The four known localities for 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F29BD77B1FAFF20E3" box="[1177,1372,1164,1188]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F29BD77B1FAFF20E3" box="[1177,1372,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lie in three different states along the Malabar Coast and adjacent Western Ghats of 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A592B7F2964778DFBDE208F" box="[1088,1149,1200,1224]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">India</collectingCountry>
, in Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The altitudinal range for 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2F6177E8FD0E20AB" box="[581,685,1237,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2F6177E8FD0E20AB" box="[581,685,1237,1260]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is from near sea level (ca. 
<quantity id="293C9B782A592B7F2EF377E9FB9920AB" box="[983,1082,1236,1260]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
) in Goa and Karnataka to about 
<quantity id="293C9B782A592B7F2DB377C5FF412157" box="[151,226,1272,1296]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="715.0">715 m</quantity>
in southern Maharashtra. The mean annual precipitation near the lowland localities has been recorded between 2900 and 
<quantity id="293C9B782A592B7F2C487621FE792173" box="[364,474,1308,1332]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="3500.0">3500 mm</quantity>
, and at the 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A592B7F2F787620FD2F2172" box="[604,652,1309,1333]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
locality of Amboli it is known to reach 
<quantity id="293C9B782A592B7F29717621FB632173" box="[1109,1216,1308,1332]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.445" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="7445.0">7445 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A592B7F29EB7621FF70211F" author="Yadav" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" refString="Yadav, S. R. &amp; Sardesai, M. M. 2002. Flora of Kolhapur District. Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India." type="book" year="2002">Yadav &amp; Sardesai 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A592B7F2DC5767CFEF3211F" author="Jog" box="[225,336,1344,1369]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" refString="Jog, S. K. (2009) Sahyadris - flora and ethnobotany. Report, William L. Brown Fellowship 2007 - 2008. Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, 34 pp." type="book chapter" year="2009">Jog 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The region experiences precipitation between 215 and 265 days per year (
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A592B7F29EC767DFF70213B" author="Champion" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" refString="Champion, H. G. &amp; Seth, S. K. (1968) A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India Press, New Delhi, 404 pp." type="book" year="1968">Champion &amp; Seth 1968</bibRefCitation>
), with most rain (about 80%) falling between June and August (
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A592B7F2EF67659FBAE213B" box="[978,1037,1380,1404]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">India</collectingCountry>
Meteorologial Department 2010). According to the forest 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A592B7F2C8276B4FE7521E6" box="[422,470,1417,1441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
classifications by 
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A592B7F2F8E76B5FCD121E7" author="Champion" box="[682,882,1416,1440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" refString="Champion, H. G. (1936) A preliminary survey of the forest types of India and Burma. Indian Forest Record (New Series), 1, 1 - 286." type="journal article" year="1936">Champion (1936)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="8A554B6C2A592B7F2E8F76B5FB7E21E7" author="Champion" box="[939,1245,1416,1440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" refString="Champion, H. G. &amp; Seth, S. K. (1968) A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India Press, New Delhi, 404 pp." type="book" year="1968">Champion and Seth (1968)</bibRefCitation>
the two lowland sites are within Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forest and the upland locality within Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest. Presently the Amboli and Karwar localities support dense forests and/or secondary growth, but the Goa locality of the referred specimen lies in the periphery of the heavily populated town of Dicholi and is only covered by subsistence crops dominated by coconut groves. The referred specimen from Goa was found at the house of Amrut S. Singh, a local from the Animal Rescue Squad of Dicholi, who reported to us that this distinctive species is very common in the area. The 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A592B7F2C92755DFDBB223F" box="[438,536,1632,1656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was found freshly killed on a road, at 1815 h. The small female 
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A592B7F29C9755CFAEE223E" box="[1261,1357,1633,1657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
comes from Ambe Ghat, Goa, a locality near the south border of the state. This specimen was found at a distance of less than 
<quantity id="293C9B782A592B7F2DEA7595FF5A2287" box="[206,249,1704,1728]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
from a specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2CC47594FDD42287" box="[480,631,1705,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2CC47594FDD42287" box="[480,631,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BNHS 3475).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A592B782DED75F1FEA925EB" blockId="11.[151,1437,1164,2016]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,823]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2DED75F1FED122A3" bold="true" box="[201,370,1740,1765]" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Relationships.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2C5C75F1FD9F22A3" box="[376,572,1740,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2C5C75F1FD9F22A3" box="[376,572,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably closely related to highland 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2ED775F1FBCB22A3" box="[1011,1128,1740,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2ED775F1FBCB22A3" box="[1011,1128,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Calliophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with longitudinal stripes or stripes and spots that also inhabit wet forests in peninsular 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A592B7F2E1975CDFCDA234F" box="[829,889,1776,1800]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">India</collectingCountry>
, namely, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2EC275CCFB23234F" box="[998,1152,1777,1800]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2EC275CCFB23234F" box="[998,1152,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F299E75CCFAEA234F" box="[1210,1353,1776,1800]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F299E75CCFAEA234F" box="[1210,1353,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These species share a small and spinous hemipenis with only slight terminal bilobation, short 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F29AD7429FB6C236B" box="[1161,1231,1812,1836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">sulcus</emphasis>
furcation, and no associated basal pocket. Some 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2CD37404FD242317" box="[503,647,1848,1872]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2CD37404FD242317" box="[503,647,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens share with 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2EAF7404FC562317" box="[907,1013,1849,1872]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2EAF7404FC562317" box="[907,1013,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a contact between the prefrontal and third supralabial, but 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2CAE7460FE572333" box="[394,500,1885,1908]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2CAE7460FE572333" box="[394,500,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an unpatterned body, no dark pigmentation on the last supralabial, and a wide post-temporal light band. 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F2C9A74BDFD0A23DF" box="[446,681,1920,1944]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F2C9A74BDFD0A23DF" box="[446,681,1920,1944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Calliophis beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a pattern of dorsal spots adjacent to a middorsal stripe, never being dorsally unicolored, and has lower ventral (Males 228–242 vs. 240–254; Females 216–222 vs. 254) and subcaudal (Males 41–46 vs. 45–53; Females 34 vs. 46) scale counts. When compared to 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F29AE74F4FB5723A7" box="[1162,1268,1993,2016]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F29AE74F4FB5723A7" box="[1162,1268,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A592B7F282774F4FA3F23A7" box="[1283,1436,1993,2016]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A592B7F282774F4FA3F23A7" box="[1283,1436,1993,2016]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a pattern of stripes or stripes and spots along the body (no patterns in 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782EC173A5FBEC24F7" box="[997,1103,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782EC173A5FBEC24F7" box="[997,1103,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and lower subcaudal counts (Males 33–48 vs. 45–53; Females 29–39 vs. 46). In life, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782E897380FBE62493" box="[941,1093,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782E897380FBE62493" box="[941,1093,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we have seen, have bright-red or coral-red subcaudal scales with white borders. These white borders are more prominent at the midline suture, forming a zigzag midventral white stripe. The underside of the tail of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782E827238FBAC255B" box="[934,1039,261,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782E827238FBAC255B" box="[934,1039,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uniformly orange, with no white borders. As mentioned above, 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782CCB7215FD102507" box="[495,691,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782CCB7215FD102507" box="[495,691,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">Calliophis castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has more maxillary teeth behind the fang and less pterygoid teeth than either 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782C337270FE062523" box="[279,421,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782C337270FE062523" box="[279,421,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782CE97270FDC52523" box="[461,614,333,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782CE97270FDC52523" box="[461,614,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hemipenial morphology clearly relates the new species to 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B7828297270FA3F2523" box="[1293,1436,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomei">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B7828297270FA3F2523" box="[1293,1436,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. beddomei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782DE2724DFEFE25CF" box="[198,349,368,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782DE2724DFEFE25CF" box="[198,349,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but no exclusive sister relationship between any two of these species is clear from the characters presented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE7B369D2A5E2B782DED728AFE6C2770" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,823]" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">
Comparison of the DNA sequences obtained for one specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782E937285FB822597" box="[951,1057,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782E937285FB822597" box="[951,1057,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="317F883F2A5E2B782914728AFB372588" box="[1072,1172,439,463]" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
BNHS 3474, Genbank accession number 
<accessionNumber id="F197AB7E2A5E2B782C4D72E1FE7D25B3" box="[361,478,476,500]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JQ282155" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">JQ282155</accessionNumber>
) and the specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782FF872E0FCD625B3" box="[732,885,477,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782FF872E0FCD625B3" box="[732,885,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782EA272E1FBF025B3" box="[902,1107,476,500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="variety" variety="khandallensis">
var. 
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782E9D72E1FBF025B3" box="[953,1107,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">khandallensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) found in close proximity to the first (BNHS 3475, Genbank accession number 
<accessionNumber id="F197AB7E2A5E2B782FF972C2FCF02650" box="[733,851,511,535]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JQ282156" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">JQ282156</accessionNumber>
) shows high genetic differentiation, supporting our new species description. The sequences were 12% different, having 705 bp of identical sequence on an 807 bp alignment. The ND4 protein-coding segment (666 bp) showed no indels between the two taxa, and differed in 14 non-synonymous and 76 synonymous substitutions. The 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782E377150FC0926C3" box="[787,938,621,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782E377150FC0926C3" box="[787,938,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sequence had five deletions and seven other changes in its tRNA coding segment, as compared to that of 
<taxonomicName id="29C44D1E2A5E2B782E6671ADFC0926EF" box="[834,938,656,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Calliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castoe">
<emphasis id="DCB0EA8F2A5E2B782E6671ADFC0926EF" box="[834,938,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">C. castoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. One deletion is in the D-loop of the tRNA- His and four occur in the Acceptor-stem (two 1-bp deletions) and contiguous D-Arm (2 bp, probable adjacent 2-bp deletion) of the tRNA-Ser(AGY). The striped coralsnakes of peninsular 
<collectingCountry id="96D3760D2A5E2B782EE571EAFC5926A8" box="[961,1018,727,751]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">India</collectingCountry>
exhibit remarkable variation in color pattern and lepidosis, deserving a more thorough analysis comparing morphology and molecules when more material becomes available.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>