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<mods:title id="6F86EC05530F86ADF48DA9FD637B2074">Taxonomy of Placospongia Gray, 1867 from Northern and Northeastern Brazil, with description of two new species (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionaida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="79D244A897720C2E3F67873EC442F44B">Sandes, Joana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B4CC94BCBD7C82DE0196EB5F07465CF6">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F44E73646B6D7398768C25BB73673C53">Moraes, Fernando</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7188C9ED5151EE99581B276EEE599484">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C95B1B3B9CC2732F3A630A58DB2BB223">Muricy, Guilherme</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6A0616F03507DCD19E01BF744F97A2F7">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955FA96C39FE5B8B94" bold="true" box="[151,430,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Placospongia beatrizae</emphasis>
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Sandes, Moraes &amp; Muricy
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(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE58FF955FA16CE0FF188BCC" box="[159,237,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE58FF955E1D6CE0FE998BCC" box="[291,364,439,465]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionStartId-1="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId-0="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionText-0="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." captionText-1="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">13–14</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE58FF955E496CE0FE018BCC" box="[375,500,439,465]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE58FF955EC16CE0FDF88BCC" box="[511,525,439,465]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 6. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. beatrizae sp. nov. studied here and of previous records (min– mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="22" pageNumber="517">6</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE58FF955D7A6CE0FDA68BCC" box="[580,595,439,465]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="22" pageNumber="517">7</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955FA96CACFF09880F" box="[151,252,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Synonyms</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE58FF955FA96F4DFD02882F" ID-CoL="77NBR" authority="sensu Gonzalez-Farias (1989)" authorityName="sensu Gonzalez-Farias" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,759,538,562]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955FA96F4DFE0F882F" box="[151,506,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Placospongia melobesioides sensu</emphasis>
González-Farías (1989)
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; 
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<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE58FF955C3D6F4DFC0E882F" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[771,1019,538,562]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955C696F4CFC73882F" box="[855,902,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">et al</emphasis>
. 2006: 670
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(
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955B326F4CFBC7882F" box="[1036,1074,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE58FF955B046F4DFF0B884D" ID-CoL="77NBR" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955B046F4DFAA8882F" box="[1082,1373,538,562]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE58FF955A5B6F4DFF0B884D" author="Gray, J. E." pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="127 - 129" refId="ref19879" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="84873502BE58FF955FA96F00FD908872" box="[151,613,599,623]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE58FF955FA96F00FEAC8872" box="[151,345,599,623]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undefined-2">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955FA96F00FED78872" box="[151,290,599,623]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Placospongia</emphasis>
sp. 2
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955E616F0FFE628872" box="[351,407,600,623]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">sensu</emphasis>
van 
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE58FF955EF76F00FD948872" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[457,609,599,623]" page="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE58FF955EF76F00FD948872" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[457,609,599,623]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest 2009: 11</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE58FF955FA96FC9FECC88AA" box="[151,313,669,695]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE58FF955E7E6FCAFEEC88E2" collectingDate="2016-04-21" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Cristiana Castello-Branco &amp; Camille Leal" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.8341" location="Buraco da Raquel" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-32.3977" municipality="Fernando de Noronha Archipelago" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="MNRJ 20307" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pernambuco" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE58FF955E7E6FCAFE5888AA" box="[320,429,669,695]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE58FF955E866FC9FDA688AA" box="[440,595,669,696]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">MNRJ 20307</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE58FF955D606FC9FCDF88AA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE58FF9A5FA96C39FE378D14:A14844F7BE58FF955D606FC9FCDF88AA" box="[606,810,669,696]" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.8341" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-32.3977" municipality="Fernando de Noronha Archipelago" name="Buraco da Raquel" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" stateProvince="Pernambuco">Buraco da Raquel</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE58FF955C086FCAFB4B88AA" box="[822,1214,669,695]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Fernando de Noronha Archipelago</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE58FF955BF46FCAFA6D88AA" box="[1226,1432,669,695]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE58FF955FA96F96FF2E88C6" box="[151,219,705,731]" name="Brazil" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE58FF955E9A6F96FD9388C1" box="[420,614,705,732]" degrees="32" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" precision="1" seconds="51.720" value="-32.3977">32º23’51.720”W</geoCoordinate>
), 0.5–2.0 m depth, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE58FF955CB06F96FB4788C6" box="[910,1202,705,731]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Cristiana Castello-Branco</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE58FF955BE56F96FA8688C6" box="[1243,1395,705,731]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Camille Leal</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE58FF955ABE6F96FEEC88E2" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" value="2016-04-21">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE58FF955ABE6F96FEEC88E2" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" value="2016-04-21">21 April 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE58FF955E186FB1FAAD893E" collectingDate="2016-04-21" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Andre Bispo &amp; Sula Salani" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.8341" location="Buraco da Raquel" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-32.3977" municipality="Fernando de Noronha Archipelago" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="MNRJ 20304" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pernambuco" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE58FF955E186FB1FE79891D" box="[294,396,742,768]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE58FF955EA46FB1FDCD88E2" box="[410,568,741,768]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">MNRJ 20304</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE58FF955D796FB1FCEC88E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE58FF9A5FA96C39FE378D14:A14844F7BE58FF955D796FB1FCEC88E2" box="[583,793,741,768]" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.8341" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-32.3977" municipality="Fernando de Noronha Archipelago" name="Buraco da Raquel" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" stateProvince="Pernambuco">Buraco da Raquel</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE58FF955C196FB2FB4D88E2" box="[807,1208,741,767]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Fernando de Noronha Archipelago</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE58FF955BF96FB2FA6D88E2" box="[1223,1432,741,767]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE58FF955FA96E5EFF2E893E" box="[151,219,777,803]" name="Brazil" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE58FF955FD56E5EFE668939" box="[235,403,777,804]" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" precision="1" seconds="2.760" value="-3.8341">03º50’2.760”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE58FF955EA16E5EFD948939" box="[415,609,777,804]" degrees="32" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" precision="1" seconds="51.720" value="-32.3977">32º23’51.720”W</geoCoordinate>
), 0.5–2.0 m depth, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE58FF955C476E5EFBF2893E" box="[889,1031,777,803]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">André Bispo</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE58FF955B126E5EFB58893E" box="[1068,1197,777,803]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517">Sula Salani</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE58FF955B866E5EFAAD893E" box="[1208,1368,777,803]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" value="2016-04-21">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE58FF955B866E5EFAAD893E" box="[1208,1368,777,803]" pageId="22" pageNumber="517" value="2016-04-21">21 April 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE59FF945FF9687EFA608F7A" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE59FF945FF9687EFA608F7A" blockId="23.[151,1437,1321,1959]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945FF9687EFEB08F5E" box="[199,325,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Etymology.</emphasis>
The name 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE59FF945EF0687EFDC38F5E" authorityName="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2024" box="[462,566,1321,1347]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrizae">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945EF0687EFDC38F5E" box="[462,566,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">beatrizae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is given in honour of Dr. Beatriz Mothes, who discovered this species in Northern 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE59FF945E3D681AFEB28F7A" box="[259,327,1357,1383]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE59FF945E68681AFDDF8F7A" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[342,554,1357,1383]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945E8D6819FE118F7A" box="[435,484,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE59FF945D716819FCFF8F7A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[591,778,1357,1383]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945D716819FCFF8F7A" box="[591,778,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), for her great contribution to sponge taxonomy in 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE59FF945A77681AFA648F7A" box="[1353,1425,1357,1383]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE59FF945FF96825FC848FCE" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE59FF945FF96825FC848FCE" blockId="23.[151,1437,1321,1959]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945FF96825FE108F96" box="[199,485,1393,1419]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
Diagnosis. 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE59FF945E756826FE108F96" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[331,485,1393,1419]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Placospongia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
thinly encrusting, with light brown to reddish brown color. Megascleres are two categories of tylostyles and microscleres are mature selenasters, micro-spheroxyasters, some of which are variable in shape and similar to micro-spirasters and acanthomicrorhabds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE59FF9B5FF96889FB618C94" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" type="description">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE59FF945FF96889FADF8C9A" blockId="23.[151,1437,1321,1959]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945FF96889FEBE8FEA" box="[199,331,1502,1527]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945E67688AFE208FEA" box="[345,469,1501,1527]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13a–b</figureCitation>
). Shape thinly encrusting, with approximately 2.0– 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE59FF945B34688AFBA18FEA" box="[1034,1108,1501,1528]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE59FF945B53688AFB4A8FEA" box="[1133,1215,1501,1527]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
x 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE59FF945BE6688AFAC18FEA" box="[1240,1332,1501,1527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
(length x width x thickness). The surface is smooth, divided into cortical plates of polygonal shape, separated by grooves and ridges with circular openings. The 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE59FF945D226B72FD8B8C22" box="[540,638,1573,1599]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
has circular to oval oscules of 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE59FF945CE66B72FBC08C22" box="[984,1077,1573,1599]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
in diameter, visible only 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945A6F6B71FA688C22" box="[1361,1437,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">in vivo</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945FA16B1EFEF48C7E" box="[159,257,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13b</figureCitation>
). The external color 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945ED76B1DFDC08C7E" box="[489,565,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">in vivo</emphasis>
is light brown (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945DD96B1EFCB08C7E" box="[743,837,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13a</figureCitation>
) to reddish-brown (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945B1A6B1EFB708C7E" box="[1060,1157,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13b</figureCitation>
). In ethanol, the external color is dark brown, the grooves are light brown and the internal color is cream. The consistency is firm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE59FF945FF96BC6FE8C8DBA" blockId="23.[151,1437,1321,1959]" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE59FF945FF96BC6FED38CB6" box="[199,294,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Skeleton</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945E0A6BC6FE5A8CB6" box="[308,431,1681,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13c–d</figureCitation>
). The cortex measures 500–800 µm thick and is densely packed with selenasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945A0E6BC6FA7A8CB6" box="[1328,1423,1681,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13c</figureCitation>
). Micro-spheroxyasters are scattered through the outer layer of the cortex. Small tylostyles occur in the cortical region together with micro-spheroxyasters, through the aquiferous openings, which are devoid of selenasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945A126B8EFA7A8CEE" box="[1324,1423,1753,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13d</figureCitation>
). The choanosomal skeleton is formed by tylostyle tracts 150–310 µm thick that run obliquely or perpendicularly from the substrate to the cortex (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945D2E6A76FD878D26" box="[528,626,1825,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13c</figureCitation>
). Mature selenasters and immature selenasters are also scattered in the choanosome among the bundles of tylostyle. The micro-spheroxyasters occur abundantly in the choanosome, frequently in groups, lining the choanosomal openings. At the base there is a further layer of selenasters 120–310 µm thick (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE59FF945E356ADAFE9E8DBA" box="[267,363,1933,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-181@22.[155,1431,827,1787]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 13 Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a MNRJ 20304 (Paratype); b MNRJ 20307 (Holotype), showing the oscula (arrows); c Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; d Bundles of tylostyles II running to the aquiferous opening. In situ photographs by Dr. André Bispo (a) and Dr. Humberto Fortunato (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="518">Fig. 13c</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE56FF9B5FF96EB0FF258E73" blockId="24.[151,1437,999,2034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5FF96EB0FEA68E1C" box="[199,339,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Megascleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5E5A6EB0FE2A8E1F" box="[356,479,999,1026]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14a–c</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE56FF9B5ED46EB0FDD98E1C" box="[490,556,999,1025]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 6. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. beatrizae sp. nov. studied here and of previous records (min– mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Tab 6</tableCitation>
). Two categories of tylostyles. Tylostyles I are large, choanosomal, with blunt ends and rounded tyle: 570–726–940 / 6–9–13 µm, tyle 7–12–15 µm in width (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5B33695CFB7F8E38" box="[1037,1162,1035,1061]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14a–b</figureCitation>
). Tylostyles 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE56FF9B5A28695BFADC8E3B" box="[1302,1321,1036,1062]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">II</collectionCode>
are small, cortical, with blunt or mucronate ends and rounded tyle: 230–329–470 / 2–5–8 µm, tyle 3–7–10 µm wide (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5A516978FF368E73" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14c</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE56FF9B5FF96920FC858FAC" blockId="24.[151,1437,999,2034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5FF96920FEA28E8C" box="[199,343,1143,1169]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Microscleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5E526920FE1B8E8C" box="[364,494,1143,1169]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14d–k</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE56FF9B5EC06920FDBF8E8C" box="[510,586,1143,1169]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 6. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. beatrizae sp. nov. studied here and of previous records (min– mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
). Mature selenasters are circular to oval, with all spines fused, forming irregular or polygonal plates: total size 32–55–88 / 20–54–73 µm, hilum 7–14 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5BD269CCFAA48EA8" box="[1260,1361,1179,1205]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14d</figureCitation>
). 
<specimenCount id="B291D9A5BE56FF9B5A5969CBFF278EC7" count="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Four types</specimenCount>
of immature selenasters: (I) straight, slender, rugose and spiny, with spines scattered throughout the shaft: 12–17–20 / 2–5–8 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5EA069B4FE0B8EE3" box="[414,510,1251,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14e</figureCitation>
); (
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE56FF9B5D2469B3FDDB8EE3" box="[538,558,1252,1278]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">II</collectionCode>
) elongate, stout, straight or slightly bent axis densely spined, with spines short and clustered: 19–20–22 / 9–10–11 µm (n=4) (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5D856850FCE98F3C" box="[699,796,1287,1314]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14f</figureCitation>
); (
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE56FF9B5C02685FFCAF8F3F" box="[828,858,1288,1314]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">III</collectionCode>
) elongate, stout, with large and numerous spines: 22–25–28 / 12–15–15 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5EEE687CFDC68F5B" box="[464,563,1323,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
Fig. 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE56FF9B5D38687BFDC68F5B" box="[518,563,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="g" value="14.0">14g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
); (
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE56FF9B5D6C687BFD878F5B" box="[594,626,1324,1350]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">IV</collectionCode>
) oval, stout, with spines very closely set, but still recognizable in their individuality: 32–36–40 / 22–25–28 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5D4E6818FD268F74" box="[624,723,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14h</figureCitation>
). Micro-spheroxyasters are small, with smooth rays (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5A0C6818FA7B8F74" box="[1330,1422,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14i</figureCitation>
), variable in shape: some have a spiral axis, similar to micro-spirasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5CA06824FC0D8F90" box="[926,1016,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14j</figureCitation>
), and others have an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5EC568C0FDAB8FAC" box="[507,606,1431,1457]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1106,1130]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-17@23.[151,1436,181,1083]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 14 Spicules of Placospongia beatrizae sp. nov. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II (optical microscopy); d Mature selenasters; e Immature selenasters of type I; f Immature selenasters of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Immature selenasters of type III and IV; i Micro-spheroxyasters; j Micro-spheroxyaster with a spiral axis, similar to micro-spiraster; k Micro-spheroxyasters with an elongated center, similar to acanthomicrorhabds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603722/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 14k</figureCitation>
): 1–2–4 µm in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE56FF9B5FF968ECFE548C00" blockId="24.[151,1437,999,2034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5FF968ECFED18FC8" box="[199,292,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Habitat.</emphasis>
In Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, this species occurs under boulders in tide pools, 0.5–2.0 m depth (present study). The material from 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE56FF9B5D2468B7FD5F8FE7" box="[538,682,1504,1530]" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Amapá State</collectingRegion>
described by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE56FF9B5C7A6888FBD28FE4" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[836,1063,1503,1530]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5CA168B7FC3A8FE4" box="[927,975,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
was dredged from 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE56FF9B5BC36888FAC08FE7" box="[1277,1333,1503,1530]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="m" value="76.0">76 m</quantity>
depth on a sandy/detritic bottom.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE56FF9B5FF96B70FB618C94" blockId="24.[151,1437,999,2034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5FF96B70FE028C5C" box="[199,503,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE56FF9B5D2F6B70FD948C5F" box="[529,609,1575,1602]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE56FF9B5D496B70FD3F8C5F" box="[631,714,1575,1602]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). Gulf of Mexico (González-Farías 1989 as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE56FF9B5A3C6B70FEC38C78" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5A3C6B70FEC38C78" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE56FF9B5E6F6B1CFE6F8C78" box="[337,410,1611,1637]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE56FF9B5E996B1BFDCB8C7B" box="[423,574,1612,1638]" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Amapá State</collectingRegion>
, Northern 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE56FF9B5D826B1CFCF58C78" box="[700,768,1611,1637]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE56FF9B5C2C6B1CFC048C78" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[786,1009,1611,1638]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5C4D6B1BFC528C78" box="[883,935,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE56FF9B5B236B1CFA958C78" box="[1053,1376,1611,1637]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5B236B1CFA958C78" box="[1053,1376,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE56FF9B5D176B38FD028C97" box="[553,759,1647,1674]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
, Northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE56FF9B5CA46B38FC2B8C94" box="[922,990,1647,1673]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE56FF9A5FF96BC3FE378D14" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE56FF9B5FF96BC3FB248CE8" blockId="24.[151,1437,999,2034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5FF96BC3FD3C8CB0" box="[199,713,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
Taxonomic remarks. 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE56FF9B5E856BC4FD3C8CB0" authority="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2024" authorityName="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2024" box="[443,713,1683,1709]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrizae" status="sp. nov.">Placospongia beatrizae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5DEB6BC3FCC18CB3" bold="true" box="[725,820,1684,1710]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8DD07345BE56FF9B5DEB6BC3FCC18CB3" box="[725,820,1684,1710]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is defined by the combination of two categories of tylostyles, round to oval mature selenasters, and micro-spheroxyasters variable in shape, some being similar to micro-spirasters and others similar to acanthomicrorhabds. Spirasters and spherasters are absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE56FF9A5FF96BA8FBAC8B00" blockId="24.[151,1437,999,2034]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,150,285]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
The new specimens from Fernando de Noronha share the same spicule categories with those from 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE56FF9B5A756A57FF278D23" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Amapá State</collectingRegion>
, Northern 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE56FF9B5E736A74FE648D20" box="[333,401,1827,1853]" name="Brazil" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE56FF9B5E9C6A74FD8E8D20" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[418,635,1827,1854]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5D3E6A73FDC68D20" box="[512,563,1827,1853]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE56FF9B5D9A6A73FCA08D20" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[676,853,1827,1853]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioide">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5D9A6A73FCA08D20" box="[676,853,1827,1853]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">P. melobesioide</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s) and Gulf of Mexico (González-Farías 1989 as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE56FF9B5AB66A73FEDE8D7C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioide">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5AB66A73FEDE8D7C" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">P. melobesioide</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s) (
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE56FF9B5E6F6A10FE698D7C" box="[337,412,1863,1889]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 6. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. beatrizae sp. nov. studied here and of previous records (min– mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
). Although 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE56FF9B5D186A10FCE78D7C" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[550,786,1863,1890]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5DBD6A1FFD428D7C" box="[643,695,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
considered the micro-spirasters as an immature stage of selenasters, their shape, size and position in the skeleton indicate that the micro-spirasters are variations of the micro-spheroxyasters, as in the new species. The sizes of most spicule 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE56FF9B5CFE6AC7FC0E8DB7" box="[960,1019,1936,1962]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">types</typeStatus>
are also similar in both populations, but there is some uncertainty about the size of the selenasters of the 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE56FF9B5CB26AE3FC288DD3" box="[908,989,1972,1998]" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Amapá</collectingRegion>
specimen. In the text of the description, 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE56FF9B5FA96A80FE8A8DEC" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[151,383,2007,2034]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE56FF9B5FCD6A8FFED38DEC" box="[243,294,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
stated that the selenasters measure 70–90–111 / 26–36–48 µm, but the scale bar in their Fig. 15 (
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5FFB6DC0FEEE8AAD" box="[197,283,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">op. cit.,</emphasis>
p. 672) indicated sizes between 46–52–57 / 28–41–46 µm, more similar to those of specimens from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE57FF9A5D136DECFD838AC8" box="[557,630,187,213]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 6. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. beatrizae sp. nov. studied here and of previous records (min– mean–max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
). Although the real size of the selenasters from the 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE57FF9A5B856DECFAF98AC8" box="[1211,1292,187,213]" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Amapá</collectingRegion>
specimen of 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5FA96D88FE888AE4" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[151,381,223,249]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5FCD6D88FED18AE4" box="[243,292,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
remains to be verified, we consider that it is cospecific with the specimens from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago herein described as a new species 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5C306C54FC678B00" authority="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2024" authorityName="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2024" box="[782,914,259,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrizae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5C306C54FC678B00" box="[782,914,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. beatrizae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5CA76C54FC068B00" bold="true" box="[921,1011,259,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8DD07345BE57FF9A5CA76C54FC068B00" box="[921,1011,259,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE57FF9A5B3C6C54FBBE8B00" box="[1026,1099,259,285]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Tab. 7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE57FF9A5FF96930FAD48F28" blockId="25.[151,1437,1127,1801]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5FF96930FD688E9C" box="[199,669,1127,1153]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5FF96930FDB88E9C" box="[199,589,1127,1153]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="517" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="melobesioides" subSpecies="sensu">
Placospongia melobesioides 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8DD07345BE57FF9A5D31693FFDB88E9C" box="[527,589,1128,1153]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
stricto
</emphasis>
was first described from Borneo (Pacific Ocean) and it differs from the new species by its variable color (but mainly dark brown to purple), often branching shape, large size (up to more than 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE57FF9A5E2D69F8FEAC8ED4" box="[275,345,1199,1226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
wide), and by the presence of spherasters, although these spicules are rare and could be absent in most specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5E446984FE028EF0" author="Gray, J. E." box="[378,503,1235,1261]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="127 - 129" refId="ref19879" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray 1867</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5D3A6984FD528EF0" author="Becking, L." box="[516,679,1235,1261]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="39 - 76" refId="ref19190" refString="Becking, L. (2013) Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific. ZooKeys, 298, 39 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 298.1913" type="journal article" year="2013">Becking 2013</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, the smaller tylostyles of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5B5F6983FAE88EF0" ID-CoL="77NBR" authorityName="sensu Gonzalez-Farias" authorityYear="1989" box="[1121,1309,1235,1261]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5B5F6983FAE88EF0" box="[1121,1309,1235,1261]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
often have acerate ends, and its micro-spheroxyasters (called ‘spherules’ by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5C4769A0FBEC8F0C" author="Becking, L." box="[889,1049,1271,1297]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="39 - 76" refId="ref19190" refString="Becking, L. (2013) Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific. ZooKeys, 298, 39 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 298.1913" type="journal article" year="2013">Becking 2013</bibRefCitation>
) are uniform and do not show the variations to micro-spirasters or to acanthomicrorhabds seen in the new species (
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE57FF9A5B20684CFB928F28" box="[1054,1127,1307,1333]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5B4A684CFAE08F28" author="Becking, L." box="[1140,1301,1307,1333]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="39 - 76" refId="ref19190" refString="Becking, L. (2013) Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific. ZooKeys, 298, 39 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 298.1913" type="journal article" year="2013">Becking 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE57FF9A5FF96868FB2D8C48" blockId="25.[151,1437,1127,1801]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
Van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5FC66868FE718F44" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[248,388,1343,1369]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
first proposed that 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5D6A6817FBC78F44" ID-CoL="77NBR" authority="sensu Mothes et al. (2006)" authorityName="Mothes" authorityYear="2006" box="[596,1074,1343,1369]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5D6A6817FCBA8F44" box="[596,847,1343,1369]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. melobesioides sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5C6A6868FBC78F44" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[852,1074,1343,1369]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5C936817FC298F44" box="[941,988,1343,1369]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
could be an undescribed species, which he named 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5E646834FDC08F60" box="[346,565,1379,1405]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undefined-2">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5E646834FE018F60" box="[346,500,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Placospongia</emphasis>
sp. 2
</taxonomicName>
, due to the absence of spherasters, but supposed that 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5BA46833FE578FBC" ID-CoL="77NBR" authority="sensu Gonzalez-Farias (1989)" authorityName="sensu Gonzalez-Farias" authorityYear="1989" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5BA46833FA698F60" box="[1178,1436,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. melobesioides sensu</emphasis>
González-Farías (1989)
</taxonomicName>
from the Gulf of 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE57FF9A5D4C68D0FD3D8FBC" box="[626,712,1415,1441]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Mexico</collectingRegion>
could be 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5C0568DFFC5B8FBC" ID-CoL="6VNBS" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[827,942,1416,1441]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5C0568DFFC5B8FBC" box="[827,942,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite the absence of spherasters. 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE57FF9A5A7068D0FE998FD8" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." pageId="25" pageNumber="520" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5FDD68FBFEE18FD8" box="[227,276,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
argued that the spherasters could be lost in transverse sections of some specimens for being too superficial, and considered these records tentatively as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5C906887FBD48FF4" ID-CoL="6VNBS" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[942,1057,1488,1513]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5C906887FBD48FF4" box="[942,1057,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, our re-examination of the 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE57FF9A5F8168A4FED48C10" box="[191,289,1523,1549]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5E7A68A3FE408C10" ID-CoL="6VNBS" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[324,437,1524,1549]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5E7A68A3FE408C10" box="[324,437,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed that its spherasters are abundant and occur in both the ectosome and choanosome, being thus unlikely that they could be lost during sectioning. Thus, we also consider that 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5BA76B4FFE558C48" ID-CoL="77NBR" authority="sensu Gonzalez-Farias (1989)" authorityName="sensu Gonzalez-Farias" authorityYear="1989" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5BA76B4FFA698C2C" box="[1177,1436,1559,1585]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. melobesioides sensu</emphasis>
González-Farías (1989)
</taxonomicName>
from the Gulf of 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE57FF9A5D596B6CFD488C48" box="[615,701,1595,1621]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Mexico</collectingRegion>
is cospecific with 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5CB06B6BFBE78C48" authority="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2024" authorityName="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2024" box="[910,1042,1595,1621]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrizae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5CB06B6BFBE78C48" box="[910,1042,1595,1621]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. beatrizae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5B276B6CFB878C48" bold="true" box="[1049,1138,1595,1621]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8DD07345BE57FF9A5B276B6CFB878C48" box="[1049,1138,1595,1621]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE57FF9A5BBF6B6CFB3F8C48" box="[1153,1226,1595,1621]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Tab. 7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE57FF9A5FF96B08FE378D14" blockId="25.[151,1437,1127,1801]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5FF96B08FE208C64" authority="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2024" authorityName="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,469,1631,1657]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrizae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5FF96B08FE208C64" box="[199,469,1631,1657]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Placospongia beatrizae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5EDC6B08FDB58C64" bold="true" box="[482,576,1631,1657]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8DD07345BE57FF9A5EDC6B08FDB58C64" box="[482,576,1631,1657]" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5DBF6B08FC888C64" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[641,893,1631,1657]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5DBF6B08FC888C64" box="[641,893,1631,1657]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Placospongia cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very similar, sharing the presence of two categories of tylostyles, rounded mature selenasters, and presence of micro-spheroxyasters. They differ mainly by the absence of spherasters in the new species. In addition, the tylostyles and selenasters of the new species attain larger sizes, and the shape of immature selenasters and micro-spheroxyasters is more variable in the new species than in 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE57FF9A5FD56BA7FEA88D14" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[235,349,1776,1801]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="25" pageNumber="520" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE57FF9A5FD56BA7FEA88D14" box="[235,349,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="520">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE57FF9A5E556BB8FE418D14" box="[363,436,1775,1801]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="25" pageNumber="520">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>