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<mods:title id="5EDD73C0B26F8C9E19A23C5635B87E46">Taxonomy of Placospongia Gray, 1867 from Northern and Northeastern Brazil, with description of two new species (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionaida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E1742A5F4FFE8D5328D4573B1C2BA97">Sandes, Joana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4E4D4A96178C347346F883949CFB9886">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1E617DE96A7B14C7B28077690D319AEA">Moraes, Fernando</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AC494BB3162EC02186C9450684E6FD6E">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B5EA49E98A52A4333B49D4483A8FAE7E">Muricy, Guilherme</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="982B766DE103A27BB8EC1DF0EF83E1D2">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE4DFF805FA96DC0FC3E8AAC" ID-CoL="B6HN4" authority="David-Colon, Zea &amp; Marin-Casa, 2023" authorityName="David-Colon, Zea &amp; Marin-Casa" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,971,150,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805FA96DC0FE288AAF" bold="true" box="[151,477,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Placospongia colombiensis</emphasis>
David-Colón, Zea &amp; Marín-Casa, 2023
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(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE4DFF805FA16DECFEF98AC8" box="[159,268,187,213]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetBox-2="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId-1="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId-2="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." captionText-2="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE4DFF805E296DECFE648AC8" box="[279,401,187,213]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStart-2="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,239,677,701]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. colombiensis studied here and of previous records (min–mean– max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." captionText-2="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE4DFF805EF96DECFE238AC8" box="[455,470,187,213]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="3" pageNumber="498">7</tableCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805FA96C57FF098B0A" box="[151,252,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Synonyms</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE4DFF805FA96C49FD158B2B" ID-CoL="B6HN4" authority="David-Colon et al. 2023: 514" authorityName="David-Colon" authorityPageNumber="514" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,736,286,310]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805FA96C49FE588B2B" box="[151,429,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Placospongia colombiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE4DFF805E8D6C49FD158B2B" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[435,736,286,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805D006C48FD9E8B2B" box="[574,619,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">et al</emphasis>
. 2023: 514
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<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE4DFF805FA96C6AFD4A8B48" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[151,703,317,341]" page="450" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" year="2023">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE4DFF805FA96C6AFD4A8B48" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authority="sensu Bettcher et al. 2023: 450" authorityName="Bettcher" authorityPageNumber="450" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,703,317,341]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805FA96C6AFE488B48" box="[151,445,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Placospongia ruetzleri sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE4DFF805EFA6C6AFD4A8B48" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[452,703,317,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805D1E6C69FDB98B48" box="[544,588,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">et al</emphasis>
. 2023: 450
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(in part) (
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805C186C69FCB98B48" box="[806,844,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE4DFF805C6D6C6AFB138B48" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authority="van Soest, 2017" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[851,1254,317,341]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805C6D6C6AFBCF8B48" box="[851,1082,317,341]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Placospongia ruetzleri</emphasis>
van 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE4DFF805B556C6AFB138B48" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[1131,1254,317,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805FA96CD4FE868B80" box="[151,371,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Material examined.</emphasis>
UFPEPOR 2643, UFPEPOR 2684, UFPEPOR 2685, Buraco da Raquel, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE4DFF805E0C6CF0FDF78BDC" box="[306,514,423,449]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE4DFF805D006CF0FD778BDC" box="[574,642,423,449]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE4DFF805C0F6CF0FC2C8BDF" box="[817,985,423,450]" degrees="32" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" precision="1" seconds="52.9" value="-32.39803">32°23’52.9”W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE4DFF805CD16CF0FBE98BDF" box="[1007,1052,423,450]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
depth, colls. Carlos Santos Neto, Thaynã Cavalvanti &amp; Alan Dias, 
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<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE4DFF805D276C9CFD2F8BF8" box="[537,730,459,486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" value="2018-01-24">24 January 2018</collectingDate>
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; 
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE4DFF805DD66C9BFC708BF8" box="[744,901,459,486]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">MNRJ 24048</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE4DFF805CAD6C9CFB7C8BF8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE4DFF885FA96DC0FA738E28:A14844F7BE4DFF805CAD6C9CFB7C8BF8" box="[915,1161,459,486]" country="Brazil" latitude="-12.56832" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-37.916695" municipality="Mata de Sao Joao" name="Praia do Forte Beach" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" stateProvince="Bahia State">Praia do Forte Beach</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE4DFF805BA86C9BFA968BFB" box="[1174,1379,459,486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Mata de São João</collectingMunicipality>
city, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE4DFF805FA96CB8FEEB8814" box="[151,286,495,521]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE4DFF805E626CB8FE558814" box="[348,416,495,521]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE4DFF805E8D6CB8FDA98817" box="[435,604,495,522]" degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" precision="1" seconds="5.952" value="-12.56832">12º34’5.952”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE4DFF805D556CB8FCF78817" box="[619,770,495,522]" degrees="37" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" precision="1" seconds="0.1" value="-37.916695">37º55’0.1”W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<elevation id="2FBAF51FBE4DFF805C276CB8FC5D8814" box="[793,936,495,522]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="0.7">
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE4DFF805C276CB8FCA98817" box="[793,860,495,522]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" unit="m" value="0.7">0.7 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE4DFF805CC36CB8FB248814" box="[1021,1233,495,521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Guilherme Muricy</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE4DFF805BC26CA7FA6D8814" box="[1276,1432,495,522]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Joana Sandes</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE4DFF805FA96F44FC31884C" collectingDate="2022-02-22" collectionCode="MNRJ" collectorName="Aline Fioravanso &amp; Marianela Gastaldi" country="Brazil" latitude="-16.22" location="Coroa Alta" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-38.950634" municipality="Santa Cruz Cabralia" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" specimenCode="MNRJ 22243" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia State">
<date id="D02934ECBE4DFF805FA96F44FE918830" box="[151,356,531,557]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" value="2022-02-22">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE4DFF805FA96F44FE918830" box="[151,356,531,557]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" value="2022-02-22">22 February 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE4DFF805E4E6F43FDF98830" box="[368,524,531,558]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">MNRJ 22243</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE4DFF805D266F44FD678830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE4DFF885FA96DC0FA738E28:A14844F7BE4DFF805D266F44FD678830" box="[536,658,531,557]" country="Brazil" latitude="-16.22" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-38.950634" municipality="Santa Cruz Cabralia" name="Coroa Alta" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" stateProvince="Bahia State">Coroa Alta</location>
reef, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE4DFF805DEB6F44FC4C8830" box="[725,953,531,557]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Santa Cruz Cabrália</collectingMunicipality>
city, 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE4DFF805CC96F44FB898830" box="[1015,1148,531,557]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
, NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE4DFF805B8B6F44FB0C8830" box="[1205,1273,531,557]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE4DFF805A346F44FA6D8830" box="[1290,1432,531,557]" degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="13.200" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-16.22">16º13.200’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE4DFF805FA96F60FEC4884F" box="[151,305,567,594]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="57.038" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" precision="1" value="-38.950634">38º57.038’W</geoCoordinate>
), Intertidal, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE4DFF805EC16F60FD37884C" box="[511,706,567,593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Aline Fioravanso</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE4DFF805DD46F60FC31884C" box="[746,964,567,593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Marianela Gastaldi</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE4DFF805CEF6F60FB85884C" box="[977,1136,567,593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" value="2019-04-22">22 April 2019</date>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE4DFF805BA56F60FE4B8868" authority="sensu Bettcher et al. 2023" authorityName="Bettcher" authorityYear="2023" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805BA56F60FF208868" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Placospongia ruetzleri sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE4DFF805FE26F0CFE4B8868" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[220,446,603,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4DFF805E7C6F0BFE868868" box="[322,371,603,629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE4BFF865B596A95FA648DC7" blockId="5.[1127,1425,1986,2010]" box="[1127,1425,1986,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE4BFF865B596A95FA648DC7" box="[1127,1425,1986,2010]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">...Continued on the next page</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE48FF855FF96BEBFCF48D5F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1723,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855FF96BEBFDC68CC8" box="[199,563,1723,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Comparative material examined</emphasis>
. 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE48FF855D7D6BECFDD08D03" collectingDate="1979-03-21" collectionCode="T" collectorName="G. Hendler &amp; I. Macintyre &amp; P. Kier &amp; T. Rath &amp; C. Clark" country="Belize" elevation="23" location="Columbus Cay cave" municipality="Carrie Bow Cay" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="USNM 32873" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE48FF855D7D6BECFADC8CCB" authority="Rutzler, Piantoni, van Soest &amp; Dias, 2014" authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, van Soest &amp; Dias" authorityYear="2014" box="[579,1321,1723,1750]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caribica">
<originalDetermination id="8789AAD0BE48FF855D7D6BECFADC8CCB" box="[579,1321,1723,1750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855D7D6BECFCB78CC8" box="[579,834,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Placospongia caribica</emphasis>
Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest &amp; Días, 2014
</originalDetermination>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE48FF855A0A6BECFA698CC8" box="[1332,1436,1723,1749]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE48FF855FA96BB7FECC8CE7" box="[151,313,1760,1786]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" type="Museum">USNM 32873</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE48FF855E7B6B88FDDE8CE7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE4DFF885FA96DC0FA738E28:A14844F7BE48FF855E7B6B88FDDE8CE7" box="[325,555,1759,1786]" country="Belize" municipality="Carrie Bow Cay" name="Columbus Cay cave" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Columbus Cay cave</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE48FF855D096B88FD1A8CE7" box="[567,751,1759,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Carrie Bow Cay</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE48FF855DC26B88FCB38CE4" box="[764,838,1759,1785]" name="Belize" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Belize</collectingCountry>
, 
<elevation id="2FBAF51FBE48FF855C6C6BB7FC218CE4" box="[850,980,1759,1786]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" unit="m" value="23.0">
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE48FF855C6C6BB7FC798CE7" box="[850,908,1760,1786]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" unit="m" value="23.0">23 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE48FF855B1A6BB7FB568CE4" box="[1060,1187,1759,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">G. Hendler</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="096277FABE48FF855B916BB7FAC88CE4" box="[1199,1341,1759,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">I. Macintyre</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="096277FABE48FF855A776BB7FA6D8CE4" box="[1353,1432,1759,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">P. Kier</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="096277FABE48FF855FA96A53FF1C8D00" box="[151,233,1795,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">T. Rath</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE48FF855E326A53FE988D00" box="[268,365,1795,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">C. Clark</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE48FF855E466A53FDD08D03" box="[376,549,1795,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" value="1979-03-21">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE48FF855E466A53FDD08D03" box="[376,549,1795,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" value="1979-03-21">21 March 1979</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="14FF1871BE48FF855D0E6A53FD098D5F" collectingDate="1979-04-26" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="I. Macintyre &amp; G. Hendler" country="Belize" elevation="20" location="Columbus Cay cave" municipality="Carrie Bow Cay" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="USNM 1228945" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE48FF855D0E6A53FD678D03" box="[560,658,1796,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="F431BA57BE48FF855DA66A53FCA08D03" box="[664,853,1795,1822]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" type="Museum">USNM 1228945</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="A14844F7BE48FF855C616A54FBB68D03" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C3EA33ABE4DFF885FA96DC0FA738E28:A14844F7BE48FF855C616A54FBB68D03" box="[863,1091,1795,1822]" country="Belize" municipality="Carrie Bow Cay" name="Columbus Cay cave" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Columbus Cay cave</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="444C8856BE48FF855B706A54FAF18D03" box="[1102,1284,1795,1822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Carrie Bow Cay</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE48FF855A316A54FAAC8D00" box="[1295,1369,1795,1821]" name="Belize" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Belize</collectingCountry>
, 
<elevation id="2FBAF51FBE48FF855A5A6A53FF2D8D5C" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" unit="m" value="20.0">
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE48FF855A5A6A53FA688D03" box="[1380,1437,1796,1822]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
depth
</elevation>
, colls. 
<collectorName id="096277FABE48FF855E186A7FFE448D5C" box="[294,433,1831,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">I. Macintyre</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="096277FABE48FF855EEA6A7FFDA68D5C" box="[468,595,1831,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">G. Hendler</collectorName>
, 
<date id="D02934ECBE48FF855D606A70FD098D5F" box="[606,764,1831,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" value="1979-04-26">
<collectingDate id="C06DCD04BE48FF855D606A70FD098D5F" box="[606,764,1831,1858]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" value="1979-04-26">26 April 1979</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE48FF855FF96A1BFB358DCC" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE48FF855FF96A1BFB358DCC" blockId="6.[151,1437,1723,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855FF96A1BFEB58D78" box="[199,320,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855E726A1CFB6B8D7B" bold="true" box="[332,1182,1867,1894]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">
Encrusting 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE48FF855EE36A1CFD8C8D7B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[477,633,1867,1894]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855EE36A1CFD8C8D7B" bold="true" box="[477,633,1867,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with orange-brown to orange-yellow color.
</emphasis>
Megascleres are two categories of tylostyles. Microscleres are 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855D5C6A27FC5E8D97" bold="true" box="[610,939,1904,1930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">oval to bean-shaped mature</emphasis>
selenasters, spherasters, elongated spirasters with short rays, short spirasters 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855D3F6AC4FD188DB3" bold="true" box="[513,749,1939,1966]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">with verrucose rays</emphasis>
that may branch in rosettes, and 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855B596AC4FECE8DCC" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">acanthomicrorhabds with conical spines</emphasis>
(modified from 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE48FF855ECB6AE0FCFD8DCF" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[501,776,1975,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE48FF855DB06AEFFD358DCC" box="[654,704,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
; additions are highlighted in boldface).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE44FF885FF96DC0FA808BE8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" type="description">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE44FF895FF96DC0FBE38B00" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE44FF895FF96DC0FEBE8AAD" box="[199,331,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895E656DC0FE3F8AAC" box="[347,458,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2a–b</figureCitation>
). Shape thinly encrusting, 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE44FF895DCD6DC1FC858AAC" box="[755,880,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" unit="cm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–4.5 cm</quantity>
wide by 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE44FF895CE96DC0FBED8AAC" box="[983,1048,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
thick. The surface is composed by smooth polygonal cortical plates separated by pore-bearing grooves. 
<specimenCount id="B291D9A5BE44FF895CA76DECFBCD8AC8" box="[921,1080,187,213]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" type="generic">One specimen</specimenCount>
has a circular osculum 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE44FF895A016DECFA758AC8" box="[1343,1408,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter, on a cortical plate (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895EE66D88FDDC8AE4" box="[472,553,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
). The color is brownish orange 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE44FF895CBB6D88FC258AE5" box="[901,976,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">in vivo</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895CE06D88FBB98AE4" box="[990,1100,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2a–b</figureCitation>
). In ethanol, the external color is cream to light brown and the internal one color is cream. Consistency is hard.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE44FF895FF96C70FB908820" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE44FF895FF96C70FED38B5C" box="[199,294,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Skeleton</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895E0B6C70FE578B5C" box="[309,418,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2c–e</figureCitation>
). The cortex is dense, 440–640 µm thick, divided in two layers (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895B4E6C70FB2A8B5C" box="[1136,1247,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2c–d</figureCitation>
). The inner layer is densely packed with selenasters and the outer layer is formed by scattered acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE44FF895AB46C1CFA688B78" box="[1418,1437,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">II</collectionCode>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895FA16C38FF018B94" box="[159,244,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2d</figureCitation>
). Small tylostyles, acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE44FF895C686C38FC9C8B94" box="[854,873,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">II</collectionCode>
occur in the cortical region around the aquiferous openings in the grooves, which are devoid of selenasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895C1B6CC4FC8D8BB0" box="[805,888,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
). The choanosomal skeleton is formed by sparse tracts of tylostyles 150–300 µm thick that run obliquely from the substrate to the cortex (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895B926CE0FAF48BCC" box="[1196,1281,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
). Mature and immature selenasters, acanthomicrorhabds and spherasters are scattered in the choanosome among the tracts of tylostyles. Spirasters I occur abundantly in the choanosome, often lining the choanosomal cavities (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895A366CA8FAAE8804" box="[1288,1371,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2e</figureCitation>
). The base of the sponge is lined by a dense layer of selenasters, 200–400 µm thick (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895B3B6F74FBAD8820" box="[1029,1112,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-25@4.[151,1436,181,1763]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2 Placospongia colombiensis. a UFPEPOR 2685, showing the osculum (arrow); b MNRJ 24048; c Whole body in transversal section showing cortex (co), choanosome (ch) and aquiferous opening (ao); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the acanthomicrorhabds and spirasters II in the outer cortex (arrow); e Spirasters I lining the choanosomal cavity. In situ photographs by Msc. Carlos Santos Neto (a) and Dr. Guilherme Muricy (b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603696" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603696/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE44FF895FF96F10FAA488B4" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE44FF895FF96F10FEA6887C" box="[199,339,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Megascleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895E5D6F10FE27887C" box="[355,466,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 3a–d</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE44FF895EE36F10FDD7887C" box="[477,546,583,609]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,677,701]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. colombiensis studied here and of previous records (min–mean– max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
). Two categories of tylostyles. Tylostyles I are larger, choanosomal, with blunt ends and rounded tyle: 350–674–930 / 4–9–13 µm, tyle 7–12–18 µm in width (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895B366F3CFB838898" box="[1032,1142,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 3a–b</figureCitation>
). Tylostyles 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE44FF895A3C6F3CFAE08898" box="[1282,1301,619,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">II</collectionCode>
are smaller, cortical, with blunt or sharp ends: 120–275–450 / 2–5–9 µm; tyle rounded, 4–7–11 µm in width (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE44FF895BE86FD8FAB088B4" box="[1238,1349,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 3c–d</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FF96DC0FA808BE8" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FF96DC0FEA28AAC" box="[199,343,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Microscleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885E586DC0FE398AAC" box="[358,460,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3e–l</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE45FF885EE96DC0FDEF8AAC" box="[471,538,151,177]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,677,701]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. colombiensis studied here and of previous records (min–mean– max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
). Mature selenasters are oval, bean- or peanut-shaped, in which the spines are all fused, forming rounded or polygonal plates: total size 37–55–68 / 22–35–42 µm, hilum with 8–9–15 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885FA16D88FF048AE4" box="[159,241,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3e</figureCitation>
). There are 
<specimenCount id="B291D9A5BE45FF885E486D88FE058AE4" box="[374,496,223,249]" count="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
of immature selenasters: (I) straight, slender, spiny, with spines concentrated on the ends of the shafts: 20–22–25 / 5–6–8 µm; (
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885D456C54FD7A8B00" box="[635,655,259,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">II</collectionCode>
) elongated or dumbbell-shaped like, with large and numerous spines: 22–30–35 / 8–11–13 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885EF66C70FDEE8B5C" box="[456,539,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3f</figureCitation>
); and (
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885D506C70FD798B5C" box="[622,652,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">III</collectionCode>
) oval or peanut shaped, stout, with spines very closely set but still recognizable in their individuality: 35–40–45 / 15–22–25 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885C756C1CFC688B78" box="[843,925,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
Fig. 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE45FF885C406C1CFC688B78" box="[894,925,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" unit="g" value="3.0">3g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
). Spherasters are smooth or rugose, with short and conical rays: 10–14–20 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885DA86C38FD1F8B94" box="[662,746,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3h</figureCitation>
). Spirasters I are long and thin, smooth or microspined, with one or two spiral turns and short rays disposed along the shaft: 12–17–30 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885CC06CC4FBBC8BB0" box="[1022,1097,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3i</figureCitation>
); spirasters 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885BF16CC4FB178BB0" box="[1231,1250,403,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">II</collectionCode>
are shorter, with one or two turns in length, with clustered (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885D506CE0FD4D8BCC" box="[622,696,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3j</figureCitation>
) or verrucose rays (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885CAB6CE0FC1C8BCC" box="[917,1001,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3k</figureCitation>
): 4–7–10 µm. Acanthomicrorhabds are short, with rounded ends and conical spines, occasionally with one or two turns (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885B1E6C8CFB988BE8" box="[1056,1133,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-114@6.[155,1433,520,1486]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3 Spicules of Placospongia colombiensis. a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenaster; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Immature selenaster of type III; h Spherasters; i Smooth and microspined spirasters I; j Spirasters II with clustered spines; k Spirasters II with verrucose spines; l Acantomicrorhabds with conical spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603698/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3l</figureCitation>
): 4–7–10 µm in length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE45FF885FF96CA8FAE38820" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FF96CA8FAE38820" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FF96CA8FED18804" box="[199,292,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Habitat.</emphasis>
The Caribbean populations occurs in crevices on rocky shores and coral reefs, at 
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE45FF885B996CA8FB0E8804" box="[1191,1275,511,537]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" unit="m" value="12.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="1.0">1–23 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885A736CA8FEAA8820" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FDD6F74FEE18820" box="[227,276,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). The Brazilian specimens were found under boulders in tide pools, 0.7–1.0 m depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE45FF885FF96F10FC0788B4" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FF96F10FC0788B4" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FF96F10FE18887C" box="[199,493,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885EC26F10FDB7887C" box="[508,578,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE45FF885D706F10FD62887C" box="[590,663,583,609]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). Caribbean Sea: 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE45FF885C606F10FC39887C" box="[862,972,583,609]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE45FF885B3D6F10FB9F887C" box="[1027,1130,583,609]" name="Bahamas" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885B476F10FA64887C" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[1145,1425,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885A2A6F10FAB3887C" box="[1300,1350,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE45FF885E306F3CFEA28898" box="[270,343,619,645]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE45FF885C3F6F3CFC268898" box="[769,979,619,645]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
) (new record, present study) and 
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE45FF885A656F3CFF3A88B4" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
(new record, present study; 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885D306FD8FD1E88B4" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[526,747,655,681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885D4A6FD8FD5088B4" box="[628,677,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885C2E6FD8FC7E88B4" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[784,907,655,681]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885C2E6FD8FC7E88B4" box="[784,907,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in part).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE45FF885FF96FE4FA738E28" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FF96FE4FB7C89D4" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FF96FE4FE4588D0" box="[199,432,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
The spiculation of 
<specimenCount id="B291D9A5BE45FF885DA16FE4FCCB88D0" box="[671,830,691,717]" count="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
identified as 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885CD96FE4FB9288D0" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[999,1127,691,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885CD96FE4FB9288D0" box="[999,1127,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. ruetzleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885BA26FE4FA6988D0" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[1180,1436,691,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885A396FE4FACB88D0" box="[1287,1342,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
correspond instead to 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885EB16F80FD3788EC" box="[399,706,727,753]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885EB16F80FD3788EC" box="[399,706,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia colombiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE45FF885DEC6F80FCE988EC" box="[722,796,727,753]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Tab. 7</tableCitation>
). Brazilian and Colombian specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885BD06F80FA6988EC" box="[1262,1436,727,753]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885BD06F80FA6988EC" box="[1262,1436,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. colombiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very similar in spicule shape and size, with two categories of tylostyles, oval mature selenasters, golf-ballshaped spherasters and two categories of spirasters (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885DDD6E48FC098924" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[739,1020,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón 
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885C416E48FC458924" box="[895,944,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). They differ only by the presence of acanthomicrorhabds with conical spines exclusively in the Brazilian specimens (
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE45FF885B1F6E14FB868940" box="[1057,1139,835,861]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,677,701]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. colombiensis studied here and of previous records (min–mean– max, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Tabs. 1</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE45FF885B956E14FB4E8940" box="[1195,1211,835,861]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="11" pageNumber="506">3</tableCitation>
). Here, we consider the acanthomicrorhabds as variations of the spirasters 
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885DC56E30FCE5899C" box="[763,784,871,897]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">II</collectionCode>
, since they have the same size and both are located in the outer cortex of the sponge. Thus, we amended the diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885C5A6EDCFBE789B8" box="[868,1042,907,933]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885C5A6EDCFBE789B8" box="[868,1042,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. colombiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to include acanthomicrohabds and expanded the distribution of this species from the Colombian Caribbean Sea to NE 
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE45FF885B036EF8FB7089D4" box="[1085,1157,943,969]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FF96E84FA738E28" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885FF96E84FC6689F0" ID-CoL="6VNBP" authority="Rutzler, Piantoni, van Soest &amp; Diaz, 2014" authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, van Soest &amp; Diaz" authorityYear="2014" box="[199,915,979,1005]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caribica">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FF96E84FE3589F0" box="[199,448,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia caribica</emphasis>
Rützler, 
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885D1A6E84FC6689F0" author="Piantoni, C. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Diaz, M. C." box="[548,915,979,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref21043" refString="Ru ¨ tzler, K., Piantoni, C., Soest, R. W. M. van &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Piantoni, van Soest &amp; Díaz, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and the Brazilian specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885BCC6E84FA6989F0" ID-CoL="B6HN4" box="[1266,1436,979,1005]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885BCC6E84FA6989F0" box="[1266,1436,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. colombiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the orange color, two categories of tylostyles, oval to bean-shaped mature selenasters, spherasters, spirasters and acanthomicrorhabds with conical spines, but they clearly differ by the presence of oxyasters in 
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885B95694CFAD48E28" ID-CoL="6VNBP" authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, van Soest &amp; Diaz" authorityYear="2014" box="[1195,1313,1051,1077]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="caribica">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885B95694CFAD48E28" box="[1195,1313,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">P. caribica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE45FF885A0E694CFA828E28" box="[1328,1399,1051,1077]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>