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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FA969D1FE6E8EBC" bold="true" box="[151,411,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia cristata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885E9C69D0FD518EBD" author="Boury-Esnault, N." box="[418,676,1158,1185]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="263 - 295" refId="ref19421" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885FA169FCFEF98ED8" box="[159,268,1195,1221]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,970,994]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetBox-2="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId-0="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetId-1="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetId-2="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5 Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Fragment of the holotype (light brown) on a mollusc shell (yellow/orange); b Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; c Outer and inner cortex, showing a spheraster in the outer cortex (arrow); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the micro-spheroxyasters in the outer cortex (arrow)." captionText-2="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603702" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10603702/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Figs. 46</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE45FF885E2969FCFE648ED8" box="[279,401,1195,1221]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStart-2="TABLE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." captionText-2="TABLE 4. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. cristata studied here and of previous records (minmeanmax, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Tables 24</tableCitation>
and
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)
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FA969B8FF098F1B" box="[151,252,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Synonyms</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FA96859FE8C8F38" box="[151,377,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia cristata</emphasis>
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Bispo
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<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FA9681CFE028F7E" box="[151,503,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia melobesioides sensu</emphasis>
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(
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885C50681BFC618F7E" box="[878,916,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885CA4681CFAC28F7E" ID-CoL="77NBR" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[922,1335,1355,1379]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885CA4681CFB498F7E" box="[922,1212,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885BFC681CFAC28F7E" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1218,1335,1355,1379]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="127 - 129" refId="ref19879" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867">Gray, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FA9683DFD0F8F9F" blockId="11.[151,1437,1263,1502]" box="[151,762,1386,1410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885FA9683DFEAC8F9F" box="[151,345,1386,1410]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FA9683DFED78F9F" box="[151,290,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia</emphasis>
sp. 1
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885E61683CFE628F9F" box="[351,407,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">sensu</emphasis>
David-Colón &amp; Marín-Casa 2020.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FA968DFFB048FBC" blockId="11.[151,1437,1263,1502]" box="[151,1265,1416,1441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="84873502BE45FF885FA968DFFB048FBC" box="[151,1265,1416,1441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE45FF885FA968DFFD4A8FBD" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[151,703,1416,1441]" page="450" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" year="2023">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885FA968DFFD4A8FBD" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authority="sensu Bettcher et al. 2023: 450" authorityName="Bettcher" authorityPageNumber="450" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,703,1416,1441]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FA968DFFE488FBD" box="[151,445,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia ruetzleri sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885EFA68DFFD4A8FBD" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[452,703,1416,1441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885D1E68DEFDB98FBD" box="[544,588,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. 2023: 450
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part) (
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885C1868DEFCB98FBD" box="[806,844,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">non</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885C6D68DFFB138FBC" ID-CoL="6VNB3" authority="van Soest, 2017" authorityName="van Soest" authorityYear="2017" box="[851,1254,1416,1441]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885C6D68DFFBCF8FBD" box="[851,1082,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia ruetzleri</emphasis>
van
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885B5568DEFB138FBC" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[1131,1254,1417,1441]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref21247" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2017) Sponges of the Guyana shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Soest, 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FA968F0FF018FC3" blockId="11.[151,1437,1263,1502]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="84873502BE45FF885FA968F0FF018FC3" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
?
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE45FF885F9768F0FD328FA2" author="Schmidt, O." box="[169,711,1447,1471]" page="72" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" year="1870">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885F9768F0FD328FA2" ID-CoL="77NBR" authority="sensu Schmidt 1870: 72" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1870" box="[169,711,1447,1471]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885F9768F0FDFC8FA2" box="[169,521,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia melobesioides sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885D3168F0FD328FA2" author="Schmidt, O." box="[527,711,1447,1471]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref21155" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) n. k. In: Grundzu ¨ ge einer Spongien - Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. iii - iv + 1 - 88, pls. I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt 1870: 72</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; de
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE45FF885DCE68F0FC258FA2" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[752,976,1447,1471]" page="153" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885DCE68F0FC258FA2" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[752,976,1447,1471]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref20201" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Instution of Washington Publication, 467, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936">Laubenfels 1936: 153</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; de
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE45FF885CC768F0FB2C8FA2" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[1017,1241,1447,1471]" page="540" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885CC768F0FB2C8FA2" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[1017,1241,1447,1471]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="511 - 557" refId="ref20256" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1953) Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbbean, 2 (3), 511 - 557." type="journal article" year="1953">Laubenfels 1953: 540</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="2536343DBE45FF885BDD68F0FF058FC3" author="Collin, R. &amp; Diaz, M. C. &amp; Norenburg, J. &amp; Rocha, R. M. &amp; Sanchez, J. A. &amp; Schulze, A. &amp; Schwartz, M. &amp; Valdez, A." page="658" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885BDD68F0FF058FC3" author="Collin, R. &amp; Diaz, M. C. &amp; Norenburg, J. &amp; Rocha, R. M. &amp; Sanchez, J. A. &amp; Schulze, A. &amp; Schwartz, M. &amp; Valdez, A." pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="638 - 707" refId="ref19619" refString="Collin, R., Diaz, M. C., Norenburg, J., Rocha, R. M., Sanchez, J. A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. &amp; Valdez, A. (2005) Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41 (3), 638 - 707." type="journal article" year="2005">
Collin
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885A1768FFFAA38FA2" box="[1321,1366,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. 2005: 658
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC8D41A7BE45FF8D5FA96B52FD1C899C" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FA96B52FC0A8CB2" blockId="11.[151,1437,1541,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FA96B52FE8E8C02" box="[151,379,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE45FF885EB66B52FE058C02" box="[392,496,1541,1567]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885D1B6B52FBD38C02" authority="Boury-Esnault, 1973" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[549,1062,1541,1567]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885D1B6B52FCD68C02" box="[549,803,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia cristata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885C0F6B52FBD38C02" author="Boury-Esnault, N." box="[817,1062,1541,1567]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="263 - 295" refId="ref19421" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: MNHN-IP-2015-740, formerly
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885FA96B7DFF078C59" box="[151,242,1578,1604]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">MNHN</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885FCB6B7DFECB8C59" box="[245,318,1578,1604]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">LBIM</collectionCode>
.D.NBE 960 (fragment deposited in UFRJPOR 3382),
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885C946B7EFC498C5E" box="[938,956,1577,1603]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885CFB6B7EFC2D8C5E" box="[965,984,1577,1603]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
Calypso sta. 29, off Porto de Galinhas,
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE45FF885FA96B1AFE938C7A" box="[151,358,1613,1639]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE45FF885E4F6B1AFE408C7A" box="[369,437,1613,1639]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE45FF885EF86B1AFDE18C7A" box="[454,532,1613,1639]" degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" precision="925" value="-8.466666">8º28S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE45FF885D1E6B1AFD7D8C75" box="[544,648,1613,1640]" degrees="34" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" precision="925" value="-34.916668">34º55W</geoCoordinate>
),
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE45FF885DA36B1AFD238C75" box="[669,726,1613,1640]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
depth, leg.
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885C656B1AFC988C7A" box="[859,877,1613,1639]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">R</collectionCode>
/
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885C4B6B1AFC7D8C7A" box="[885,904,1613,1639]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
Calypso;
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE45FF885CC56B19FBB38C75" box="[1019,1094,1614,1640]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">MNRJ</collectionCode>
29661, Coroa Alta reef, Santa Cruz Cabrália city,
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE45FF885E516B26FE048C96" box="[367,497,1649,1675]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE45FF885EC26B26FDB58C96" box="[508,576,1649,1675]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE45FF885D716B26FD288C96" box="[591,733,1649,1675]" degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="13.200" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" precision="1" value="-16.22">16º13.200S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C1A374EBBE45FF885DD66B26FC748C91" box="[744,897,1649,1676]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="57.038" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" precision="1" value="-38.950634">38º57.038W</geoCoordinate>
), intertidal, colls. Aline Fioravanso &amp; Marianela Gastaldi,
<date id="D02934ECBE45FF885E3D6BC2FE6B8CB2" box="[259,414,1685,1711]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" value="2019-04-22">22 April 2019</date>
(=
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE45FF885EFB6BC2FC068CB2" authority="sensu Bettcher et al. 2023" authorityName="Bettcher" authorityYear="2023" box="[453,1011,1685,1712]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885EFB6BC2FCFF8CB2" box="[453,778,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Placospongia ruetzleri sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE45FF885C2F6BC2FC068CB2" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[785,1011,1685,1712]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885C496BC1FC5D8CB2" box="[887,936,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FF96BEDFC958D01" blockId="11.[151,1437,1541,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FF96BEDFEBE8CCE" box="[199,331,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885E606BEEFE418CC9" box="[350,436,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,994]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5 Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Fragment of the holotype (light brown) on a mollusc shell (yellow/orange); b Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; c Outer and inner cortex, showing a spheraster in the outer cortex (arrow); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the micro-spheroxyasters in the outer cortex (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
). Shape thinly encrusting, 10 x 5 x
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE45FF885C616BEEFC518CC9" box="[863,932,1721,1748]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
(length x width x thickness), attached to a carbonate fragment. The surface has smooth cortical plates separated by pore-bearing grooves. The consistency is hard, but fragile. The color is whitish beige in ethanol (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885C3F6A56FCA68D01" box="[769,851,1793,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,994]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5 Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Fragment of the holotype (light brown) on a mollusc shell (yellow/orange); b Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; c Outer and inner cortex, showing a spheraster in the outer cortex (arrow); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the micro-spheroxyasters in the outer cortex (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE45FF885FF96A72FDB48DEE" blockId="11.[151,1437,1541,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE45FF885FF96A72FED38D22" box="[199,294,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Skeleton</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885E0B6A72FE538D5D" box="[309,422,1829,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,994]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5 Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Fragment of the holotype (light brown) on a mollusc shell (yellow/orange); b Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; c Outer and inner cortex, showing a spheraster in the outer cortex (arrow); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the micro-spheroxyasters in the outer cortex (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5bd</figureCitation>
). The cortex is 250400 µm thick, distinct from the choanosome (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885BB46A72FB2B8D5D" box="[1162,1246,1829,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,994]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5 Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Fragment of the holotype (light brown) on a mollusc shell (yellow/orange); b Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; c Outer and inner cortex, showing a spheraster in the outer cortex (arrow); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the micro-spheroxyasters in the outer cortex (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
). The inner layer of the cortex is densely packed with selenasters and the outer layer consists of randomly distributed spherasters and micro-spheroxyasters (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885EA46A3AFDD58D9A" box="[410,544,1901,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,994]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5 Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Fragment of the holotype (light brown) on a mollusc shell (yellow/orange); b Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; c Outer and inner cortex, showing a spheraster in the outer cortex (arrow); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the micro-spheroxyasters in the outer cortex (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Figs. 5c d</figureCitation>
). The choanosomal skeleton is formed by sparse tylostyles tracts 90150 µm thick which run obliquely from the substrate to the cortex (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE45FF885C016AC6FC608DB1" box="[831,917,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,970,994]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,945]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5 Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Fragment of the holotype (light brown) on a mollusc shell (yellow/orange); b Cortex and choanosome in transversal section; c Outer and inner cortex, showing a spheraster in the outer cortex (arrow); d Outer and inner cortex, showing the micro-spheroxyasters in the outer cortex (arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603702/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
). The micro-spheroxyasters occur abundantly in the choanosome, often in clusters, lining the choanosomal cavities. Immature selenasters and spherasters are scattered throughout the choanosome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE43FF8E5FF96EE7FACE8E0F" blockId="13.[151,1437,944,2014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5FF96EE7FEA689D7" box="[199,339,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Megascleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5E5F6EE7FE3B89D7" box="[353,462,944,970]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 6ad</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE43FF8E5EE96EE7FDEB89D7" box="[471,542,944,970]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 4. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. cristata studied here and of previous records (minmeanmax, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). Two categories of tylostyles, both of them straight, with blunt ends and rounded tyle (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5FEE6E83FE8B89F3" box="[208,382,980,1006]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Figs. 6b and 6d</figureCitation>
). Tylostyles I are large and choanosomal: 430668910 / 61013 µm, tyle width 71215 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5FA16EAFFEFA8E0F" box="[159,271,1016,1042]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 6ab</figureCitation>
). Tylostyles
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE43FF8E5EA56EAFFE5B8E0F" box="[411,430,1016,1042]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">II</collectionCode>
are small and cortical: 210283340 / 268 µm, tyle width 7810 (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5B816EAFFADB8E0F" box="[1215,1326,1016,1042]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 6cd</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE43FF8E5FF9694BFE3C8F2F" blockId="13.[151,1437,944,2014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5FF9694BFEA28E2B" box="[199,343,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Microscleres</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5E55694BFE178E2B" box="[363,482,1052,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Figs. 6ei</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE43FF8E5ECC694BFDCA8E2B" box="[498,575,1052,1078]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 4. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. cristata studied here and of previous records (minmeanmax, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). Mature selenasters are ellipsoid to rounded, with fused spines, forming rounded or polygonal plates: total size 374457 / 304248 µm, hilum 469 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5BCE6917FAB08E47" box="[1264,1349,1088,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 6e</figureCitation>
).
<specimenCount id="B291D9A5BE43FF8E5A656917FF278E63" count="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Three types</specimenCount>
of immature selenasters: immature selenasters I straight, slender, spiny, with spines concentrated on the ends of the shafts: 172023 / 246 µm; immature selenasters
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE43FF8E5C7A69DFFCA28EBF" box="[836,855,1160,1186]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">II</collectionCode>
elongated, stout, with large and numerous spines: 252830 / 101318 µm (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5EF369FBFDE88EDB" box="[461,541,1196,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 6f</figureCitation>
); immature selenasters
<collectionCode id="C2868AE9BE43FF8E5C1969FBFCB68EDB" box="[807,835,1196,1222]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">III</collectionCode>
ellipsoid, stout, with spines very closely set, but still recognizable in their individuality: 323943 / 172428 µm. Spherasters are large, smooth, with short and conical rays: 101525 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5D3769A3FDA88F13" box="[521,605,1268,1294]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
Fig.
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE43FF8E5D0369A3FDA88F13" box="[573,605,1268,1294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" unit="g" value="6.0">6g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
). Micro-spheroxyasters have smooth rays, with an irregular center: 123 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5E6C684FFE488F2F" box="[338,445,1304,1330]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-82@12.[158,1429,1126,1918]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Spicules of Placospongia cristata (Holotype, MNHN-IP-2015-740, former MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 960). a Tylostyle I; b Tyle and end of tylostyle I; c Tylostyle II; d Tyle and end of tylostyle II; e Mature selenasters; f Immature selenaster of type II; g Spheraster; h Micro-spheroxyasters; i Micro-spheroxyaster with an elongated center." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603704/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 6hi</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE43FF8E5FF9686BFE668F67" blockId="13.[151,1437,944,2014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5FF9686BFED18F4B" box="[199,292,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Habitat.</emphasis>
This species occurs in the intertidal zone, in a shaded microhabitat (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5B2D686BFB068F4B" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[1043,1267,1340,1366]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5B44686BFB5F8F4B" box="[1146,1194,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
), to
<quantity id="636FBFC9BE43FF8E5A1F686CFAAD8F4B" box="[1313,1368,1339,1366]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5FA16837FE728F67" author="Boury-Esnault, N." box="[159,391,1376,1402]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="263 - 295" refId="ref19421" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE43FF8E5FF968D3FBFA8FFB" blockId="13.[151,1437,944,2014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5FF968D3FE198F83" box="[199,492,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="3CAC0EA9BE43FF8E5EC468D3FDCB8F83" box="[506,574,1412,1438]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1847,1871]" captionTargetBox="[158,1435,709,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-304@10.[151,1435,705,1823]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 Distribution of the Placospongia species that occur in Brazil. See Table 2 for localities and references. (1) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Hechtel (1976); (2) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia carinata sensu Drescher et al. (2005); and (3) Placospongia sp. = Placospongia melobesioides sensu Leonel et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10603700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10603700/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE43FF8E5D7768D3FD658F83" box="[585,656,1412,1438]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Geographical and bathymetric distribution of all species of Placospongia that occur in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. See also Fig. 4. -, not reported." pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). Caribbean Sea:
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE43FF8E5C6D68D3FC458F83" box="[851,944,1412,1438]" name="Curaçao" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
(Ardnt 1927 as
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE43FF8E5B5D68D3FAE98F83" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1123,1308,1412,1438]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5B5D68D3FAE98F83" box="[1123,1308,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE43FF8E5A0C68D3FA698F83" box="[1330,1436,1412,1438]" name="Barbados" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Barbados</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5FA168FFFECE8FDF" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[159,315,1448,1474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref19994" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1969) New species and records of shallow water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132, 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12977" type="journal article" year="1969">Hechtel 1969</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE43FF8E5E5668FFFDD28FDF" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[360,551,1448,1474]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5E5668FFFDD28FDF" box="[360,551,1448,1474]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE43FF8E5D7C68FFFD458FDF" box="[578,688,1448,1474]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5DFD68FFFC128FDF" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[707,999,1448,1474]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5C5D68FFFC6D8FDF" box="[867,920,1448,1474]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Northeast
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE43FF8E5B4868FFFB4A8FDF" box="[1142,1215,1448,1474]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Brazil</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE43FF8E5BF368FFFA698FDF" box="[1229,1436,1448,1474]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5FA1689BFE718FFB" author="Boury-Esnault, N." box="[159,388,1484,1510]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="263 - 295" refId="ref19421" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault 1973</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE43FF8E5EFD689BFDB68FFB" box="[451,579,1484,1510]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5D6C689BFCE28FFB" author="Bispo, R. &amp; Johnsson, R. &amp; Neves, E." box="[594,791,1484,1510]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="23 - 34" refId="ref19356" refString="Bispo, R., Johnsson, R. &amp; Neves, E. (2006) A new species of Asterocheres (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Asterocheridae) associated to Placospongia cristata Boury - Esnault (Porifera) in Bahia State, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1351, 23 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1351.1.3" type="journal article" year="2006">
Bispo
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5DA2689BFD388FFB" box="[668,717,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5C1F689BFBF68FFB" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[801,1027,1484,1510]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5CB9689BFC4D8FFB" box="[903,952,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE43FF8E5FF968A7FC668C87" blockId="13.[151,1437,944,2014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5FF968A7FD478C14" box="[199,690,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
Taxonomic remarks.
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE43FF8E5E8668A7FD478C14" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[440,690,1520,1546]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">Placospongia cristata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is herein characterized by the combination of two categories of tylostyles, ellipsoid to rounded mature selenasters, spherasters of the typical golf-ball shape and micro-spheroxyasters. In the original description,
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5EFE6B6FFD468C4F" author="Boury-Esnault, N." box="[448,691,1592,1618]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="263 - 295" refId="ref19421" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
reported only the presence of tylostyles, selenasters and spherasters as spicular components. Our re-examination of the
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE43FF8E5DD76B0BFCBE8C6B" box="[745,843,1628,1654]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and its spicules in SEM allowed us to confirm the presence of micro-spheroxyasters, as supposed by van
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5DC36BD7FC7A8C87" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[765,911,1664,1690]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE43FF8E5FF96BF3FAB58DA7" blockId="13.[151,1437,944,2014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
Besides the type locality in
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE43FF8E5D3E6BF3FD3A8CA3" box="[512,719,1700,1726]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Pernambuco State</collectingRegion>
,
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE43FF8E5DE46BF3FCB98CA0" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[730,844,1700,1725]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5DE46BF3FCB98CA0" box="[730,844,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also described from
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE43FF8E5B526BF3FB188CA3" box="[1132,1261,1700,1726]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5BC56BF3FF248CFF" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5A5A6BF3FA608CA3" box="[1380,1429,1700,1726]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
) and the Colombian Caribbean (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5D7B6B9FFC958CFF" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[581,864,1736,1762]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5DDC6B9FFCE08CFF" box="[738,789,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
), with the first
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5B2F6B9FFBA28CFC" box="[1041,1111,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">in situ</emphasis>
photographs of this species. The specimens from
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE43FF8E5EBB6BBBFDF28D1B" box="[389,519,1772,1798]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
are thinly encrusting and orange-brown in color (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5B046BBBFAD58D1B" author="Bettcher, L. &amp; Fernandez, J. C. &amp; Gastaldi, M. &amp; Bispo, A. &amp; Leal, C. V. &amp; Leite, D. &amp; Avelino-Alves, D. &amp; Clerier, P. H. &amp; Rezende, D. &amp; Gulart, C. M. &amp; Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E." box="[1082,1312,1772,1798]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="443 - 489" refId="ref19236" refString="Bettcher, L., Fernandez, J. C., Gastaldi, M., Bispo, A., Leal, C. V., Leite, D., Avelino-Alves, D., Clerier, P. H., Rezende, D., Gulart, C. M., Pinheiro, U. &amp; Hajdu, E. (2023) Checklist, diversity descriptors and selected descriptions of a highly diverse intertidal sponge (Porifera) assemblage at Costa do Descobrimento (Bahia, Brazil). Zootaxa, 5277 (3), 443 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5277.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Bettcher
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5B9D6BBBFB208D1B" box="[1187,1237,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
), while the Caribbean specimens are thicker, with creeping and erect lobes or branches, and dark brown to chocolate-brown in color (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5FE16A63FE028D53" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[223,503,1844,1870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5E456A63FE598D53" box="[379,428,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). The spicules of these populations conformed with the
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE43FF8E5B576A63FB3E8D53" box="[1129,1227,1844,1870]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
re-examined here, except for the larger and thicker size of tylostyles and selenasters in the Caribbean populations and the presence of a few spirasters in
<specimenCount id="B291D9A5BE43FF8E5E6A6A2BFE198D8B" box="[340,492,1916,1942]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
from
<collectingRegion id="6653DCCEBE43FF8E5D116A2BFD5B8D8B" box="[559,686,1916,1942]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE43FF8E5D836A2BFCF38D8B" box="[701,774,1916,1942]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 4. Spicule measurements of all specimens of P. cristata studied here and of previous records (minmeanmax, length / width or diameter in micrometres)." pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Tab. 4</tableCitation>
). Despite these small differences, we consider the Brazilian and Colombian populations to belong to a single species, widely distributed in the Tropical Atlantic realm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE43FF8D5FF96A93FB3D8B94" blockId="13.[151,1437,944,2014]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
Rützler (2002) and
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE43FF8E5EA36A93FD8B8DC3" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[413,638,1988,2014]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5EC96A93FDD28DC3" box="[503,551,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE43FF8E5C196A93FC628DC0" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[807,919,1988,2013]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5C196A93FC628DC0" box="[807,919,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE43FF8E5BDA6A93FA688DC3" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1252,1437,1988,2014]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE43FF8E5BDA6A93FA688DC3" box="[1252,1437,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the shared presence of spherasters and absence of spirasters, despite the large geographical distance between Northeast
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5E4A6DECFE4D8AC8" box="[372,440,187,213]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and Borneo,
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE40FF8D5D686DECFD738AC8" box="[598,646,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5C336DECFC3C8AC8" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[781,969,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C336DECFC3C8AC8" box="[781,969,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two species also share the rounded shape of the selenasters and the presence of micro-spheroxyasters (
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5CA36D88FC448AE4" box="[925,945,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">cf</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5CFC6D88FB948AE4" author="Becking, L." box="[962,1121,223,249]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="39 - 76" refId="ref19190" refString="Becking, L. (2013) Revision of the genus Placospongia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida, Placospongiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific. ZooKeys, 298, 39 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 298.1913" type="journal article" year="2013">Becking 2013</bibRefCitation>
as spherules). However, as noted by van
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5E0B6C54FE3D8B00" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[309,456,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, the choanosomal tylostyles of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5C0C6C54FC508B01" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[818,933,259,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C0C6C54FC508B01" box="[818,933,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much smaller (430600 µm) than those of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5F886C70FE878B5C" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[182,370,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5F886C70FE878B5C" box="[182,370,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(6701010 µm;
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE40FF8D5D0E6C70FD8D8B5C" box="[560,632,295,321]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
). Furthermore, in
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5C796C70FC4F8B5D" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[839,954,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C796C70FC4F8B5D" box="[839,954,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the spherasters are more abundant and the selenasters are slightly smaller than in
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5D7A6C1CFD088B78" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[580,765,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5D7A6C1CFD088B78" box="[580,765,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3757
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C676C1CFC828B79" box="[857,887,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">vs.</emphasis>
4568 µm;
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE40FF8D5CC26C1CFBB68B78" box="[1020,1091,331,357]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,523,549]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule measurements and distribution of all valid Placospongia species (min-mean-max, length / width or diameter in micrometers). Names of provinces follow Spalding et al. (2007). TSWA, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic; NBS, North Brazil Shelf; CTNWP, Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific; TNWA, Tropical Northwestern Atlantic; WCT, Western Coral Triangle; WIO, Western Indian Ocean; CIOI, Central Indian Ocean Islands; L, Lusitanian; MS, Mediterranean Sea; WTNWA, Warm Temperate Northwestern Atlantic." pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
). Therefore, we agree with van
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5FA96C38FED38B94" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[151,294,367,393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
that
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5E636C38FE3A8B95" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[349,463,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5E636C38FE3A8B95" box="[349,463,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5D3B6C38FD4A8B94" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[517,703,367,393]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5D3B6C38FD4A8B94" box="[517,703,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are different species, although closely related.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428122CBE40FF8D5FF96CC4FD1C899C" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
The similarity between
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5EED6CC4FDB38BB1" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[467,582,403,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5EED6CC4FDB38BB1" box="[467,582,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5D406CC4FCCC8BB0" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[638,825,403,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5D406CC4FCCC8BB0" box="[638,825,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
led van
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5CA26CC4FBDE8BB0" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[924,1067,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
to propose that the records of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5AB66CC4FEC38BCC" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5AB66CC4FEC38BCC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Central Western Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5DFD6CE0FC918BCC" author="Schmidt, O." box="[707,868,439,465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref21155" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) n. k. In: Grundzu ¨ ge einer Spongien - Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. iii - iv + 1 - 88, pls. I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5C506CE0FC048BCC" author="Arndt" box="[878,1009,439,465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="133 - 158" refId="ref19154" refString="Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 02501006" type="journal article" year="1927">Arndt 1927</bibRefCitation>
; de
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5B236CE0FB2E8BCC" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[1053,1243,439,465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref20201" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Instution of Washington Publication, 467, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936">Laubenfels 1936</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5BD86CE0FF258BE8" author="Gonzales-Farias, F." pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="81 - 90" refId="ref19839" refString="Gonzales-Farias, F. (1989) Estudio al microscopio electronico de barrido de la estructura esqueletica de la esponja Placospongia melobesioides Gray. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, 16, 81 - 90." type="journal article" year="1989">Gonzáles-Farías 1989</bibRefCitation>
) could in fact belong to
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5EDD6C8CFDA18BE9" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[483,596,475,500]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5EDD6C8CFDA18BE9" box="[483,596,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5D5C6C8CFC708BE8" author="David-Colon, J. &amp; Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D." box="[610,901,475,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="501 - 526" refId="ref19696" refString="David-Colon, J., Zea, S. &amp; Marin-Casas, D. (2023) The genus Placospongia (Demospongiae: Clionaida) from the Colombian Caribbean. Zootaxa, 5244 (6), 501 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5244.6.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
David-Colón
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5DC56C8CFCD88BE8" box="[763,813,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
also considered the records of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5BDC6C8CFA688BE8" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1250,1437,475,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5BDC6C8CFA688BE8" box="[1250,1437,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5FEC6CA8FEC98804" box="[210,316,511,537]" name="Barbados" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Barbados</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5E766CA8FE2A8804" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[328,479,511,537]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref19994" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1969) New species and records of shallow water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132, 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12977" type="journal article" year="1969">Hechtel 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and Gulf of Mexico (de
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5DD16CA8FC5C8804" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[751,937,510,537]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="511 - 557" refId="ref20256" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1953) Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbbean, 2 (3), 511 - 557." type="journal article" year="1953">Laubenfels 1953</bibRefCitation>
) and the record of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5B4C6CA8FAF18804" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[1138,1284,511,537]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5B4C6CA8FAF18804" box="[1138,1284,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5A7A6CA8FA688804" box="[1348,1437,511,537]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5FA16F74FE9E8820" author="Collin, R. &amp; Diaz, M. C. &amp; Norenburg, J. &amp; Rocha, R. M. &amp; Sanchez, J. A. &amp; Schulze, A. &amp; Schwartz, M. &amp; Valdez, A." box="[159,363,546,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="638 - 707" refId="ref19619" refString="Collin, R., Diaz, M. C., Norenburg, J., Rocha, R. M., Sanchez, J. A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. &amp; Valdez, A. (2005) Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41 (3), 638 - 707." type="journal article" year="2005">
Collin
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5FD16F74FED78820" box="[239,290,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
) as belonging to
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5D0F6F74FD5E8821" box="[561,683,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5D0F6F74FD528821" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[561,679,547,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">P. cristata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, the record of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5CFC6F74FB8B8820" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[962,1150,547,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5CFC6F74FB8B8820" box="[962,1150,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by de
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5BF36F74FA698820" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[1229,1436,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref20201" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Instution of Washington Publication, 467, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936">Laubenfels (1936)</bibRefCitation>
included only selenasters and was considered unrecognizable by
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5CBE6F10FBDB887C" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[896,1070,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref19994" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1969) New species and records of shallow water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132, 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12977" type="journal article" year="1969">Hechtel (1969)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5B056F10FB1B887C" author="Schmidt, O." box="[1083,1262,583,609]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref21155" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) n. k. In: Grundzu ¨ ge einer Spongien - Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. iii - iv + 1 - 88, pls. I - VI." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt (1870)</bibRefCitation>
, de
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5A1E6F10FF178898" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="511 - 557" refId="ref20256" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1953) Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbbean, 2 (3), 511 - 557." type="journal article" year="1953">Laubenfels (1953)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5E266F3CFE1D8898" author="Collin, R. &amp; Diaz, M. C. &amp; Norenburg, J. &amp; Rocha, R. M. &amp; Sanchez, J. A. &amp; Schulze, A. &amp; Schwartz, M. &amp; Valdez, A." box="[280,488,618,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="638 - 707" refId="ref19619" refString="Collin, R., Diaz, M. C., Norenburg, J., Rocha, R. M., Sanchez, J. A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. &amp; Valdez, A. (2005) Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41 (3), 638 - 707." type="journal article" year="2005">
Collin
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5E5B6F3CFE628898" box="[357,407,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. (2005
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5D2C6F3CFD538898" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[530,678,619,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5D2C6F3CFD538898" box="[530,678,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) did not describe the spicules of their specimens, and
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5A386F3CFA698898" author="Sollas, W. J." box="[1286,1436,619,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 458" refId="ref21330" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger 1873, 76 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
did not find spherasters in Schmidts type slides. On the other hand, van
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5CFC6FD8FBA588B4" author="Soest, R. W. M. van" box="[962,1104,655,681]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref21200" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2107.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Soest (2009)</bibRefCitation>
reexamined the specimens of
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5FA96FE4FEDF88D0" author="Arndt" box="[151,298,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="133 - 158" refId="ref19154" refString="Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 02501006" type="journal article" year="1927">Arndt (1927)</bibRefCitation>
and found spherasters similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5C3E6FE4FC8788D1" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[768,882,691,716]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C3E6FE4FC8788D1" box="[768,882,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and all the spicules described by
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5BCD6FE4FA6988D0" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[1267,1436,691,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref19994" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1969) New species and records of shallow water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132, 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12977" type="journal article" year="1969">Hechtel (1969)</bibRefCitation>
conform to the
<typeStatus id="7B2CAC8EBE40FF8D5E7B6F80FE5288EC" box="[325,423,727,753]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5EF06F80FDB488ED" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[462,577,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5EF06F80FDB488ED" box="[462,577,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, we agree that the records of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5B306F80FB3C88EC" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1038,1225,727,753]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5B306F80FB3C88EC" box="[1038,1225,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5A316F80FA9988EC" box="[1295,1388,727,753]" name="Curaçao" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5FA96FACFEF48908" box="[151,257,763,789]" name="Barbados" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Barbados</collectingCountry>
(Ardnt 1927;
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5E9A6FACFDC98908" author="Hechtel, G. J." box="[420,572,763,789]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref19994" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1969) New species and records of shallow water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132, 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12977" type="journal article" year="1969">Hechtel 1969</bibRefCitation>
) are likely synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5C696FACFC3F8909" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[855,970,763,788]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5C696FACFC3F8909" box="[855,970,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but all records of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5B9C6FACFAAB8908" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[1186,1374,763,789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5B9C6FACFAAB8908" box="[1186,1374,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean need to be reevaluated. The records of
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5DC96E48FC468924" authorityName="sensu Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[759,947,799,825]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5DC96E48FC468924" box="[759,947,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Gulf of Mexico (González-Farías 1989) and from North
<collectingCountry id="DC8052BCBE40FF8D5EAA6E14FE2D8940" box="[404,472,835,861]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C0066FDDBE40FF8D5ED96E14FD488940" author="Mothes, B. &amp; Campos, M. A. &amp; Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M." box="[487,701,835,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" pagination="667 - 677" refId="ref20578" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A., Lerner, C. B. &amp; Silva, C. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5D7A6E14FD808940" box="[580,629,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
) belong to the new species
<taxonomicName id="639769AFBE40FF8D5CCC6E14FB0E8940" authority="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy, 2024" authorityName="Sandes &amp; Moraes &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2024" box="[1010,1275,835,861]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="beatrizae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5CCC6E14FB0E8940" box="[1010,1275,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Placospongia beatrizae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="96E3CE3EBE40FF8D5A3C6E14FAAE8940" bold="true" box="[1282,1371,835,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8DD07345BE40FF8D5A3C6E14FAAE8940" box="[1282,1371,835,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="E9152797BE40FF8D5A546E14FF53899C" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="25.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 7. Proposed revised names of all previous records of Placospongia species from Brazil." pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Tab. 7</tableCitation>
) and are discussed below in its taxonomic remarks.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>