948 lines
115 KiB
XML
948 lines
115 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.13032" ID-GBIF-Dataset="977caa99-0f2b-4cf9-bbd1-e102d465e9c9" ID-PMC="PMC8932314" ID-PubMed="35310159" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6367867" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1647607330157" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Zack, Shawn P., Poust, Ashley W. & Wagner, Hugh" docDate="2022" docId="1C7987C2FF9CFFB90232EDF7FCF8FA0E" docLanguage="en" docName="PeerJ.10.e13032.pdf" docOrigin="PeerJ 10" docTitle="Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae Zack & Poust & Wagner 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="E040FFBAFF99FFB70030EF38FFC5FFDF" masterDocTitle="Diegoaelurus, a new machaeroidine (Oxyaenidae) from the Santiago Formation (late Uintan) of southern California and the relationships of Machaeroidinae, the oldest group of sabertooth mammals" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668138739091" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:title>Diegoaelurus, a new machaeroidine (Oxyaenidae) from the Santiago Formation (late Uintan) of southern California and the relationships of Machaeroidinae, the oldest group of sabertooth mammals</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Zack, Shawn P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America & School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
|
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zack@email.arizona.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Poust, Ashley W.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA, United States of America & University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">apoust@sdnhm.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Wagner, Hugh</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2022-03-15</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>10</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>27</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.13032</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">977caa99-0f2b-4cf9-bbd1-e102d465e9c9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC8932314</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">35310159</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6367867</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367848" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194097551" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6367848" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:91F6F357-5E5F-4D5B-BBBD-FE66AB3DF8ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C7987C2FF9CFFB90232EDF7FCF8FA0E" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[514,1076,719,743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[514,1282,719,815]" box="[514,1076,719,743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zack & Poust & Wagner, 2022" authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[514,984,719,742]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[514,984,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">DIEGOAELURUS VANVALKENBURGHAE</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[992,1076,719,743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[514,1282,719,815]" box="[514,1282,755,779]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:91F6F357-5E5F-4D5B-BBBD-FE66AB3DF8ED</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[514,1282,719,815]" box="[514,718,791,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[524,618,791,815]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStart-3="Figure 5" captionStartId-0="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionStartId-1="7.[507,571,831,853]" captionStartId-2="8.[507,571,1059,1081]" captionStartId-3="9.[507,571,766,788]" captionTargetBox-0="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetBox-1="[372,1303,233,793]" captionTargetBox-2="[491,1131,229,1015]" captionTargetBox-3="[491,1259,229,721]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetId-1="figure-38@7.[764,941,511,721]" captionTargetId-3="figure-9@9.[490,1004,228,640]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionText-0="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" captionText-1="Figure 3 Anterior view of the holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343) showing the lateral flaring of the mandibular flange. Image is taken from a 3D model of the holotype. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-3" captionText-2="Figure 4 Serrations on the teeth of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). (A) Left canine in buccal view showing serrations on the distal carina of the lower canine (arrows); (B) left m2 in lingual view showing serrations on the distal carina of the protoconid (arrow). Scale bars are 1 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-4" captionText-3="Figure 5 Radiograph of the left dentary of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Note the absence of alveoli in the expected position of p4 (arrow) indicating that the tooth was either pathologically absent or that loss occurred well antemortem. Scale bar is 1 cm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-5" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367873" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367875" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367877" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6367873/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6367875/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/6367877/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[630,708,791,815]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[507,563,948,969]" captionTargetBox="[514,1517,1003,1823]" captionText="Table 2 Measurements (mm) of the holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C0AF665CFF90FFBE01CBEC8CFADAFC16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="C0AF665CFF90FFBE01CBEC8CFADAFC16">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3710341301" collectionCode="SDSNH" county="San Diego County" location="Oceanside" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="SDSNH 38343" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[491,1542,896,1913]" box="[491,1339,896,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,604,896,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[491,604,896,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCode box="[640,813,896,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">SDSNH 38343</specimenCode>
|
||
, right dentary preserving
|
||
<date box="[1113,1137,896,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">i2</date>
|
||
, c, p3, and m1-2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[491,1542,896,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,653,935,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type Locality</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[690,783,936,962]" collectionName="SDSNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">SDSNH</collectionCode>
|
||
locality 3276 (Jeff’s Discovery),
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C7987C2FF9CFFB90232EDF7FCF8FA0E:910F600FFF9CFFB204BCEC9FFAC2FC1E" box="[1164,1287,935,961]" county="San Diego County" name="Oceanside" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Oceanside</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[1300,1518,935,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">San Diego County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C7987C2FF9CFFB90232EDF7FCF8FA0E:910F600FFF9CFFB201DBECF7FDA1FC36" box="[491,612,975,1001]" county="San Diego County" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">California</location>
|
||
. As described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walsh SL" box="[824,978,975,1002]" editor="Prothero DR & Emry RJ" journalOrPublisher="New York: Cambridge University Press" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="119" part="75" refId="ref13521" refString="Walsh SL. 1996. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 75 119." title="Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America" year="1996">
|
||
<emphasis box="[824,978,975,1002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Walsh (1996)</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the Jeff’s Discovery assemblage comprises several adjacent localities first discovered by Mr. Jeff Dahlgren. The Jeff’s Discovery fauna has produced a distinctive fauna including a number of taxa otherwise rare in the San Diego Eocene. Aside from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[801,1161,1094,1120]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[801,1161,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, distinctive elements of the Jeff’s Discovery fauna include the hyaenodontid
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[994,1161,1134,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenodontidae" genus="Limnocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[994,1119,1134,1159]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Limnocyon</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, carnivoran
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesley & Flynn" authorityYear="2003" box="[1308,1534,1134,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverravidae" genus="Tapocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dawsonae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1308,1534,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tapocyon dawsonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tapiroid
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colbert" authorityYear="2006" box="[595,832,1173,1199]" class="Mammalia" family="Tapiridae" genus="Hesperaletes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borineyi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,832,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hesperaletes borineyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and basal artiodactyl
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1104,1218,1173,1200]" class="Mammalia" family="Leptochoeridae" genus="Ibarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1104,1176,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ibarus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walsh SL" box="[1238,1378,1173,1200]" editor="Prothero DR & Emry RJ" journalOrPublisher="New York: Cambridge University Press" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="119" part="75" refId="ref13521" refString="Walsh SL. 1996. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 75 119." title="Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America" year="1996">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1238,1378,1173,1200]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Walsh, 1996</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wesley GD & Flynn JJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="769" part="77" refId="ref13781" refString="Wesley GD, Flynn JJ. 2003. A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species. Journal of Paleontology 77: 769 783 DOI 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2003) 077 <0769: AROTCI> 2.0. CO; 2." title="A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Wesley & Flynn, 2003</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Colbert MW" box="[639,791,1213,1240]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="697" part="26" refId="ref11876" refString="Colbert MW. 2006. Hesperaletes (Mammalia: Perissodactyla). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 697 711 DOI 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2006) 26 [697: HMPANT] 2.0. CO; 2." title="Hesperaletes (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<emphasis box="[639,791,1213,1240]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colbert, 2006</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[491,1542,896,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,745,1252,1279]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stratigraphy and Age</emphasis>
|
||
. Member ‘‘C’’ of the Santiago Formation, late Uintan (Ui3) North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA), middle Eocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walsh SL" box="[1172,1312,1292,1319]" editor="Prothero DR & Emry RJ" journalOrPublisher="New York: Cambridge University Press" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="119" part="75" refId="ref13521" refString="Walsh SL. 1996. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 75 119." title="Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America" year="1996">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1172,1312,1292,1319]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Walsh, 1996</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[491,844,1332,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[491,1542,896,1913]" box="[491,844,1332,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,611,1332,1358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. As for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[491,1542,896,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,621,1372,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Named in honor of Dr. Blaire Van Valkenburgh, in recognition of her substantial contributions to our understanding of iterative evolution in carnivorous mammals and saber-tooth paleoecology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[491,1542,896,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,634,1490,1516]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. The dentary is intact along most of the horizontal ramus, but is broken posteriorly, with portions of the ascending ramus, including the condylar process and posterior margin of the coronoid process missing (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1086,1150,1570,1596]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[491,1542,896,1913]" lastBlockId="6.[491,1541,1548,1893]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
A flange projects ventrally and somewhat laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1124,1217,1609,1635]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1232,1246,1609,1635]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[507,571,831,853]" captionTargetBox="[372,1303,233,793]" captionTargetId="figure-38@7.[764,941,511,721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3 Anterior view of the holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343) showing the lateral flaring of the mandibular flange. Image is taken from a 3D model of the holotype. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367873/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
), extending the depth of the anterior dentary by almost a third. The shape of the flange is curved, contrasting with the triangular flange in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1909" box="[767,923,1689,1715]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[767,923,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Machaeroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and its posterior edge is slightly concave marking it as a very distinct feature and contrasting with a linear posterior margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1909" box="[1368,1524,1728,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1368,1524,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Machaeroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A thin ridge borders it anteriorly, narrowing to a thin raised blade along the anterior surface below the canine. No mental foramina are present immediately adjacent to the symphysis on the anterior aspect of the jaw, unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1116,1377,1847,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1116,1377,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Machaeroides simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though three are present on the lateral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[891,974,1887,1913]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
), one directly below the p2 alveolus, one placed anteroventrally just above the flange, and a third, smaller foramen about mid-height at the level of the distal margin of the canine. The two larger foramina are directed laterally, while the third is directed anterodorsally, at a very shallow angle to the dentary surface. The placement of these foramina differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[977,1213,1668,1694]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[977,1213,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Machaeroides eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where one foramen is more anterior, very close to the front of the jaw. This difference may relate to the expansion of the flange itself in SDNHS 38343.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" targetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[507,1526,1384,1494]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1296,1384,1407]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 2 Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zack & Poust & Wagner, 2022" authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[729,1045,1385,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,1045,1385,1407]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1052,1128,1384,1405]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(SDSNH 38343).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[491,1541,1548,1893]" lastBlockId="7.[491,1542,995,1898]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The symphysis is well developed and vertically oriented, with a straight anterior margin and a bilobate posterior (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[789,875,1827,1853]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lineations on the symphyseal surface trend in two different directions. In the lower lobe along the ventral portion of the flange and opposite the upper portion of the flange, the lineations run strongly anterior/posteriorly, with even the lowest few angled down anteriorly below the plane of the horizontal. The upper lobe by contrast has linear features that splay outward and upward, primarily at about a 60 degree angle from horizontal spanning from the midline to the alveoli of the incisors. The plane of the symphysis is only slightly angled away from the long axis of the dentary, meaning the jaw lacks the wide anterior expansion seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1069,1207,1195,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1069,1207,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367873" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6367873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367873/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[507,571,831,853]" targetBox="[372,1303,233,793]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[507,1526,831,941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 3 Anterior view of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zack & Poust & Wagner, 2022" authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[926,1242,831,853]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[926,1242,831,853]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1249,1325,831,852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(SDSNH 38343) showing the lateral flaring of the mandibular flange.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Image is taken from a 3D model of the holotype. Scale bar is 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[507,1526,831,941]" box="[1113,1526,919,941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-3</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,995,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The horizontal ramus posterior to the flange is rectangular and transversely compressed. Between the p3 and the m1 the dorsal edge of the mandible dips down, a feature which may represent the effects of long finished bone resorption and filling of the alveolus and possibly support the idea that the adult p4 tooth was lost during early life. A furrow visible on the medioventral edge represents a break that exposed the interior cortical bone (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1413,1499,1393,1419]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,995,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Interestingly, this broken edge is filled with sediment; the break was not sustained during final erosion or collection, rather during biostratinomy, or perhaps a prior episode of erosion and redeposition. Given the rather complete nature of the specimen, presence of teeth, and lack of surface weathering this is an oddly contradictory taphonomic feature.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,995,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Though slightly damaged the angular process is present giving us the length of the jaw, but unfortunately the condyle and much of the coronoid process are broken (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1363,1508,1632,1659]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 2A, 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,995,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The anterior and ventral borders of the masseteric fossa are clearly defined, showing that it would have been a deeply incised and large area of muscle attachment in life. The anterior margin of the masseteric fossa extends to a level below the back of the trigonid of m2.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[491,1542,995,1898]" lastBlockId="8.[491,1542,1223,1848]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The dorsal margin of the fossa is less incised than the other borders and ends only slightly below the preserved portion of the coronoid process. Although the posterior margin of the coronoid process is absent, it appears to represent nearly the full height, extending to a level just above the height of the m2. Such a low coronoid process is typical of saber-tooth carnivores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Matthew WD" box="[630,801,1263,1290]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="289" part="26" refId="ref12591" refString="Matthew WD. 1910. The phylogeny of the Felidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26: 289 318." title="The phylogeny of the Felidae" type="journal article" year="1910">
|
||
<emphasis box="[630,801,1263,1290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Matthew, 1910</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emerson SB & Radinsky LB" box="[815,1120,1263,1290]" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="295" part="6" refId="ref12109" refString="Emerson SB, Radinsky LB. 1980. Functional analysis of sabertooth cranial morphology. Paleobiology 6: 295 312 DOI 10.1017 / S 0094837300006813." title="Functional analysis of sabertooth cranial morphology" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
<emphasis box="[815,1120,1263,1290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Emerson & Radinsky, 1980</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6367875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367875/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[507,571,1059,1081]" targetBox="[491,1131,229,1015]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[507,1525,1059,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1428,1059,1082]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 4 Serrations on the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zack & Poust & Wagner, 2022" authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[861,1177,1060,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,1177,1060,1082]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1184,1260,1060,1081]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(SDSNH 38343).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Left canine in buccal view showing serrations on the distal carina of the lower canine (arrows); (B) left m2 in lingual view showing serrations on the distal carina of the protoconid (arrow). Scale bars are 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[507,1525,1059,1170]" box="[1113,1525,1148,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-4</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,1223,1848]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
As in other machaeroidines, the dentary preserves evidence of only two lower incisors, the more mesial represented by a root and partial crown and the more distal by an alveolus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[502,642,1383,1409]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 2B 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[656,670,1383,1409]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[507,571,831,853]" captionTargetBox="[372,1303,233,793]" captionTargetId="figure-38@7.[764,941,511,721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3 Anterior view of the holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343) showing the lateral flaring of the mandibular flange. Image is taken from a 3D model of the holotype. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367873/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a small space mesial to the first incisor, but there is no evidence of an alveolus for a third incisor. Reduction in the number of lower incisors is shared with other machaeroidines in which this region is preserved:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1138,1329,1463,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1138,1329,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Apataelurus kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Machaeroides eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scott WB" box="[584,708,1503,1529]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Carnegie Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="113" part="27" refId="ref13245" refString="Scott WB. 1938. A problematical cat-like mandible from the Uinta Eocene, Apatae lurus kayi, Scott. Annals of Carnegie Museum 27: 113 120." title="A problematical cat-like mandible from the Uinta Eocene, Apatae lurus kayi, Scott" type="journal article" year="1938">
|
||
<emphasis box="[584,708,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scott, 1938</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gazin CL" box="[722,859,1503,1529]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="335 347" part="96" refId="ref12135" refString="Gazin CL. 1946. Machaeroides eothen Matthew, the saber-tooth creodont of the Bridger Eocene. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 96: 335 347 DOI 10.5479 / si. 00963801.96 - 3202.335." title="Machaeroides eothen Matthew, the saber-tooth creodont of the Bridger Eocene" type="book" year="1946">
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,859,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gazin, 1946</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Denison RH" box="[884,1059,1503,1529]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="163" part="37" refId="ref12022" refString="Denison RH. 1938. The broad-skulled Pseudocreodi. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 37: 163 256." title="The broad-skulled Pseudocreodi" type="journal article" year="1938">
|
||
<emphasis box="[884,1059,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Denison (1938)</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hypothesized that i1 was lost in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1444,1523,1502,1529]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1444,1523,1502,1529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and, in the absence of contradictory evidence, the lower incisors of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1287,1527,1542,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1287,1527,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are tentatively considered i2-3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[491,1542,1223,1848]" lastBlockId="10.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Much of the apical crown of i2 is broken (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1007,1109,1622,1648]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionStartId-1="7.[507,571,831,853]" captionTargetBox-0="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetBox-1="[372,1303,233,793]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetId-1="figure-38@7.[764,941,511,721]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" captionText-1="Figure 3 Anterior view of the holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343) showing the lateral flaring of the mandibular flange. Image is taken from a 3D model of the holotype. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-3" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367873" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6367873/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 2 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preserved portion of the tooth, including the root, is compressed mesiodistally and slightly inclined buccally. The crown appears to have been relatively tall. The buccal face of the crown is gently convex and vertical, while the lingual face is flat and slopes basolingually. The lingual surface is wider than the buccal surface, making the crown wedge-shaped in occlusal view. The preserved mesial and distal margins are vertical and parallel, but not enough of the crown is preserved to determine if it was pointed or more spatulate. There is no development of basal cuspids or cingulids, and the preserved structure of the crown is simple.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367877" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6367877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367877/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[507,571,766,788]" targetBox="[491,1259,229,721]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[507,1526,766,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1500,766,788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Figure 5 Radiograph of the left dentary of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zack & Poust & Wagner, 2022" authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[934,1250,766,788]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[934,1250,766,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1256,1332,766,787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(SDSNH 38343).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Note the absence of alveoli in the expected position of p4 (arrow) indicating that the tooth was either pathologically absent or that loss occurred well antemortem. Scale bar is 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[507,1526,766,876]" box="[1113,1526,854,876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-5</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="C0AF665CFF90FFBE01CBEC8CFADAFC16" box="[507,1311,947,970]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C0AF665CFF90FFBE01CBEC8CFADAFC16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[507,563,948,969]" targetBox="[514,1517,1003,1823]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[507,1311,947,970]" box="[507,1311,947,970]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Table 2 Measurements (mm) of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[989,1305,948,970]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[989,1305,948,970]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table box="[514,1517,1003,1823]" gridcols="2" gridrows="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1003,1025]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[514,1517,1003,1025]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1376,1517,1003,1025]" fontSize="9" level="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1376,1517,1003,1025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">SDSNH 38343</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1042,1064]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1042,1064]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Length of dentary</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1042,1064]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">71.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1078,1100]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1078,1100]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Length of dentition (i2 alveolus-m2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1078,1100]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">51.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1114,1136]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1114,1136]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Length of cheek dentition (p2 alveolus-m2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1114,1136]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">35.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1151,1173]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1151,1173]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Depth at flange</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1151,1173]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">23.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1187,1209]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1187,1209]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Depth of flange below line of jaw</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1187,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1223,1245]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1223,1245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Depth below m1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1223,1245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">11.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1259,1281]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1259,1281]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">m2 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1259,1281]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">10.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1295,1317]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1295,1317]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1295,1317]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1331,1353]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1331,1353]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">height</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1331,1353]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">8.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1367,1389]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1367,1389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">m1 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1367,1389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">7.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1403,1425]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1403,1425]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1403,1425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1440,1462]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1440,1462]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">height</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1440,1462]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">6.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1476,1498]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1476,1498]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">p3 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1476,1498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1512,1534]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1512,1534]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1512,1534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1548,1570]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1548,1570]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">p2 length (alveolus)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1548,1570]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">2.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1584,1606]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1584,1606]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">width (alveolus)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1584,1606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1620,1642]" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1620,1642]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">c1 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1620,1642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1656,1678]" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1656,1678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1656,1678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1693,1715]" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1693,1715]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">height</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1693,1715]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">13.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1729,1751]" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1729,1751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">i2 length</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1729,1751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1765,1787]" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1765,1787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">width</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1765,1787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[514,1517,1801,1823]" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td box="[514,929,1801,1823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">height</td>
|
||
<td box="[1376,1517,1801,1823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The alveolus of i3 is immediately distal to i2 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1057,1160,307,333]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionStartId-1="7.[507,571,831,853]" captionTargetBox-0="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetBox-1="[372,1303,233,793]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetId-1="figure-38@7.[764,941,511,721]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" captionText-1="Figure 3 Anterior view of the holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343) showing the lateral flaring of the mandibular flange. Image is taken from a 3D model of the holotype. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-3" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367873" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6367873/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 2 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The alveolus indicates that the tooth was somewhat larger than i2, while the shape of the alveolus indicates that i3 was also compressed mesiodistally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The unworn lower canine is nearly completely preserved, a first for Machaeroidinae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[502,606,465,491]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionStartId-1="7.[507,571,831,853]" captionTargetBox-0="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetBox-1="[372,1303,233,793]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetId-1="figure-38@7.[764,941,511,721]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" captionText-1="Figure 3 Anterior view of the holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343) showing the lateral flaring of the mandibular flange. Image is taken from a 3D model of the holotype. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-3" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367873" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6367873/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 2 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tooth is substantially larger than either incisor and would also have been much taller than i2 if the latter were complete. The canine is implanted vertically, lacking the buccal inclination of i2. As with the incisors, the crown of c1 is mesiodistally compressed, with an oblique buccolingual axis, oriented posteromedially relative to the dentary. The crown is tall and recurved lingually, tapering to a sharp point. The buccal surface is convex, while the lingual surface is formed by mesiolingual and distolingual faces that meet at a distinct angle, forming a peak that runs down the center of the lingual surface of the crown. Where the buccal and lingual surfaces of the crown meet, blunt, mesial and distal carinae are present. Serrations extend the length of the distal carina (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1217,1301,781,807]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[507,571,1059,1081]" captionTargetBox="[491,1131,229,1015]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4 Serrations on the teeth of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). (A) Left canine in buccal view showing serrations on the distal carina of the lower canine (arrows); (B) left m2 in lingual view showing serrations on the distal carina of the protoconid (arrow). Scale bars are 1 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367875/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
), while the mesial carina lacks serrations. The distal carina is stronger and extends further basally than the mesial carina. There is no development of cingulids or a basal heel, but the thin enamel extends modestly further basally on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the crown than on the mesial or distal surfaces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
A large diastema separates the canine from p3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1090,1232,978,1004]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 2A 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Within this diastema, near the midpoint but closer to p3 than to the canine, is a single, small alveolus, for a single-rooted p2. The size of the alveolus indicates that p2 was likely the smallest lower tooth, approximately half the size of i2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The first preserved cheek tooth is a double-rooted p3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1156,1220,1136,1162]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The protoconid is broken near its base, but the remainder of the crown is intact. The tooth is approximately 57% the length of m1, relatively larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[971,1162,1215,1241]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[971,1162,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Apataelurus kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(42%) but substantially reduced relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[617,853,1255,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[617,853,1255,1281]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Machaeroides eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(88%). Mesially, the crown has a small but differentiated paraconid, deflected slightly lingually from the protoconid. This contrasts with both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1491,1524,1295,1320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1491,1524,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,565,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">eothen</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[626,705,1334,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[626,705,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lack paraconids on p3. The protoconid was large, dominating the crown, although its height cannot be determined. In cross-section, the broken base of the protoconid is lenticular. Distal to the protoconid, the talonid bears a single cusp, a large, low hypoconid positioned close to the buccal margin of the crown and aligned with the distal carina of the protoconid. The hypoconid has a steep buccal and more shallow lingual slope. Lingual to the hypoconid, the margin of the talonid is slightly concave at the distolingual corner of the crown, with very faint cuspids evident on either side of the concavity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Immediately posterior to p3, p4 is absent. Alveoli for p4 are not visible externally nor are they evident in a radiograph of the specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1073,1137,1689,1716]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[507,571,766,788]" captionTargetBox="[491,1259,229,721]" captionTargetId="figure-9@9.[490,1004,228,640]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5 Radiograph of the left dentary of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Note the absence of alveoli in the expected position of p4 (arrow) indicating that the tooth was either pathologically absent or that loss occurred well antemortem. Scale bar is 1 cm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), indicating that the absence of p4 reflects either pathology or
|
||
<emphasis box="[807,883,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
loss well prior to death rather than postmortem damage. The size of the gap between p3 and m1 indicates that p4 was substantially longer than p3, but shorter than m1 and much shorter than m2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastBlockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Posterior to the missing p4, m1 is an elongate, narrow tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1234,1297,1847,1873]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The trigonid of m1 is bicuspid, with no trace of a metaconid. The paraconid is transversely compressed and relatively elongate and low. The paraconid portion of the paracristid is oriented obliquely mesiolingually, with the apex of the paraconid mesiolingual to the protoconid apex. The crest slopes up from the carnassial notch, but the lingual half is flat topped due to wear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">On the buccal surface of the paraconid, close to its mesial margin, there is a short, vertical mesiobuccal cingulid, defining an embrasure for the back of the p4 talonid. The cingulid is restricted to this vertical portion and does not continue around the base of the cusp. On the lingual side of the trigonid, the paraconid is separated from the protoconid by a deep groove extending lingually and slightly distally from the carnassial notch.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The protoconid of m1 is larger and substantially taller than the paraconid and is also transversely flattened. Two crests descend its apex. The trenchant protoconid portion of the paracristid is oriented mesially and slightly buccally and descends from the apex to the carnassial notch. The more weakly defined protocristid is directed distally and descends the protoconid vertically towards the talonid.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The talonid of m1 is much shorter than the trigonid and lower than both trigonid cusps. Buccally, there is no hypoflexid separating the trigonid from the talonid. The talonid is narrow and trenchant, with no entoconid or entocristid lingually. The talonid is dominated by the hypoconid, which has a vertical buccal slope and a somewhat gentler lingual slope. The hypoconid is basically flat-topped, but a low, centrally positioned apex is present. Running directly mesial from the hypoconid apex is a short cristid obliqua. This crest ends relatively abruptly at the mesial end of the talonid, where it is separated from the protocristid by a small carnassial notch. Nearly directly distal to the hypoconid, and connected by a weak postcristid, is a small hypoconulid. The hypoconulid is slightly lower than the hypoconid and centrally positioned on the distal margin of the crown. Aside from the mesiobuccal cingulid, there is no development of cingulids on m1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The m2 of SDSNH 38343 is larger than m1 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1045,1109,1176,1202]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[507,571,1384,1406]" captionTargetBox="[500,1387,238,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-8@6.[491,1387,229,1339]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2 Holotype of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). Right dentary with i2, c, p3, m1-2, and alveoli for i3 and p2 in (A) buccal, (B) occlusal, (C) oblique occlusobuccal, and (D) lingual views. Scale bar is 10 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-2" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367871/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The trigonid of m2 is equivalent in length to the entirety of m1, and the trigonid cusps on m2 are considerably taller than those on m1. Aside from size, the morphology of the trigonid of m2 is very similar to m1, lacking a metaconid and with a nearly longitudinal paracristid. Additionally, the protoconid of m2 is more distally reclined than that of m1, with a vertical distal carina and more elongate mesial crest, resulting in a relatively longer paracristid than on m1. The distal carina bears serrations, similar in morphology to the canine (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1070,1152,1413,1439]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[507,571,1059,1081]" captionTargetBox="[491,1131,229,1015]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4 Serrations on the teeth of Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae sp. nov. (SDSNH 38343). (A) Left canine in buccal view showing serrations on the distal carina of the lower canine (arrows); (B) left m2 in lingual view showing serrations on the distal carina of the protoconid (arrow). Scale bars are 1 mm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-4" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367875/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). As with m1, there is a small, vertical mesiobuccal cingulid that helps define an embrasure for the m1 hypoconulid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The talonid of m2 is relatively smaller and lower than on m1. The basic structure of the talonid is similar, with a hypoconid and hypoconulid, and no entoconid or entocristid.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">However, the hypoconulid is more lingually positioned relative to the hypoconid, with the result that the postcristid is oblique rather than longitudinal. The hypoconulid is also slightly larger than on m1, and its apex is better separated from the hypoconid.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[491,1542,228,1913]" lastBlockId="12.[491,1542,228,1888]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,685,1689,1715]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
. The type specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[983,1343,1689,1715]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1343,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be directly compared with all named machaeroidines except
|
||
<emphasis box="[1082,1393,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Isphanatherium
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1270,1393,1729,1755]" class="Mammalia" family="Leptochoeridae" genus="Ibarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferganensis">ferganensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, which is known only from an isolated upper molar. Numerous features of the lower dentition and dentary link
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[696,936,1808,1834]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[696,936,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to other machaeroidines, including a broadened symphyseal region of the dentary with a ventral mandibular flange below the canine and mesial premolars, low coronoid process, reduced premolars mesial to p4, loss of m3, and m1-2 with hypercarnivorous features including open trigonids, elongate, sectorial paracristids, and reduced metaconids and talonids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,228,1888]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Compared with the earliest known machaeroidine,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1161,1422,308,334]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1161,1422,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Machaeroides simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[491,732,347,373]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,732,347,373]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a deeper mandibular flange with a more rounded ventral margin, but the anteroposterior length of the flange is similar in the two taxa. The posterior dentary is unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[668,806,428,453]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[668,806,428,453]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preventing comparisons, as is the lower canine.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Machaeroides simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retains a small, double-rooted p1, which is lost in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1196,1436,467,493]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1196,1436,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a double-rooted p2, which is single-rooted in the San Diego taxon. Known lower molars of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,661,548,573]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,661,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fragmentary, but the relative molar sizes in the two species do appear to be similar, though m2 does appear to be proportionally larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1288,1528,586,612]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1288,1528,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both taxa have elongate, longitudinal paracristids, consistent with hypercarnivory. On the trigonids,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[659,797,667,692]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[659,797,667,692]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retains small but distinct metaconids, which are lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[491,732,706,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,732,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In general, the morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1111,1372,706,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1111,1372,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Machaeroides simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears less hypercarnivorously adapted than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[970,1329,746,772]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[970,1329,746,772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,228,1888]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The younger type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1909" box="[852,1008,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[852,1008,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Machaeroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1022,1135,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1022,1135,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is better known than
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1396,1534,787,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1396,1534,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As with the latter species,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[802,916,826,852]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[802,916,826,852]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a less developed, more triangular mandibular flange that is similar in length to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[889,1129,865,891]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,1129,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More posteriorly, the coronoid process is somewhat taller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[895,1136,905,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[895,1136,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The lower canine is incompletely preserved in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[646,759,945,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[646,759,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, inhibiting comparisons to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1091,1331,945,971]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1091,1331,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Serrations are absent from the distal carina of the canine of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1041,1124,985,1011]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Usnm" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">USNM</taxonomicName>
|
||
17059, but this surface is worn from contact with the upper canine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gazin CL" box="[927,1064,1025,1052]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="335 347" part="96" refId="ref12135" refString="Gazin CL. 1946. Machaeroides eothen Matthew, the saber-tooth creodont of the Bridger Eocene. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 96: 335 347 DOI 10.5479 / si. 00963801.96 - 3202.335." title="Machaeroides eothen Matthew, the saber-tooth creodont of the Bridger Eocene" type="book" year="1946">
|
||
<emphasis box="[927,1064,1025,1052]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gazin, 1946</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 343). Again resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1388,1526,1026,1051]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1388,1526,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,728,1065,1091]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,728,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Machaeroides eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a double-rooted p1 and p2, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1285,1526,1065,1091]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1285,1526,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lacks p1 and has a single rooted p2. The crown of p3 is preserved in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1379,1492,1105,1131]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1379,1492,1105,1131]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[638,878,1144,1170]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[638,878,1144,1170]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking a paraconid and in being larger relative to the remainder of the dentition. As with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[919,1057,1185,1210]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[919,1057,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, m1-2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1175,1288,1184,1210]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1175,1288,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more similar in size than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[629,869,1224,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[629,869,1224,1250]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which m2 is distinctly larger than m1. The trigonids of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,630,1265,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,630,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are taller and less elongate than in the San Diego form. Again as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1396,1534,1265,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1396,1534,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,605,1304,1330]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,605,1304,1330]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retains metaconids on m1-2, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1037,1277,1304,1330]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1037,1277,1304,1330]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Talonid morphology is documented in the Bridgerian taxon, which retains low entocristids, contrasting with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[491,732,1383,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,732,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has fully trenchant talonids. Talonid size is similar. As was the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[653,791,1424,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[653,791,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1037,1274,1423,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1037,1274,1423,1449]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Machaeroides eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to but less hypercarnivorously adapted than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[970,1329,1463,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[970,1329,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[491,1542,228,1888]" lastBlockId="13.[491,1542,822,1913]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Comparisons with the Chinese machaeroidine
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tong & Lei" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1081,1371,1503,1529]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pishigouensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1371,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Apataelurus pishigouensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are limited due to the fragmentary nature of the type and only specimen of this taxon, a dentary fragment with p4-m1. Most of the dentary is not preserved, and the shape of the mandibular flange cannot be evaluated. However, the flange appears to have been larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[588,828,1662,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[588,828,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, extending to a point beneath the mesial margin of p4. The m1s of both species are similar in having a relatively low, elongate trigonid. Both taxa also lack metaconids. Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[898,1138,1742,1768]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1138,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the talonid of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tong & Lei" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1325,1504,1742,1769]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pishigouensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1325,1504,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. pishigouensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very short, comprising approximately a quarter of the length of the tooth. Based on the comparisons that can be made, both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[981,1221,1822,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1221,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tong & Lei" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1285,1464,1822,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pishigouensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1285,1464,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. pishigouensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively hypercarnivorous machaeroidines. However, the apparent difference in the size of the dentary flange suggests differences in saber morphologies and, potentially, in feeding ecology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6367879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367879/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[507,571,658,680]" targetBox="[492,1196,231,612]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[507,1526,658,768]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,908,658,680]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 6 Phylogeny of Machaeroidinae.</emphasis>
|
||
Single most parsimonious tree (L: 30; CI: 0.83; RI: 0.61) depicting the interrelationships of Machaeroidinae. Numbers below nodes within the ingroup indicate Bremer support.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[507,1526,658,768]" box="[1113,1526,746,768]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-6</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[491,1542,822,1913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The type species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1937" box="[743,880,901,927]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[743,880,901,927]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[893,972,901,927]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[893,972,901,927]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is better known than
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tong & Lei" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1225,1404,901,927]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pishigouensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1225,1404,901,927]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. pishigouensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, permitting more extensive comparisons with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[892,1252,940,966]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[892,1252,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The mandibular flange of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,602,980,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,602,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is incompletely preserved, but it extends to the level of p4, indicating a larger flange than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[662,903,1019,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[662,903,1019,1045]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The coronoid process of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1212,1291,1019,1046]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1212,1291,1019,1046]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much lower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[523,764,1059,1085]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,764,1059,1085]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lower than the trigonid of m2. Asingle-rooted p1 is retained in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,571,1098,1125]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,571,1098,1125]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, contrasting with the loss of this tooth in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1042,1283,1098,1124]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1042,1283,1098,1124]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarly,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1411,1490,1098,1125]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1411,1490,1098,1125]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has a double-rooted p2, contrasting with the single-rooted tooth of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1238,1479,1138,1164]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1238,1479,1138,1164]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The premolars of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[648,727,1177,1203]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,727,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closely spaced and separated from the canine by a large diastema. In contrast, p2 is separated from p3 by a distinct diastema in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1227,1467,1216,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1227,1467,1216,1242]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a result, there is less of a postcanine diastema in the San Diego form, despite the loss of p1, and it is possible shortening of this portion of the dentary helps to explain the loss of p1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[649,889,1335,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[649,889,1335,1361]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More posteriorly,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1121,1200,1335,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1121,1200,1335,1361]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1263,1503,1335,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1263,1503,1335,1361]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share a reduced p3, although
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[839,918,1374,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,918,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the paraconid present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1285,1525,1374,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1285,1525,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[491,1542,822,1913]" box="[491,1516,1414,1440]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The m2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[624,815,1414,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[624,815,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Apataelurus kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much larger relative to m1 than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1269,1510,1414,1440]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1269,1510,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[491,1542,822,1913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Both taxa share low, open trigonids on both molars, and both lack metaconids and entocristids. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[756,835,1492,1519]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[756,835,1492,1519]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has much more reduced talonids, with a short m1 talonid and a rudimentary, unicuspid m2 talonid, contrasting with the large, bicuspid talonid present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[522,763,1571,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[522,763,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Overall, while
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[946,1305,1571,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[946,1305,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is advanced relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,714,1611,1637]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,714,1611,1637]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Apataelurus kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its degree of premolar reduction, the remainder of the morphology of the Utah taxon appears more specialized. As with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tong & Lei" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1106,1285,1650,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pishigouensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1106,1285,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. pishigouensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the apparently larger mandibular flange of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[749,828,1690,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[749,828,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests further differences in saber morphology that are presently undocumented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[491,1542,822,1913]" lastBlockId="14.[491,1542,228,1489]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[523,773,1768,1795]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Phylogenetic Results</emphasis>
|
||
. Analysis of the character-taxon matrix produced a single most parsimonious tree (L: 30; CI: 0.83; RI: 0.61) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1018,1082,1808,1834]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[507,571,658,680]" captionTargetBox="[492,1196,231,612]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@13.[491,993,237,606]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6 Phylogeny of Machaeroidinae. Single most parsimonious tree (L: 30; CI: 0.83; RI: 0.61) depicting the interrelationships of Machaeroidinae. Numbers below nodes within the ingroup indicate Bremer support. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13032/fig-6" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6367879/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The analysis recovers a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1909" box="[491,647,1847,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,647,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Machaeroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister taxon to a clade comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1135,1282,1847,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1135,1282,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diegoaelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1937" box="[491,628,1887,1913]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,628,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of the three ingroup nodes, only the node subtending middle Eocene machaeroidines (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1937" box="[695,832,228,254]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[695,832,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[899,1046,228,254]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[899,1046,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diegoaelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has Bremer support greater than one, with two additional steps required to recover trees that do not include this grouping.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[491,1542,228,1489]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1909" box="[701,857,308,334]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[701,857,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Machaeroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported by a single unambiguous synapomorphy, presence of a double-rooted p1 (character 8, state 1). In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1273,1464,347,373]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1273,1464,347,373]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and both outgroups have a single-rooted p1 (state 1), while
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1158,1399,387,413]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1158,1399,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks p1 (state 2). Monophyly of middle Eocene machaeroidines is supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies, loss of the metaconid on m1-2 (character 17, state 1) and absence of an entocristid on m1 (character 18, state 1). Monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1937" box="[1154,1291,507,533]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1154,1291,507,533]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies, reduction of the length of the m1 talonid to approximately
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[495,551,581,612]" fontSize="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1the</superScript>
|
||
length of the crown (character 19, state 1) and posterior expansion of the mandibular
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[495,505,603,622]" fontSize="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4</subScript>
|
||
flange to a point below p3 (character 21, state 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[491,1542,228,1489]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Unambiguous autapomorphies are only identified in two of the five ingroup taxa.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,728,706,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,728,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Machaeroides eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has seven autapomorphies. However, all but one of these is a feature of the upper dentition, which cannot be scored for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1112,1259,746,772]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1112,1259,746,772]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diegoaelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or either species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1937" box="[491,628,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,628,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The remaining feature reconstructed as an autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1372,1485,786,812]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eothen">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1372,1485,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. eothen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of a symmetrical p4 protoconid, which contrasts with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1296,1434,826,851]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Machaeroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simpsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1434,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">M. simpsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,718,865,891]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,628,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the oxyaenine outgroup. Three autapomorphies are reconstructed for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[532,773,905,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[532,773,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Two of these describe reduction of the anterior premolars: loss of p1 (character 8, state 2) and presence of a single-rooted p2 (character 9, state 1). The third autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[704,944,985,1011]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[704,944,985,1011]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of a paraconid on p3 (character 11, state 1). Neither species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1937" box="[812,949,1025,1051]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[812,949,1025,1051]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reconstructed as having any autapomorphies. This is initially surprising given the distinctive morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1242,1321,1065,1091]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1242,1321,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the fragmentary nature of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tong & Lei" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[762,941,1105,1131]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pishigouensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[762,941,1105,1131]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. pishigouensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
renders optimization of most of these features ambiguous. Thus, features such as an enlarged m2 (character 16, state 1), reduced m2 talonid (character 17, state 1), and low coronoid process (character 23, state 1) are equally parsimonious as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1937" box="[687,824,1224,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[687,824,1224,1250]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synapomorphies or
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1060,1139,1224,1251]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kayi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1139,1224,1251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. kayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
autapomorphies. Presence of a tall p4 paraconid (character 13, state 1) and broad p4 talonid (character 14, state 1) is shared by both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[590,814,1304,1330]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,727,1304,1330]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but cannot be evaluated in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1143,1290,1304,1330]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1143,1290,1304,1330]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diegoaelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while a mandibular condyle positioned below the toothrow (character 24, state 1) cannot be evaluated in either
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[491,732,1383,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanvalkenburghae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,732,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. vanvalkenburghae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tong & Lei" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[774,953,1383,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pishigouensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[774,953,1383,1410]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A. pishigouensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One distinctive feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zack & Poust & Wagner" authorityYear="2022" box="[1273,1420,1383,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Diegoaelurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1273,1420,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Diegoaelurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, presence of a rounded border to the mandibular flange (character 22, state 1) cannot be evaluated in either
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[597,829,1463,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Oxyaenidae" genus="Apataelurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Creodonta" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[597,734,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Apataelurus</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |