338 lines
37 KiB
XML
338 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="C3569728C790349E15F3E0F78E439163" ID-CLB-Dataset="22782" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.31.261" ID-GBIF-Dataset="565f0db8-19ef-42d2-8a06-4a068ff695a0" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576588" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1587957993955" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Stümpel, Nikolaus & Joger, Ulrich" docDate="2009" docId="C44C87ECFFCDCA03FF37FB1BC2A7FA36" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2122.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 31 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@5273143e" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Cerastes" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="3875FF94FFCACA0BFFBBFFE2C26CFF82" masterDocTitle="Recent advances in phylogeny and taxonomy of Near and Middle Eastern Vipers – an update" masterLastPageNumber="191" masterPageNumber="179" pageNumber="186" updateTime="1698836160904" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:title id="E6A2F9942C12C3B1E2D9BC2F897FDA47">Recent advances in phylogeny and taxonomy of Near and Middle Eastern Vipers – an update</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D890A51F5EDDD352E93EE8514917E685">Stümpel, Nikolaus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="84E44A887AB53E4C4A76A67E5EF3EDC6">,, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="513AFE1128FF685F1B19CEEA73A4438B">Joger, Ulrich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E64381144551448DC28CCF68648CF86C">State Natural History Museum, Braunschweig ,, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="A1975BF492C95DEE889F34BED02A22D2">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="32DDC8F772892C503CC499DBA2D4F89E">
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<mods:date id="9CD8B29C578F07ECD6F04ADBF17573EB">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9536F98172B38ADCEA3CB0D31A809DBE">2009-12-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DCA7F5B5CBA645E4F9C1C9C6F9F65606">31</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BCE0D85C9C7CE4F21AB7759C6C98ABC1" type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.31.261</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C44C87ECFFCDCA03FF37FB1BC2A7FA36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3789986" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163748442" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3789986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C44C87ECFFCDCA03FF37FB1BC2A7FA36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C44C87ECFFCDCA03FF37FB1BC2A7FA36" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">
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<subSubSection id="04FF6571FFCDCA0CFF37FB1BC0F9F99C" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFCDCA0CFF37FB1BC311FA96" blockId="7.[140,381,1273,1300]" box="[140,381,1273,1300]" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">
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<heading id="17128196FFCDCA0CFF37FB1BC311FA96" box="[140,381,1273,1300]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFF37FB1BC311FA96" bold="true" box="[140,381,1273,1300]" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFF37FB1BC295FA96" box="[140,249,1273,1300]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Cerastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFF37FB1BC295FA96" bold="true" box="[140,249,1273,1300]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Cerastes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFE80FB1BC311FA96" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[315,381,1273,1300]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFE80FB1BC311FA96" bold="true" box="[315,381,1273,1300]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Echis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFCDCA0CFF37FAD2C0F9F99C" blockId="7.[140,1108,1328,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">
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These two genera have been united in a monophyletic group based on the shared character of serrated lateral scales which they use for producing a warning sound like a rattle-snake (Groombridge 1986). It is considered an adaptation to desert conditions. However, as the harmless colubrid
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFDA5FA78C0E6FA36" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[542,650,1434,1460]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dasypeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFDA5FA78C0E6FA36" box="[542,650,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Dasypeltis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some species of African bushvipers (genus
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFF64FA5FC347FA55" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1862" box="[223,299,1469,1495]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Atheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFF64FA5FC347FA55" box="[223,299,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Atheris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) possess the same
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<typeStatus id="935E8858FFCDCA0CFDB8FA5CC05FFA5A" box="[515,563,1470,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">type</typeStatus>
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of serrated scales, a convergent development is possible (
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<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFCDCA0CFF4EFA02C06FFA78" author="Joger U & Courage K" box="[245,515,1504,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" pagination="65 - 81" refId="ref3675" refString="Joger U, Courage K (1999) Are palaearctic " rattlesnakes " (Echis and Cerastes) monophyletic? - Kaupia 8: 65 - 81." type="journal article" year="1999">Joger & Courage 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). A new phylogenetic analysis (Pook et al., in press) confirms the monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFE72F9E1C06DF99F" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[457,513,1539,1565]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFE72F9E1C06DF99F" box="[457,513,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Echis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFD82F9E6C0E2F99C" box="[569,654,1540,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Cerastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFD82F9E6C0E2F99C" box="[569,654,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Cerastes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="04FF6571FFCDCA03FF02F9C5C03DFD53" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFCDCA03FF02F9C5C175FECF" blockId="7.[140,1108,1328,1672]" lastBlockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFF02F9C5C362F9C3" box="[185,270,1575,1601]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Cerastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFF02F9C5C362F9C3" box="[185,270,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Cerastes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the Horned vipers, do not always bear horns on top of their supraorbital scales. There is a hornless species,
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFDADF9A8C0DAF9E6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[534,694,1610,1636]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Cerastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vipera">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFDADF9A8C0DAF9E6" box="[534,694,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Cerastes vipera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is found in sand dune areas in North Africa,
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<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFCDCA0CFEF5F98CC3FDF90A" box="[334,401,1646,1672]" name="Egypt" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFCDCA0CFE77F98FC066F905" box="[460,522,1645,1671]" name="Israel" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Israel</collectingCountry>
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/
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<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFCDCA0CFDA9F98FC01BF905" box="[530,631,1645,1671]" name="Palestine" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Palestine</collectingCountry>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFCDCA0CFD3FF98CC141F905" authority="cerastes" box="[644,813,1646,1672]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Cerastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerastes">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFCDCA0CFD3FF98CC141F905" box="[644,813,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="186">Cerastes cerastes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a less specialized species, maybe horned or hornless (
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<figureCitation id="D4DE2A7FFFC2CA03FE78FF45C066FF43" box="[451,522,167,193]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[140,212,775,797]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,755]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[140,1108,165,756]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Cerastes gasperettii (horned)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767411/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Figs 8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="D4DE2A7FFFC2CA03FDA3FF45C04BFF43" box="[536,551,167,193]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="9.[140,212,1484,1506]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,819,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[140,1108,819,1465]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 9. Cerastes gasperettii (hornless)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767413/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">9</figureCitation>
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) and occupies, in a number of subspecies, desert and semi-desert areas in North Africa and western Arabia (
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<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FCA6FF28C198FF66" author="Werner YL & Le Verdier A & Rosenman D & Sivan N" box="[797,1012,202,228]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="90 - 100" refId="ref4417" refString="Werner YL, Le Verdier A, Rosenman D, Sivan N (1991) Systematics and zoogeography of Cerastes (Ophidia: Viperidae) in the Levant: 1. Distinguishing Arabian from African " Cerastes cerastes ". Th e Snake 23: 90 - 100." type="journal article" year="1991">Werner et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FC44FF28C328FE85" author="Werner YL & Sivan N" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="34 - 49" refId="ref4466" refString="Werner YL, Sivan N (1992) Systematics and zoogeography of Cerastes (Ophidia: Viperidae) in the Levant: 2. Taxonomy, ecology, and zoogeography. Th e Snake 24: 34 - 49." type="journal article" year="1992">Werner and Sivan 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). Th e typical desert snake of most of Arabia and Khuzistan province (
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<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FF2FFEF2C2A9FEA8" box="[148,197,272,298]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Iran</collectingCountry>
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) is
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF48FEF3C1B2FEA8" authority="Leviton & Anderson, 1967" authorityName="Leviton & Anderson" authorityYear="1967" box="[243,990,272,299]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Cerastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gasperettii">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF48FEF3C3D2FEA8" box="[243,446,273,299]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Cerastes gasperettii</emphasis>
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Leviton & Anderson, 1967 (Gasperetti 1980)
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</taxonomicName>
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, the sister species of
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF45FED6C307FECF" box="[254,363,308,334]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Cerastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerastes">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF45FED6C307FECF" box="[254,363,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">C. cerastes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but which nearly always bears horns.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FEB5C3BBFD2C" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FEB5C29DFEF3" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[185,241,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FEB5C29DFEF3" box="[185,241,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the Saw-scaled vipers, are found in a very large area from West Africa to
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<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FF37FE98C2A6FE16" box="[140,202,378,404]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">India</collectingCountry>
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, including most of the Middle East countries. Th eir systematics and taxonomy have been a discussed for decades.
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<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FDAAFE7FC0A3FE3A" author="Klemmer K" box="[529,719,413,440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="255 - 464" refId="ref3703" refString="Klemmer K (1963) Liste der rezenten Giftschlangen. Elapidae, Hydropheidae, Viperdae und Crotalidae. p. 255 - 464 In: Die Giftschlangen der Erde. Behringwerk - Mitt., Sonderband. Marburg." type="book chapter" year="1963">Klemmer (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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recognized only two species:
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FBA0FE7FC283FE58" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinatus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FBA0FE7FC283FE58" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis carinatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in most of the range and
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FDAFFE23C18CFE58" authority="in Arabia. Joger (1984" authorityName="in Arabia. Joger" authorityYear="1984" box="[532,992,448,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloratus">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FDAFFE23C0FEFE58" box="[532,658,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. coloratus</emphasis>
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in Arabia.
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<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FCABFE23C1F4FE58" author="Joger U" box="[784,920,448,475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref3529" refString="Joger U (1984) Th e Venomous Snakes of the Near and Middle East. Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A, Nr. 12: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1984">Joger (1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FC1FFE22C18CFE58" author="Joger U" box="[932,992,448,474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="257 - 271" refId="ref3564" refString="Joger U (1987) An interpretation of reptile zoogeography in Arabia, with special reference to Arabian herpetofaunal relationships with Africa. In: Kinzelbach R, Krupp F, Schneider W (Eds) Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East, Mainz 1985 (Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients): 257 - 271" type="journal article" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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) added
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<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FB80FE23C365FE7F" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1827" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyramidum">
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<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FB80FE23C365FE7F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. pyramidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for southwestern Arabia.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FD8AFE01C0B2FE7C" author="Cherlin V" box="[561,734,483,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="193 - 223" refId="ref3239" refString="Cherlin V (1990) Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis. II. An analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms. In: Borkin L. J. (Ed) Reptiles of mountain and arid territories: systematics and distribution. Proc. Zool. Inst. USSR Acad. Sci. 207: 193 - 223 (in Russian, with English summary)." type="journal article" year="1990">Cherlin (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a number of new species and subspecies and increased the total number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FD5CFDE5C173FDA3" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[743,799,519,545]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FD5CFDE5C173FDA3" box="[743,799,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species significantly. A new species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FEE0FDC9C3B4FDC6" authorityName="in Arabia. Joger" authorityYear="1984" box="[347,472,554,580]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FEE0FDC9C3B4FDC6" box="[347,472,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. coloratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FD50FDC8C1C7FDC6" author="Babocsay G" box="[747,939,554,580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="503 - 514" refId="ref3146" refString="Babocsay G (2004) A new species of the Echis coloratus complex (Ophidia: Viperidae) from Oman, Eastern Arabia. Systematics Biodiversity 1: 503 - 514." type="journal article" year="2004">Babocsay (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Pook et al. (in press), using molecular genetic methods, have now clarified the complicated situation. On the basis of their results and additional data, we recognize the following six species in the Near and Middle East:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FD55C03DFD53" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,593,695,721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FD55C337FD52" box="[185,347,695,721]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FD55C337FD52" box="[185,347,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis carinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (Asian group):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="04FF6571FFC2CA03FF02FD39C2A7FA36" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FD39C652FD77" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,1086,730,757]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FD39C3D5FD76" box="[185,441,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
E. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF5BFD38C32AFD76" box="[224,326,730,756]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinatus">carinatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FEEDFD38C3D5FD76" box="[342,441,730,756]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sochureki">sochureki</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FE73FD38C079FD76" box="[456,533,730,756]" name="Oman" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FD99FD38C032FD76" box="[546,606,730,756]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">UAE</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FDD2FD38C0F6FD76" box="[617,666,730,756]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Central Asia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FCFAFD38C1A0FD76" box="[833,972,730,756]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FC6CFD38C65BFD77" box="[983,1079,730,757]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FD1FC00AFC9A" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,614,765,792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FD1FC33AFC95" authorityName="in Arabia. Joger" authorityYear="1984" box="[185,342,765,791]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FD1FC33AFC95" box="[185,342,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis coloratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (Arabian group):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FCC3C002FCB9" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,622,800,827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FCC3C35AFCB8" authorityName="in Arabia. Joger" authorityYear="1984" box="[185,310,800,826]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FCC3C35AFCB8" box="[185,310,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. coloratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FEFEFCC2C3E0FCB8" box="[325,396,800,826]" name="Egypt" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Arabian Peninsula)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FCA6C39DFCDC" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,497,836,862]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FCA6C329FCDF" authorityName="Babocsay" authorityYear="2004" box="[185,325,836,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FCA6C329FCDF" box="[185,325,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. omanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FEEEFCA6C3CEFCDC" box="[341,418,836,862]" name="Oman" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FE14FCA6C386FCDC" box="[431,490,836,862]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">UAE</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FC85C165FC03" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,777,871,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FC85C319FC03" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[185,373,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyramidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FC85C319FC03" box="[185,373,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis pyramidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (one of two African groups):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FC69C0FDFC27" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,657,906,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FC69C339FC26" baseAuthorityName="Geoffroy Saint-hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[185,341,906,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyramidum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FC69C339FC26" box="[185,341,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. pyramidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FEDEFC68C3C0FC26" box="[357,428,906,932]" name="Egypt" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FE03FC68C06EFC26" box="[440,514,906,932]" name="Sudan" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, East Africa)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FC4CC00DFC4A" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,609,941,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FC4CC329FC45" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[185,325,941,967]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khosatzkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FC4CC329FC45" box="[185,325,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. khosatzkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FE0FFC4FC06CFC45" box="[436,512,941,967]" name="Oman" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FDB7FC4CC036FC4A" box="[524,602,942,968]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FC33C0D7FC69" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" box="[185,699,976,1003]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FC33C2BEFC68" box="[185,210,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E.</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FEBCFC32C317FC68" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[263,379,976,1002]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borkini">
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FE90FC32C317FC68" box="[299,379,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">borkini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FE29FC32C388FC68" box="[402,484,976,1002]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
, SW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FD9AFC32C0D8FC69" box="[545,692,976,1003]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FC16C19BFBD6" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF02FC16C346FB8F" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[185,298,1011,1037]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borkini">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF02FC16C346FB8F" box="[185,298,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. borkini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described as a subspecies of the East African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FC6CFC16C65CFB8F" authorityName="Reuss" authorityYear="1834" box="[983,1072,1012,1037]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varia">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FC6CFC16C65CFB8F" box="[983,1072,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. varia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FF37FBF5C352FBB3" author="Cherlin V" box="[140,318,1047,1073]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="193 - 223" refId="ref3239" refString="Cherlin V (1990) Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis. II. An analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms. In: Borkin L. J. (Ed) Reptiles of mountain and arid territories: systematics and distribution. Proc. Zool. Inst. USSR Acad. Sci. 207: 193 - 223 (in Russian, with English summary)." type="journal article" year="1990">Cherlin (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. As we did not find a close phylogenetic relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FBA0FBF5C63FFBB3" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[1051,1107,1047,1073]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FBA0FBF5C63FFBB3" box="[1051,1107,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FEECFBD8C3CFFBD6" box="[343,419,1082,1108]" name="Yemen" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FE67FBD8C02CFBD6" box="[476,576,1082,1108]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FD63FBD8C144FBD6" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[728,808,1082,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borkini">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FD63FBD8C144FBD6" box="[728,808,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">borkini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF78FBBFC02AFB63" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
There is a strong zoogeographical division in Arabian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FC8AFBBFC105FBF5" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[817,873,1117,1143]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FC8AFBBFC105FBF5" box="[817,873,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FCC1FBBCC192FBF5" box="[890,1022,1117,1143]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sochureki">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FCC1FBBCC192FBF5" box="[890,1022,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. sochureki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FB80FBBCC295FB18" authorityName="Babocsay" authorityYear="2004" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FB80FBBCC295FB18" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. omanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being found in the eastern part of the peninsula only, whereas southwestern Arabia (including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E21F818FFC2CA03FEE6FB41C077FB3F" box="[349,539,1187,1213]" country="Oman" name="Zufar" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Dhofar province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="34F2766AFFC2CA03FD92FB46C018FB3C" box="[553,628,1188,1214]" name="Oman" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
) is inhabited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FC8CFB46C1D9FB3F" authorityName="in Arabia. Joger" authorityYear="1984" box="[823,949,1187,1213]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FC8CFB46C1D9FB3F" box="[823,949,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. coloratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FC7EFB46C63FFB3F" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[965,1107,1187,1213]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khosatzkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FC7EFB46C63FFB3F" box="[965,1107,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. khosatzkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF06FB25C323FB63" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[189,335,1223,1249]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borkini">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF06FB25C2A2FB62" box="[189,206,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF44FB25C323FB63" box="[255,335,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">borkini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="28744B0BFFC2CA03FE01FB25C056FB63" author="Joger U" box="[442,570,1223,1249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" pagination="257 - 271" refId="ref3564" refString="Joger U (1987) An interpretation of reptile zoogeography in Arabia, with special reference to Arabian herpetofaunal relationships with Africa. In: Kinzelbach R, Krupp F, Schneider W (Eds) Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East, Mainz 1985 (Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients): 257 - 271" type="journal article" year="1987">Joger 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5A36FAFFC2CA03FF02FB08C2A7FA36" blockId="8.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">
|
||
As
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF59FB08C370FA86" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[226,284,1258,1284]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF59FB08C370FA86" box="[226,284,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bites frequently cause death and successful bite treatment depends on choosing a species-specific antivenom (if available), it is of great importance to know which species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FE25FAD2C3B4FAC8" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[414,472,1328,1354]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FE25FAD2C3B4FAC8" box="[414,472,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">Echis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in which area. Th ere is still need for additional research in this genus. It is also time for an effort to study the venom of species like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FF05FA95C33CFA13" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[190,336,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="khosatzkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FF05FA95C33CFA13" box="[190,336,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E. khosatzkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FE31FA95C3F7FA12" box="[394,411,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">E</emphasis>
|
||
. cf
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BE54D79FFC2CA03FE7CFA95C076FA13" authorityName="Cherlin" authorityYear="1990" box="[455,538,1399,1425]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Echis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borkini">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E91EAE8FFC2CA03FE7CFA95C076FA13" box="[455,538,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="187">borkini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and start production of antivenom against their bites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |