340 lines
41 KiB
XML
340 lines
41 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D117A50616C8123A0A3F5E76E130B11E">Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="519289E62B586BA290FB25E4D87957AB">Martinez, Jose I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7A20B7D618B645ECA6A36D4437EF1E76">Crane, Jonathan H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDF418FF9CB9697CD8028728E5A3B742">Wasielewski, Jeff</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1C1E049DE2275C8143C31459A2C8BC11">Miller, Jacqueline Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="25FA9AA772769ED059057D0A06F9720C">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF62FFFCDFDE6" blockId="6.[192,746,554,578]" box="[192,746,554,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="B30881DDFFF4FFC0FF0CF62FFFCDFDE6" bold="true" box="[192,746,554,578]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FF0CF62FFFCDFDE6" authority="(Hewitson, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[192,746,554,578]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Electrostrymon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelia">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF62FFFCDFDE6" bold="true" box="[192,746,554,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF62FFCD8FDE6" bold="true" box="[192,511,554,578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Electrostrymon angelia</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FDC3F62FFFC5FDE6" author="Hewitson" box="[527,738,554,578]" firstAuthor="Hewitson" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="104 - 107" refId="ref14540" refString="Hewitson, W. C. 1874. Descriptions of new species of Lycaenidae from South America. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 11: 104 - 107." type="journal article" year="1874">Hewitson, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF4FFC0FF0CF65CFFF2FD40" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF65CFF34FDCB" blockId="6.[192,815,601,741]" box="[192,531,601,624]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF4FFC0FF0CF65CFF34FDCB" box="[192,531,601,624]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FF0CF65CFF34FDCB" ID-CoL="5663J" authority="Hewitson, 1874" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1874" box="[192,531,601,624]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelia">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF65CFC44FDCA" box="[192,355,601,622]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Thecla angelia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF4FFC0FEA7F65FFF34FDCB" author="Hewitson" box="[363,531,602,624]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" year="1874">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FEA7F65FFF34FDCB" author="Hewitson" box="[363,531,602,624]" firstAuthor="Hewitson" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="104 - 107" refId="ref14540" refString="Hewitson, W. C. 1874. Descriptions of new species of Lycaenidae from South America. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 11: 104 - 107." type="journal article" year="1874">Hewitson, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF672FF6FFD28" blockId="6.[192,815,601,741]" box="[192,584,631,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF4FFC0FF0CF672FF6FFD28" box="[192,584,631,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FF0CF672FF6FFD28" authority="Clench, 1941" authorityName="Clench" authorityYear="1941" box="[192,584,631,653]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Strymon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="angelia" subSpecies="dowi">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF672FC94FD28" box="[192,435,631,652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Strymon angelia dowi</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF4FFC0FE76F672FF6FFD28" author="Clench" box="[442,584,631,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" year="1874">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FE76F672FF6FFD28" author="Clench" box="[442,584,631,653]" firstAuthor="Clench" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 7" refId="ref13307" refString="Clench, H. K. 1941. Notes on two Bahama Lycaenidae, with description of a new subspecies. Torreia (Havana) 7: 3 - 7." type="journal article" year="1941">Clench, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF691FE08FD0E" blockId="6.[192,815,601,741]" box="[192,815,660,682]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF4FFC0FF0CF691FE08FD0E" box="[192,815,660,682]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FF0CF691FE08FD0E" ID-CoL="9DZSL" authority="Comstock and Huntington, 1943" authorityName="Comstock and Huntington" authorityYear="1943" box="[192,815,660,682]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="angelia" subSpecies="pantoni">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF691FC98FD0E" box="[192,447,660,682]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Thecla angelia pantoni</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF4FFC0FE0AF691FE08FD0E" author="Comstock & Huntington" box="[454,815,660,682]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" year="1943">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FE0AF691FE08FD0E" author="Comstock and Huntington" box="[454,815,660,682]" firstAuthor="Comstock" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="49 - 130" refId="ref13402" refString="Comstock, W. P., and E. I. Huntington. 1943. Lycaenidae of the Antilles (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 45: 49 - 130." type="journal article" year="1943">Comstock and Huntington, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF6B4FE3AFD63" blockId="6.[192,815,601,741]" box="[192,797,689,712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF4FFC0FF0CF6B4FE3AFD63" box="[192,797,689,712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FF0CF6B4FE3AFD63" ID-CoL="5LHFK" authority="Comstock and Huntington, 1943" authorityName="Comstock and Huntington" authorityYear="1943" box="[192,797,689,712]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="angelia" subSpecies="boyeri">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF6B4FC8AFD62" box="[192,429,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Thecla angelia boyeri</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF4FFC0FE78F6B7FE3AFD63" author="Comstock & Huntington" box="[436,797,690,712]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" year="1943">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FE78F6B7FE3AFD63" author="Comstock and Huntington" box="[436,797,690,712]" firstAuthor="Comstock" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="49 - 130" refId="ref13402" refString="Comstock, W. P., and E. I. Huntington. 1943. Lycaenidae of the Antilles (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 45: 49 - 130." type="journal article" year="1943">Comstock and Huntington, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF6CAFFF2FD40" blockId="6.[192,815,601,741]" box="[192,725,719,741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFF4FFC0FF0CF6CAFFF2FD40" box="[192,725,719,741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FF0CF6CAFF6FFD41" authority="(Hewitson, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[192,584,719,741]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Callicista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelia">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF6CAFCA4FD40" box="[192,387,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Callicista angelia</emphasis>
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||
(
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF4FFC0FE5EF6CAFF67FD41" author="Hewitson" box="[402,576,719,741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" year="1874">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FE5EF6CAFF67FD41" author="Hewitson" box="[402,576,719,741]" firstAuthor="Hewitson" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="104 - 107" refId="ref14540" refString="Hewitson, W. C. 1874. Descriptions of new species of Lycaenidae from South America. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 11: 104 - 107." type="journal article" year="1874">Hewitson, 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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||
<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFF4FFC0FD9EF6CAFFF2FD40" author="Lewis" box="[594,725,719,741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" year="1974">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FD9EF6CAFFF2FD40" author="Lewis" box="[594,725,719,741]" firstAuthor="Lewis" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref15356" refString="Lewis, H. L. 1974. Butterflies of the World. Harrap. London, United Kingdom. 328 p." type="book" year="1974">Lewis, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF4FFC0FF24F6FBF998FC93" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF24F6FBF887FCB2" blockId="6.[192,1440,766,823]" box="[232,1440,766,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FF24F6FBFF24FCB2" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[232,515,766,790]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Electrostrymon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelia">
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||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF24F6FBFF24FCB2" box="[232,515,766,790]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Electrostrymon angelia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FD2FF6FBFEB0FCB2" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1874" box="[739,919,766,790]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelia">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FD2FF6FBFEB0FCB2" box="[739,919,766,790]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Thecla angelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FC08F6FBF9AAFCB2" author="Hewitson" box="[964,1165,766,790]" firstAuthor="Hewitson" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="104 - 107" refId="ref14540" refString="Hewitson, W. C. 1874. Descriptions of new species of Lycaenidae from South America. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 11: 104 - 107." type="journal article" year="1874">Hewitson (1874)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and recorded in H. G.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF71AF998FC93" blockId="6.[192,1440,766,823]" box="[192,1215,799,823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Smith’s collections at the BMNH and various publications under several synonyms.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF4FFC0FF0CF74AFE1FFA15" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF74AFE1FFA15" blockId="6.[192,1441,847,1457]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
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||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF74AFC8BFCC3" bold="true" box="[192,428,847,871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Description. Egg.</emphasis>
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Green encircled by small white spines.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FC40F74AFEC2FCC3" bold="true" box="[908,997,847,871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Larva.</emphasis>
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||
First instar grayish-green with long white setae; second instar with body orange with some purple spots and medium sized black setae; third instar body completely orange and setae small and numerous; fourth instar similar to third except body purple with some orange spots; length is
|
||
<quantity id="2F079B54FFF4FFC0FD04F7B4FE7EFC6C" box="[712,857,945,969]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" metricValueMax="9.3" metricValueMin="8.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="9.1" valueMax="9.3" valueMin="8.9">8.9–9.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFF4FFC0FCA0F7B4FEEEFC6D" box="[876,969,945,969]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="25.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 1. Larvae of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676601/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FC2EF7B4F94EFC6D" bold="true" box="[994,1129,945,969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Pre-pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Darker than last instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF7D4FC28FC4D" bold="true" box="[192,271,977,1001]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Completely purple with white setae covering whole body.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FC70F7D4F929FC4D" bold="true" box="[956,1038,977,1001]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Adult.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexually dimorphic in size, males larger than females.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FE72F7F7FF43FBAD" box="[446,612,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Wing expanse</emphasis>
|
||
: males
|
||
<quantity id="2F079B54FFF4FFC0FD0EF7F7FE7CFBAD" box="[706,859,1010,1034]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" metricValueMax="2.32" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="22.1" valueMax="23.2" valueMin="21.0">21–23.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, females
|
||
<quantity id="2F079B54FFF4FFC0FC00F7F7F95BFBAD" box="[972,1148,1010,1034]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.045" metricValueMax="2.11" metricValueMin="1.98" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="20.45" valueMax="21.1" valueMin="19.8">19.8–21.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FB4BF7F7F9C6FBAE" bold="true" box="[1159,1249,1010,1034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Wings.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FB25F7F7F8BFFBAE" box="[1257,1432,1010,1034]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Dorsal surface</emphasis>
|
||
: Forewings dark brown with large reddish-orange triangular markings between inner margin and cell M1; these markings reduced or absent in the female. Hindwings completely dark-brown with two tails; lobe reddish-orange; base of tails with submarginal white line.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FC62F056F941FBCF" box="[942,1126,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ventral surface</emphasis>
|
||
: All wings reddish-brown. Female paler brown than male; submarginal line and outer margin brown; crossed near middle by a dark brown outlined with pale-brown. Hindwings crossed near middle by dark-brown line margined with white spots; lobe surrounded by white margin and the next black spot covered with minute white spots; large black spot between the tails and the next three small spots surrounded by orange; outer margin black, bordered internally with white.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FCCCF0F3FE77FAAA" bold="true" box="[768,848,1270,1294]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Head.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FC94F0F3FEECFAA9" box="[856,971,1270,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Antennae</emphasis>
|
||
: Brown, elongate, clubbed with white lines among the flagellum segments; club of antenna with three colors: orange apically, brown in the middle and white basally.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FDCEF13DFF68FAEB" box="[514,591,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Vertex</emphasis>
|
||
: Dark-brown.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FD33F132FEA9FAEB" box="[767,910,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
: Labial palp with first segment larger than second and third.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FE6DF15DFCC8FAD4" bold="true" box="[417,495,1368,1392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Body.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FE34F15DFF77FAD4" box="[504,592,1368,1392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Dark-brown above and pale grayish-brown below.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FB1EF15DF82EFACB" box="[1234,1289,1368,1391]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: Black with horizontal white lines.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FE1DF17DFF64FA34" box="[465,579,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: Dark-brown above and pale grayish-brown below; from the mid-ventral area towards tip abdomen orangish-brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFF4FFC0FD14F19CFE0DFA15" box="[728,810,1433,1457]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="26.[192,275,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. The unlabeled images in the top half of the figure are to scale, whereas the labeled images in the bottom half of the figure have been resized. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676603/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF4FFC0FF0CF1CCFC43F9C0" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF1CCFC43F9C0" blockId="6.[192,1440,1481,1636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF1CCFC54FA45" bold="true" box="[192,371,1481,1505]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FEB4F1CCFFB6FA45" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[376,657,1481,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Electrostrymon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelia">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FEB4F1CCFFB6FA45" box="[376,657,1481,1505]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Electrostrymon angelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FC0FF1CFF9ABFA46" box="[963,1164,1482,1506]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cayman Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FB5BF1CFF9FCFA46" box="[1175,1243,1482,1506]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FB29F1CFF800FA46" box="[1253,1319,1482,1506]" name="Haiti" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Haiti</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FAFEF1CFF8BCFA46" box="[1330,1435,1482,1506]" name="Jamaica" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FF0CF1EEFC77F9A6" box="[192,336,1514,1538]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FE95F1EFFCDEF9A6" box="[345,505,1514,1538]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FDACF1EFFE29F9A6" box="[608,782,1514,1538]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FCD7F1EFFEF4F9A6" author="Hewitson" box="[795,979,1514,1538]" firstAuthor="Hewitson" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="104 - 107" refId="ref14540" refString="Hewitson, W. C. 1874. Descriptions of new species of Lycaenidae from South America. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 11: 104 - 107." type="journal article" year="1874">Hewitson 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FC11F1EFF953F9A6" author="Clench" box="[989,1140,1514,1538]" firstAuthor="Clench" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="3 - 7" refId="ref13307" refString="Clench, H. K. 1941. Notes on two Bahama Lycaenidae, with description of a new subspecies. Torreia (Havana) 7: 3 - 7." type="journal article" year="1941">Clench 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FBB3F1EFFC0BF987" author="Comstock and Huntington" firstAuthor="Comstock" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="49 - 130" refId="ref13402" refString="Comstock, W. P., and E. I. Huntington. 1943. Lycaenidae of the Antilles (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 45: 49 - 130." type="journal article" year="1943">Comstock and Huntington 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FEFAF20EFCEBF987" author="Askew, R. R." box="[310,460,1547,1571]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural His- tory" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="875 - 881" part="22" refId="ref12608" refString="Askew, R. R. 1988. Butterflies of Grand Cayman, a dynamic island fauna. Journal of Natural His- tory 22: 875 - 881." title="Butterflies of Grand Cayman, a dynamic island fauna" type="journal article" year="1988">Askew 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FE1AF20EFFCCF987" author="Miller, L. D. & J. Y. Miller" bookContentInfo="878 p." box="[470,747,1547,1571]" editor="C. A. Woods" journalOrPublisher="Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="229 - 262" refId="ref15871" refString="Miller, L. D., and J. Y. Miller. 1989. The biogeography of West Indian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papi- lionoidea, Hesperioidea): a vicariance model. p. 229 - 262. In: C. A. Woods (ed.). Biogeography of the West Indies: past, present, and future. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 878 p." title="The biogeography of West Indian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papi- lionoidea, Hesperioidea): a vicariance model" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biogeography of the West Indies: past, present, and future" year="1989">Miller and Miller 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FD39F20EFE14F987" author="Miller, L. D. & J. Y. Miller" box="[757,819,1547,1571]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="184 - 187" part="51" refId="ref15948" refString="Miller, L. D., and J. Y. Miller. 1997. You caught what in your backyard? Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 51: 184 - 187" title="You caught what in your backyard?" type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FCF2F20EFED2F987" author="Schwartz, A." bookContentInfo="580 p." box="[830,1013,1547,1571]" journalOrPublisher="University of Florida Press; Gainesville, FL" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17587" refString="Schwartz, A. 1989. The Butterflies of Hispaniola. University of Florida Press; Gainesville, FL. 580 p." title="The Butterflies of Hispaniola" type="book" year="1989">Schwartz 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FC33F20EF9BFF987" author="Ramos, S. J." box="[1023,1176,1547,1571]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="217 - 238" part="776" refId="ref17077" refString="Ramos, S. J. 1996. An annotated checklist of the butterflies of Puerto Rico. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 776: 217 - 238." title="An annotated checklist of the butterflies of Puerto Rico" type="journal article" year="1996">Ramos 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has been recorded in just in two
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFF4FFC0FEA6F229FCB8F9E0" box="[362,415,1580,1604]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
states:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFF4FFC0FE33F22EFFA6F9E7" box="[511,641,1579,1603]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
and (South)
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFF4FFC0FCECF22EFE5EF9E7" box="[800,889,1579,1603]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FC45F22EF962F9E0" author="Anderson, R. A." box="[905,1093,1579,1604]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society." pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="354 - 358" part="28" refId="ref12568" refString="Anderson, R. A. 1974. Three new United States records (Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae) and other unusual captures from the lower Florida Keys. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 28: 354 - 358." title="Three new United States records (Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae) and other unusual captures from the lower Florida Keys" type="journal article" year="1974">Anderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FB9DF22EF9C5F9E0" author="Miller, L. D." box="[1105,1250,1579,1604]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="140 - 141" part="32" refId="ref15767" refString="Miller, L. D. 1978. Electrostrymon angelia angelia (Lycaenidae): the oldest Florida record? Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 32: 140 - 141." title="Electrostrymon angelia angelia (Lycaenidae): the oldest Florida record?" type="journal article" year="1978">Miller 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FB22F22EF8BBF9E0" author="Calhoun, J. V." box="[1262,1436,1579,1604]" journalOrPublisher="Holarctic Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="39 - 50" part="4" refId="ref13026" refString="Calhoun, J. V. 1997. Updated list of the Butterflies and Skippers of Florida. Holarctic Lepidoptera 4: 39 - 50." title="Updated list of the Butterflies and Skippers of Florida" type="journal article" year="1997">Calhoun 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Powell 1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFF4FFC1FF0CF279FCD1FDD8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC0FF0CF279FFC3F8B2" blockId="6.[192,1440,1660,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF279FC32F930" bold="true" box="[192,277,1660,1684]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Hosts.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FED7F279FE7BF930" authority="Raddi" authorityName="Raddi" box="[283,860,1660,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="terebinthifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FED7F279FF19F930" box="[283,574,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Schinus terebinthifolius</emphasis>
|
||
Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FCABF279F967F930" box="[871,1088,1660,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Piscidia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piscipula">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FCABF279F967F930" box="[871,1088,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Piscidia piscipula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Sarg. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FB0AF279F81AF930" box="[1222,1341,1660,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FA9CF279FC5CF911" authority="Kunth." authorityName="Kunth." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Salvia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="misella">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FA9CF279FC3EF911" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Salvia misella</emphasis>
|
||
Kunth.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FE45F298FE32F911" authority="Vahl." authorityName="Vahl." box="[393,789,1693,1717]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Salvia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FE45F298FF0CF911" box="[393,555,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">S. micrantha</emphasis>
|
||
Vahl. (Lamiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FCEAF298FE84F911" author="Pyle, R. M." bookContentInfo="916 p." box="[806,931,1693,1717]" journalOrPublisher="Knopf; New York, NY" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref16832" refString="Pyle, R. M. 1981. Field guide to North American butterflies, National Audubon Society. Knopf; New York, NY. 916 p." title="Field guide to North American butterflies, National Audubon Society" type="book" year="1981">Pyle 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FC7DF298F82CF911" author="Fernandez-Hernandez" box="[945,1291,1693,1717]" firstAuthor="Fernandez-Hernandez" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="43 - 75" refId="ref14123" refString="Fernandez-Hernandez, D. M. 2007. Butterflies of the agricultural experiment station of tropical roots and tubers, and Santa Ana, Camaguey, Cuba: an annotated list. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 23: 43 - 75." type="journal article" year="2007">Fernández-Hernández 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF4FFC0FAD4F298FDD9F971" author="Allen, T. J. & J. P. Brock & J. Glassberg" bookContentInfo="232 p." journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press; Oxford, United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref12461" refString="Allen, T. J., J. P. Brock, and J. Glassberg. 2005. Caterpillars in the field and garden: a field guide to the butterfly caterpillars of North America. Oxford University Press; Oxford, United Kingdom. 232 p." title="Caterpillars in the field and garden: a field guide to the butterfly caterpillars of North America" type="book" year="2005">
|
||
Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FAAFF298F8BEF911" box="[1379,1433,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FEDBF2B8FCD1F971" box="[279,502,1725,1749]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Manilkara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zapota">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FEDBF2B8FCD1F971" box="[279,502,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Manilkara zapota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) van Royen (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FD1CF2BBFE79F972" box="[720,862,1726,1750]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FCBAF2BBF97AF972" bold="true" box="[886,1117,1726,1750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">new host record</emphasis>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FB65F2B8FF27F952" authority="(Thunb.) Lindl." authorityName="Lindl." baseAuthorityName="Thunb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Eriobotrya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FB65F2B8F8B8F971" box="[1193,1439,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Eriobotrya japonica</emphasis>
|
||
(Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FDC6F2DBFFC4F952" bold="true" box="[522,739,1758,1782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">new host record</emphasis>
|
||
. The two new host records are also the first time
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FAEBF2DAF887F952" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1319,1440,1758,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Electrostrymon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelia">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FAEBF2DAF887F952" box="[1319,1440,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">E. angelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FE69F2FAFF08F8B3" box="[421,559,1791,1815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF4FFC0FDA0F2FAFFC7F8B2" box="[620,736,1791,1814]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF4FFC1FF0CF32AFF0CFEB6" blockId="6.[192,1441,1839,1928]" lastBlockId="7.[192,1440,217,340]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF4FFC0FF0CF32AFC86F8E3" bold="true" box="[192,417,1839,1863]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults were observed during most of the dry and rainy season (March–July) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFF4FFC0FF0CF355FC3AF8CC" box="[192,285,1872,1896]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Females lay eggs in the flower and leaf buds. When the eggs hatch, the caterpillars feed on the entire flower, including branches, leaf buds, mature flowers and leaves, but not on the fruits. The caterpillars complete development in 22–24 days. When the caterpillars reach the last instar, they pupate on branches or leaves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF5FFC1FF24F519FE26FEF0" blockId="7.[192,1440,217,340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Pupa duration is 24–29 days. The adults live for about three or four months feeding on nectar; males also drink water and puddling salts in wet soil.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF5FFC1FF0CF568FE9EFDAD" blockId="7.[192,1441,365,521]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF5FFC1FF0CF568FC10FE21" bold="true" box="[192,311,365,389]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Damage.</emphasis>
|
||
This species has been recorded feeding on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF5FFC1FC6CF568F864FE21" box="[928,1347,365,389]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="terebinthifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF5FFC1FC6CF568F95FFE21" box="[928,1144,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">S. terebinthifolius</emphasis>
|
||
(Anacardiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFF5FFC1FAA6F568FC37FE03" author="Pyle, R. M." bookContentInfo="916 p." journalOrPublisher="Knopf; New York, NY" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" refId="ref16832" refString="Pyle, R. M. 1981. Field guide to North American butterflies, National Audubon Society. Knopf; New York, NY. 916 p." title="Field guide to North American butterflies, National Audubon Society" type="book" year="1981">Pyle (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A3BF853FFF5FFC1FDE2F58BFFADFE02" box="[558,650,398,422]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, it has become a problem in the production of sapodilla, as most caterpillars feed on flower buds and mature flowers. They eat everything except the pedicels in mature flowers and all the flower buds except the branches. It is very difficult to find caterpillars as they are reddish purple, the same color as the flower and the leaf buds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFF5FFC1FF0CF627FCD1FDD8" blockId="7.[192,1441,546,636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF5FFC1FF0CF627FC5EFD9E" bold="true" box="[192,377,546,570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Management.</emphasis>
|
||
This sapodilla pest could be controlled by pesticides, but no trials have been completed. Furthermore, we observed that they are natural prey of some spiders (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF5FFC1FBF6F646F993FDFF" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1841" box="[1082,1204,579,603]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Salticidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFF5FFC1FB20F646FCD6FDD8" authority="(Linnaeus))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cancriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFF5FFC1FB20F646FC7DFDD8" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Gasteracantha cancriformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |