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<document id="1CD24600A7DA825F4EDE11567598EB78" ID-CLB-Dataset="29001" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaXa.4460.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84973bd6-9d66-4172-8f50-2a482edccf2a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1459506" ID-ZooBank="DB841017-698F-4D44-A633-461D350DC984" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1539326878349" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Choi, Jinyeong, Soysouvanh, Pheophanh, Lee, Seunghwan &amp; Hong, Ki-Jeong" docDate="2018" docId="0974884CB65EFFFEFF6CFC600324FF2E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4460.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4460 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pulvinaria polygonata COckerell 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="F54DF034B673FFD1FFFBFFA5024BFFD6" masterDocTitle="Review of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Laos" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1729028583442" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="8B501A95F5E606FF548B9B426DE9870B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="4CC7BC92F143F51DB0216F5421DF8B56">Review of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Laos</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E310B39223137BE33FF2C8D473BA02AC">Choi, Jinyeong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E183F84DE9EC9097277DFCF7FC73E388">Soysouvanh, Pheophanh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DB64A078368665BF49255CA52F7AC3D8">Lee, Seunghwan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D31A9797403C48653D22CE17F08A209B">Hong, Ki-Jeong</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0974884CB65EFFFEFF6CFC600324FF2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5966470" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148695366" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5966470" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0974884CB65EFFFEFF6CFC600324FF2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0974884CB65EFFFEFF6CFC600324FF2E" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<subSubSection id="C9C76AD1B65EFFFCFF6CFC60036CFBD6" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65EFFFCFF6CFC600026FC09" blockId="45.[151,621,965,1025]" box="[151,621,965,991]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="DA2A8E36B65EFFFCFF6CFC600026FC09" bold="true" box="[151,621,965,991]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65EFFFCFF6CFC600026FC09" authority="Cockerell, 1905" authorityName="COckerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,621,965,991]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65EFFFCFF6CFC600026FC09" bold="true" box="[151,621,965,991]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65EFFFCFF6CFC6003EFFC09" bold="true" box="[151,420,965,991]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pulvinaria polygonata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65EFFFCFE50FC600026FC09" box="[427,621,965,991]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref24049" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1905) Some Coccidae from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, 10, 127 - 136." type="journal article">Cockerell, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8162395AB65EFFFCFF6CFC4D036CFBD6" blockId="45.[151,621,965,1025]" box="[151,295,1000,1025]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
(
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFF64FC4D02BEFBD6" box="[159,245,1000,1025]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[176,1416,1460,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[176,1416,1460,1940]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 41. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905. A, female in life; B, slide-mounted adult female; C, stigmatic spines; D, ventral tubular ducts on submarginal area of abdomen. Scale lines for B = 0.5 mm; C = 50 µm; D = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459588" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459588/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 41</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFEFAFC4D0354FBD6" box="[257,287,1000,1024]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[303,1233,543,1899]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">42</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9C76AD1B65EFFFCFF6CFB8E001CFB97" box="[151,599,1067,1089]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65EFFFCFF6CFB8E001CFB97" blockId="45.[151,599,1067,1089]" box="[151,599,1067,1089]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1CD1E74B65EFFFCFF6CFB8E001CFB97" box="[151,599,1067,1089]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65EFFFCFF6CFB8E0018FB97" authority="Cockerell 1905: 131" authorityName="COckerell" authorityPageNumber="131" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,595,1067,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65EFFFCFF6CFB8E0330FB97" box="[151,379,1067,1089]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pulvinaria polygonata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="007C1F4BB65EFFFCFE79FB8E0018FB97" author="" box="[386,595,1067,1089]" page="131" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65EFFFCFE79FB8E006AFB97" box="[386,545,1067,1089]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref24049" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1905) Some Coccidae from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, 10, 127 - 136." type="journal article">Cockerell 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 131
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9C76AD1B65EFFFCFF6CFBCD018CFAAB" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65EFFFCFF6CFBCD018CFAAB" blockId="45.[151,1437,1128,1405]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65EFFFCFF6CFBCD035AFB57" bold="true" box="[151,273,1128,1153]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Dorsal derm with polygonal reticulations; tubular ducts present, but small (
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFB85FBCD06ACFB56" box="[1150,1255,1128,1153]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[303,1233,543,1899]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 42E</figureCitation>
); duct tubercles present (
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFF07FB290320FB73" box="[252,363,1164,1189]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[303,1233,543,1899]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
). Marginal setae bluntly spinose, mostly with fimbriate apices (
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFB99FB29069BFB73" box="[1122,1232,1164,1189]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[303,1233,543,1899]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 42A</figureCitation>
). Stigmatic clefts distinct, each containing 4 or 5 stigmatic spines (
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFD45FB150162FB1E" box="[702,809,1200,1225]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[176,1416,1460,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[176,1416,1460,1940]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 41. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905. A, female in life; B, slide-mounted adult female; C, stigmatic spines; D, ventral tubular ducts on submarginal area of abdomen. Scale lines for B = 0.5 mm; C = 50 µm; D = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459588" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459588/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 41C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFCCEFB150123FB1E" box="[821,872,1200,1224]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[303,1233,543,1899]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">42C</figureCitation>
). Venter with multilocular disc-pores usually each with 8 loculi, abundant around vulvar area, a few pores also present laterad of meta- and mesocoxa (
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFAD5FB7107C4FB3B" box="[1326,1423,1236,1261]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[303,1233,543,1899]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Fig.
<date id="F5631F9AB65EFFFCFA9DFB7007C4FB3B" box="[1382,1423,1237,1261]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1942-01">42I</date>
</figureCitation>
); tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a broad inner ductule, present on medial area of head, thorax and anterior abdomen; type II each with a narrow inner ductule, present on medial and inner submarginal area of head, thorax and abdomen; and type III each with a filamentous inner ductule, present in submarginal areas (
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFB12FAE5071DFA8E" box="[1257,1366,1344,1369]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[176,1416,1460,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[176,1416,1460,1940]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 41. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905. A, female in life; B, slide-mounted adult female; C, stigmatic spines; D, ventral tubular ducts on submarginal area of abdomen. Scale lines for B = 0.5 mm; C = 50 µm; D = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459588" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459588/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 41D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="19E625DFB65EFFFCFA9FFAE507C4FA8E" box="[1380,1423,1344,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[303,1233,543,1899]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">42J</figureCitation>
); antenna 8 segmented (partially adopted from
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65EFFFCFD68FAC101F1FAAB" box="[659,954,1380,1405]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref29081" refString="Williams, D. J. &amp; Watson, G. W. (1990) The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 267 pp." type="book">Williams &amp; Watson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D5A269D2B65EFFFCFF6CF8050699F802" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459588" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459588/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,250,1952,1974]" targetBox="[176,1416,1460,1940]" targetPageId="45">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65EFFFCFF6CF8050699F802" blockId="45.[151,1435,1952,2004]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65EFFFCFF6CF8050354F863" bold="true" box="[151,287,1952,1974]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65EFFFCFEDDF80500FCF860" authority="Cockerell, 1905" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[294,695,1952,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65EFFFCFEDDF8050040F860" box="[294,523,1952,1974]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pulvinaria polygonata</emphasis>
Cockerell, 1905
</taxonomicName>
. A, female in life; B, slide-mounted adult female; C, stigmatic spines; D, ventral tubular ducts on submarginal area of abdomen. Scale lines for B = 0.5 mm; C = 50 µm; D = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C9C76AD1B65DFFFFFF3CFF320353FF02" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65DFFFFFF3CFF320353FF02" blockId="46.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<materialsCitation id="31B53307B65DFFFFFF3CFF320353FF02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1918155552" collectingDate="2015-05-02" collectorName="J. Y. Choi &amp; Citrus" country="Laos" location="Kham Dist." municipality="Xiangkhoang Prov." pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="10">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFF3CFF3203FAFF66" bold="true" box="[199,433,151,176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Material examined.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="97DBF2D3B65DFFFFFE41FF3D0042FF79" box="[442,521,152,176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="female">10 ♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFDECFF3D0028FF66" box="[535,611,152,176]" name="Laos" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">LAOS</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="84026F81B65DFFFFFD94FF3200BEFF66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0974884CB65EFFFEFF6CFC600324FF2E:84026F81B65DFFFFFD94FF3200BEFF66" box="[623,757,151,176]" country="Laos" municipality="Xiangkhoang Prov." name="Kham Dist." pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Kham Dist.</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6106A320B65DFFFFFCFAFF320195FF79" box="[769,990,151,176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Xiangkhoang Prov.</collectingMunicipality>
,
<date id="F5631F9AB65DFFFFFC12FF320607FF66" box="[1001,1100,151,176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="2015-05-02">
<collectingDate id="E527E672B65DFFFFFC12FF320607FF66" box="[1001,1100,151,176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="2015-05-02">2.v.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="2C285C8CB65DFFFFFB69FF3D06B6FF66" box="[1170,1277,151,176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">J.Y. Choi</collectorName>
, on
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFAD5FF3D073FFF79" box="[1326,1396,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<collectorName id="2C285C8CB65DFFFFFAD5FF3D073FFF79" box="[1326,1396,152,175]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Citrus</collectorName>
</emphasis>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFF65FF190340FF02" authorityName="" authorityYear="1789" box="[158,267,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9C76AD1B65DFFFFFF3CFF7A07CAFECB" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65DFFFFFF3CFF7A07CAFECB" blockId="46.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFF3CFF7A035AFF2E" bold="true" box="[199,273,223,248]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Hosts.</emphasis>
Polyphagous. According to
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65DFFFFFDAFFF4501D3FF2E" box="[596,920,223,248]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref24883" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. &amp; Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 3 July 2018) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url">
García Morales
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFCF1FF440170FF2E" box="[778,827,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. (2016)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFC5FFF440674FF2E" authorityName="COckerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[932,1087,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFC5FFF440674FF2E" box="[932,1087,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">P. polygonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded from plants belonging to 10 genera in 7 families. In
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFDACFEA000DBFECA" box="[599,656,261,284]" name="Laos" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Laos</collectingCountry>
, it has been found on
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFC7DFEA0018FFECA" box="[902,964,261,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFC7DFEA0018FFECA" box="[902,964,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Ficus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFC02FEA10620FECA" authorityName="" authorityYear="1835" box="[1017,1131,260,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65DFFFFFB79FEA1073DFECB" box="[1154,1398,260,285]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref28309" refString="Suh, S. J. &amp; Bombay, K. (2015) Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) found on Dracaena and Ficus plants (Asparagales: Asparagaceae, Rosales: Moraceae) from southeastern Asia. Insecta Mundi, 0 448, 1 - 10." type="journal article">
Suh &amp;
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFB28FEA10779FECB" box="[1235,1330,260,285]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bombay</collectingCountry>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9C76AD1B65DFFFFFF3CFE820366FE22" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65DFFFFFF3CFE82069CFEB3" blockId="46.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFF3CFE82032BFE96" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</emphasis>
Mainly known from Australian,
<collectingRegion id="4319F7B8B65DFFFFFD14FE820100FE96" box="[751,843,295,320]" country="Morocco" name="Oriental" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Oriental</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFC9BFE8201ACFE96" box="[864,999,295,320]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFC03FE82067FFE96" box="[1016,1076,295,320]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFBBEFE8D0635FEE9" box="[1093,1150,296,319]" name="Laos" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Laos</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFB6BFE82075AFE96" box="[1168,1297,295,320]" name="Philippines" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFADAFE8207D3FE96" box="[1313,1432,295,320]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<collectingRegion id="4319F7B8B65DFFFFFADAFE820709FE96" box="[1313,1346,295,320]" country="United Kingdom" name="Surrey" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Sri</collectingRegion>
Lanka
</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFF6CFEE902A2FEB3" box="[151,233,332,357]" name="Taiwan" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFEE4FEE903CBFEB3" box="[287,384,332,357]" name="Vietnam" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
) and Palearctic Regions (
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65DFFFFFD65FEE901DBFEB3" box="[670,912,332,357]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref28309" refString="Suh, S. J. &amp; Bombay, K. (2015) Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) found on Dracaena and Ficus plants (Asparagales: Asparagaceae, Rosales: Moraceae) from southeastern Asia. Insecta Mundi, 0 448, 1 - 10." type="journal article">
Suh &amp;
<collectingCountry id="F9CA79CAB65DFFFFFD14FEE90105FEB3" box="[751,846,332,357]" name="India" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bombay</collectingCountry>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65DFFFFFC60FEE90680FEB3" box="[923,1227,332,357]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref24883" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. &amp; Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 3 July 2018) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url">
García Morales
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFBB4FEE806CBFEB2" box="[1103,1152,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8162395AB65DFFFFFF3CFECA0366FE22" blockId="46.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFF3CFECA0393FE5E" bold="true" box="[199,472,367,392]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Economic importance.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65DFFFFFE1FFECA0112FE5E" box="[484,857,367,392]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref26786" refString="Mani, M. &amp; Krishnamoorthy, A. (1998) Biological control studies on the mango green shield scale Chloropulvinaria polygonata (Ckll.) (Homoptera, Coccidae) in India. Entomon, 23 (2), 105 - 110." type="journal article">Mani &amp; Krishnamoorthy (1998)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFC12FED406CCFE5E" authorityName="COckerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[1001,1159,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFC12FED406CCFE5E" box="[1001,1159,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">P. polygonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a serious pest of mango (
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFF0DFE3103F0FE7A" box="[246,443,404,428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFF0DFE3103F0FE7A" box="[246,443,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Mangifera indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in India. In addition,
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65DFFFFFD3FFE3101B1FE7A" box="[708,1018,404,429]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref29081" refString="Williams, D. J. &amp; Watson, G. W. (1990) The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 267 pp." type="book">Williams &amp; Watson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
noted that
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFB85FE300751FE7A" authorityName="COckerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[1150,1306,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFB85FE300751FE7A" box="[1150,1306,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">P. polygonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be a potential pest of citrus because of its host preferences. The species is frequently intercepted at U.S. ports (
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65DFFFFFACCFE12036AFE22" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref26995" refString="Miller, G. L. &amp; Miller, D. R. (2003) Invasive soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and their threat to U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 105 (4), 832 - 846." type="journal article">Miller &amp; Miller 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D5A269D2B65DFFFFFF6CF8E30280F86E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1459590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459590/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[151,250,1862,1884]" targetBox="[321,1215,578,1838]" targetPageId="46">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65DFFFFFF6CF8E30280F86E" blockId="46.[151,1436,1862,1976]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFF6CF8E30369F88D" bold="true" box="[151,290,1862,1884]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65DFFFFFED1F8E3008AF88A" authority="Cockerell, 1905" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[298,705,1862,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65DFFFFFED1F8E3005AF88A" box="[298,529,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pulvinaria polygonata</emphasis>
Cockerell, 1905
</taxonomicName>
, adult female, from Williams &amp; Watson (1990). A, marginal setae; B, dorsal seta; C, stigmatic spines; D, dorsal tubercle; E, dorsal tubular duct; F, dermal areolations and dorsal microduct; G, preopercular pore; H, anal plates; I, multilocular disc-pore; J1-3, ventral tubular ducts; K, ventral microduct; L, spiracular discpore.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C9C76AD1B65CFFFEFF3CFF320324FF2E" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8162395AB65CFFFEFF3CFF320324FF2E" blockId="47.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65CFFFEFF3CFF320370FF66" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65CFFFEFEB3FF3D0001FF66" authorityName="COckerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[328,586,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65CFFFEFEB3FF3D0001FF66" box="[328,586,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pulvinaria polygonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65CFFFEFCCAFF3C0661FF66" authority="Cockerell" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1896" box="[817,1066,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65CFFFEFCCAFF3C01E6FF79" box="[817,941,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. aurantii</emphasis>
Cockerell
</taxonomicName>
, but is easily separated by the number of stigmatic spines in each spiracular cleft:
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65CFFFEFCF7FF1801E0FF02" authorityName="COckerell" authorityYear="1905" box="[780,939,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polygonata">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65CFFFEFCF7FF1801E0FF02" box="[780,939,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. polygonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 4–5, whereas
<taxonomicName id="46DD42D9B65CFFFEFB68FF180745FF02" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1896" box="[1171,1294,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
<emphasis id="B3A9E548B65CFFFEFB68FF180745FF02" box="[1171,1294,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">P. aurantii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only 3 (
<bibRefCitation id="E54C44ABB65CFFFEFF65FF7A0328FF2E" box="[158,355,223,248]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref28464" refString="Takahashi, R. (1955 b) Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu, 23, 148 - 154." type="journal article">Takahashi 1955b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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