treatments-xml/data/AD/7C/87/AD7C879B1C0BFFA95CD8FED9FA37FE0C.xml
2024-06-21 12:47:39 +02:00

352 lines
38 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="BA9F523F1C4D05B96DB7D3367D57069B" ID-CLB-Dataset="46640" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.201805" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f9385d5f-2207-403f-b7e9-4bd5440581be" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="201805" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460371039977" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kojima, Jun-Ichi, Saito, Fuki &amp; Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong" docDate="2011" docId="AD7C879B1C0BFFA95CD8FED9FA37FE0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02920p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2920" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Parapolybia takasagona Sonan 1944" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="5145FFE31C01FFA25C4FFFB6FFAAFFC3" masterDocTitle="On the species-group taxa of Taiwanese social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) described and / or treated by J. Sonan" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="42" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1698295718567" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="40862C99FB3ACD1946D190249310A8F1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="27FDDA271109ED4851090417B50FD1EE">
<mods:title id="CB4033382EDAF2A225BF1C16876EC971">On the species-group taxa of Taiwanese social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) described and / or treated by J. Sonan</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="091409670C8EB08D16A3D3E38475C777" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E2BEC86518BDA9963D0466D5BDED3F5C">
<mods:roleTerm id="C0CC1EE4CCDD41684B938C1DEB42D49D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8B3D0937D4B729773ED1DF1B9C435612">Kojima, Jun-Ichi</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="FAF577835395F38095AD38C3D78BFAF1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AB8D7183B4DC3746B0F9AB3F82E4830C">
<mods:roleTerm id="7DD70A40C0EE432655C50539B319CA17">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CCB5AE3E228FE17013CB3E8C6820D3F3">Saito, Fuki</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="CF1F5707242656977E6FF44049835644" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4366F70F2F8F5EAABC052612AE7149D2">
<mods:roleTerm id="2920015386679AA9EC5EBBEC9BF11C6F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E0444839BBF590A94CD7F6056AFEB278">Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7D638F92B5201BD5CD56CEA077A0851A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="840415BB5620EBC4FF048094914DD0F4" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="8190084890CA7CABE2ACDA0FE40BF6C7">
<mods:title id="345B50B739A3C4732206BF50B934E63D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="03A76600E52EAAA4AC5F453DBDD2A90D">
<mods:date id="8EC2D823121443BA8459181073F1EAF5">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="028E1AF21014B25CC9C776881355A953" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B613ADB766E48372AFCCE65765800B5A">2920</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="47F71D7EFB6D54301CCFEAB417FAC22C" unit="page">
<mods:start id="17F28821D516937926E8724997233652">42</mods:start>
<mods:end id="8096365B2FED3A3F7CCE65F9C333365C">64</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="A7109B7F7BFD68C21077BE15B815D0A3">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="0FA98999051AF0CD05ECC8177033807B" type="CLB-Dataset">46640</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="673CB11B41E0F753FE0BD2EF4181DD48" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.201805</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1ADA935933CE021152204C71134F8842" type="GBIF-Dataset">f9385d5f-2207-403f-b7e9-4bd5440581be</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6853E76CD599F817BAAC7688B29F2BEC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8B7011535034D65A28BB3F22DA22FE76" type="Zenodo-Dep">201805</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="AD7C879B1C0BFFA95CD8FED9FA37FE0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191363" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119411996" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6191363" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AD7C879B1C0BFFA95CD8FED9FA37FE0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD7C879B1C0BFFA95CD8FED9FA37FE0C" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="6DCF65061C0BFFA85CD8FED9FDAEFC99" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="256A368D1C0BFFA85CD8FED9FB82FE4A" blockId="10.[151,1064,367,393]" box="[151,1064,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="7E2281E11C0BFFA85CD8FED9FB82FE4A" bold="true" box="[151,1064,367,393]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85CD8FED9FB82FE4A" bold="true" box="[151,1064,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85CD8FED9FDF8FE4A" ID-CoL="4D9G2" authority="Sonan 1944" authorityName="Sonan" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,594,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85CD8FED9FE11FE4A" bold="true" box="[151,443,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Parapolybia takasagona</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85D8DFED9FDF8FE4A" author="Sonan" box="[450,594,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Sonan, J. (1944) On Parapolybia Saussure in Taiwan. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 34, 342 - 345. (In Japanese)." type="journal article" year="1944">Sonan 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85E2CFED9FB8BFE4A" authority="Sonan 1944" authorityName="Sonan" authorityYear="1944" box="[611,1057,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85E2CFED9FC2CFE4A" bold="true" box="[611,902,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Parapolybia takasagona</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85FC1FED9FB8BFE4A" author="Sonan" box="[910,1057,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Sonan, J. (1944) On Parapolybia Saussure in Taiwan. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 34, 342 - 345. (In Japanese)." type="journal article" year="1944">Sonan 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="256A368D1C0BFFA85CD8FE01FC1CFDF9" blockId="10.[151,1437,438,2010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
Among Sonan's social wasp taxa, this one needs special attention to discuss its taxonomic status. Our conclusion, as outlined below, treating
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85D9BFE6DFD46FE30" box="[468,748,475,499]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D9BFE6DFD46FE30" box="[468,748,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Parapolybia takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid species is tentative. In order to establish a well corroborated species-level taxonomic system of the
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85EA0FE48FC61FDD5" box="[751,971,510,534]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85EA0FE48FC61FDD5" box="[751,971,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Parapolybia indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, to which
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA858DBFDB6FA9EFDD5" box="[1172,1332,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA858DBFDB6FA9EFDD5" box="[1172,1332,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs, further intensive studies that covers various “populations” are required.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="256A368D1C0BFFA85C8AFDF0FDAEFC99" blockId="10.[151,1437,438,2010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85C8AFDF0FECBFD9D" author="Sonan" box="[197,353,582,606]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Sonan, J. (1944) On Parapolybia Saussure in Taiwan. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 34, 342 - 345. (In Japanese)." type="journal article" year="1944">Sonan (1944)</bibRefCitation>
recognized four nominal species in
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85F5DFDF0FC34FD9D" box="[786,926,582,606]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85F5DFDF0FC34FD9D" box="[786,926,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Parapolybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring in the territories of the Japanese Empire of that time. They were:
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85E42FDDAFDC8FD40" box="[525,610,620,643]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. v a r i a</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85E39FDDCFC8EFD41" author="Fabricius" box="[630,804,618,642]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Fabricius, J. C. F. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum Sistens Eorum Species Nuper Detectas Adiectis Characteribus Genericis, Differentiis Specificis, Emendationibus, Observationibus, Vol. 1. Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae, xx + 348 pp." type="book" year="1787">Fabricius 1787</bibRefCitation>
), which Sonan considered to occur in
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85896FDDCFA81FD41" box="[1241,1323,618,642]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and main islands of
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85D43FD39FEE5FD65" box="[268,335,655,678]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Japan</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85D13FD26FE7BFD65" box="[348,465,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D13FD26FE7BFD65" box="[348,465,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(du
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85E49FD39FD02FD65" author="Buysson" box="[518,680,654,679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Buysson, R. du (1913) Sur quelques Vespides (Hym.). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 1913, 296 - 299." type="journal article" year="1913">Buysson 1913</bibRefCitation>
) [currently treated as a synonym of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85809FD26FB30FD64" box="[1094,1178,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. v a r i a</emphasis>
(van der
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85943FD38FA3AFD65" author="Vecht" box="[1292,1424,654,678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Vecht, J. van der (1966) The East Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides Buysson and Parapolybia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 82, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1966">Vecht 1966</bibRefCitation>
), although its taxonomic status needs further careful examination (F. Saito, unpublished)], which Sonan considered to occur in the Korean Peninsular;
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85E72FD6EFD0EFD2D" box="[573,676,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85E72FD6EFD0EFD2D" box="[573,676,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(de Saussure 1854) in
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85F8FFD61FBAEFD2D" box="[960,1028,727,750]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Japan</collectingCountry>
; and
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85806FD6EFB41FD2D" box="[1097,1259,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85806FD6EFB41FD2D" box="[1097,1259,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA858B0FD60FA36FD2D" author="Sonan" box="[1279,1436,726,750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Sonan, J. (1944) On Parapolybia Saussure in Taiwan. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 34, 342 - 345. (In Japanese)." type="journal article" year="1944">Sonan (1944)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85D46FD4AFE0CFCD0" box="[265,422,763,787]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D46FD4AFE0CFCD0" box="[265,422,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85E0EFD4CFD09FCD1" box="[577,675,762,786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
Ƥ collected at Tamaru in Rato District, and 6 Ƥ and 6 3
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85965FD4DFA33FCD0" box="[1322,1433,763,787]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. In TARI, there are the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85DDBFCA8FE5CFCF5" box="[404,502,798,822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 6 Ƥ and 5 3
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85EF2FCA9FC86FCF4" box="[701,812,799,823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
;
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85F78FCA8FC65FCF5" author="Sonan" box="[823,975,798,822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Sonan, J. (1944) On Parapolybia Saussure in Taiwan. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 34, 342 - 345. (In Japanese)." type="journal article" year="1944">Sonan (1944)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned 3 3 from “Kobayashi, Rato”, but one of them was not located.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6DCF65061C0BFFA95C8AFCD1FA37FE0C" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="256A368D1C0BFFA85C8AFCD1FE6FFAB5" blockId="10.[151,1437,438,2010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85C8AFCD1FEDCFCBC" bold="true" box="[197,374,870,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85C8AFCD1FF54FCBC" box="[197,254,871,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85DCBFCD0FE46FCBD" box="[388,492,870,894]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
Ƥ: “Tamaru (Rato) /
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85EB7FCD0FC3FFCBD" box="[760,917,870,894]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1923-08-30">30 VIII 1923</date>
/ Col. J. Sonan”,
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA8583AFCD1FB06FCBC" box="[1141,1196,871,895]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
label, “
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA8595FFCD0FA36FCBD" box="[1296,1436,870,894]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA8595FFCD0FA36FCBD" box="[1296,1436,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Parapolybia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85CE9FC3DFE8DFC60" box="[166,295,907,931]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85CE9FC3DFE8DFC60" box="[166,295,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Sonan / Det. J. Sonan” and “78”, is hardly considered to be discolored in contrast to Starr's (1992) and Yamane
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D68FC06FEF5FC05" box="[295,351,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
's (1995), and it well matched the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85F8DFC18FBE7FC05" author="Sonan" box="[962,1101,942,966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Sonan, J. (1944) On Parapolybia Saussure in Taiwan. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 34, 342 - 345. (In Japanese)." type="journal article" year="1944">Sonan 1944</bibRefCitation>
). The labels of collection data for female
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85D5BFC65FED5FC28" box="[276,383,979,1003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are as follows: 2 Ƥ, “Tabo (Rato) /
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85F52FC64FC18FC29" box="[797,946,978,1002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1923-08-24">24 VIII 1923</date>
[1 Ƥ:
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85FB0FC64FB3FFC29" box="[1023,1173,978,1002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1923-08-22">22 VIII 1923</date>
] / Col. J. Sonan”; 1 Ƥ, “Kobayashi / (Rato)
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85D32FC40FDA4FBCD" box="[381,526,1014,1038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1923-08-29">29 VIII 1923</date>
/ Col. J. Sonan”; 1 Ƥ with “Arisan /
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85FEAFC40FBA3FBCD" box="[933,1033,1014,1038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1917-05-02">2.V.1917</date>
/ Col. T. Shiraki”; and 2 Ƥ, “Taiheizan /
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85C82FBACFEFEFBF1" box="[205,340,1050,1074]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">FORMOSA</collectingCountry>
/
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85D26FBACFE63FBF1" box="[361,457,1050,1074]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1930-07">Jul.1930</date>
/ S. Minowa”. The two female
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85F66FBADFC3EFBF0" box="[809,916,1051,1075]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
from “Tabo” have the occipital carina evanescent ventrally and certainly belong to a species different from that to which the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA8586EFB88FB29FB95" box="[1057,1155,1086,1110]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
belongs. One of the two female
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85CA2FBD5FEF2FBB8" box="[237,344,1123,1147]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
from “Taiheizan” has yellow markings brighter and more abundant than the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85894FBD4FA97FBB9" box="[1243,1341,1122,1146]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and the specimen may possibly belong to a different species. The condition and the label data for the five male
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA8597EFB31FA36FB5C" box="[1329,1436,1159,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are as follows: 3 3 (1 3: second to terminal flagellomeres of the right antenna and fourth to terminal flagellomeres of the left antenna missing; 1 3: metasoma except the first segment, fourth to terminal flagellomeres of the right antenna and fifth to terminal flagellomeres of left antenna, missing [Sonan may have used this male for genital observation]), labeled “Kobayashi / (Rato)
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85ECDFAA0FCBDFAED" box="[642,791,1302,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1923-08-28">28 VIII 1923</date>
/ Col. J. Sonan”; 1 3 (third to terminal flagellomeres of both antennae missing), labeled “Taiheizan /
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA85EC0FA8CFC88FA91" box="[655,802,1338,1362]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1923-08-26">26 VIII 1923</date>
/ Col. J. Sonan”; and 1 3 with a label of “Taiheizan /
<date id="516B104D1C0BFFA859CFFA8CFEACFAB5" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" value="1923-08-25">25 VIII 1923</date>
/ Col. J. Sonan”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="256A368D1C0BFFA85C8AFA34FEA0F955" blockId="10.[151,1437,438,2010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85C8AFA34FEE7FA59" author="Starr" box="[197,333,1410,1434]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Starr, C. K. (1992) The social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, (3), 93 - 138." type="journal article" year="1992">Starr (1992)</bibRefCitation>
examined these
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85E44FA35FD91FA58" box="[523,571,1411,1435]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
specimens in
<collectionCode id="43C4AE481C0BFFA85E92FA35FCB6FA58" box="[733,796,1411,1435]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a13e-ta1z" name="Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">TARI</collectionCode>
and concluded that
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA8584FFA32FB37FA58" box="[1024,1181,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA8584FFA32FB37FA58" box="[1024,1181,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a valid species, differing from
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D52FA1EFEDAFA7C" box="[285,368,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. v a r i a</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85DCDFA10FD85FA7D" author="Fabricius" box="[386,559,1446,1470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Fabricius, J. C. F. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum Sistens Eorum Species Nuper Detectas Adiectis Characteribus Genericis, Differentiis Specificis, Emendationibus, Observationibus, Vol. 1. Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae, xx + 348 pp." type="book" year="1787">Fabricius 1787</bibRefCitation>
). He treated
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85EF3FA1EFCF3FA7D" box="[700,857,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85EF3FA1EFCF3FA7D" box="[700,857,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the senior sysnonym of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA858C7FA1EFB5FFA7D" box="[1160,1269,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA858C7FA1EFB5FFA7D" box="[1160,1269,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. nodosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
van der
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA8591AFA10FF78FA21" author="Vecht" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Vecht, J. van der (1966) The East Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides Buysson and Parapolybia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 82, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1966">Vecht, 1966</bibRefCitation>
, which was described based on the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85E2CFA7CFD6FFA21" box="[611,709,1482,1506]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
Ƥ collected at Pilam [= Beinan, ca.
<geoCoordinate id="40E1504A1C0BFFA8582FFA7CFB6DFA21" box="[1120,1223,1482,1506]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" precision="925" value="22.75">22°45' N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="40E1504A1C0BFFA8589DFA7CFAEEFA21" box="[1234,1348,1482,1506]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" precision="925" value="121.01667">121°01' E</geoCoordinate>
] in
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85920FA7CFF6CF9C5" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and the female
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85D37FA59FE4EF9C4" box="[376,484,1519,1543]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
from four other localities in
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85F68FA58FCD6F9C5" box="[807,892,1518,1542]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85FF8FA59FBA9F9C5" box="[951,1027,1519,1542]" name="Myanmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Burma</collectingCountry>
(Tenasserim),
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA858E5FA58FB47F9C5" box="[1194,1261,1518,1542]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">China</collectingCountry>
(Fukien),
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA8592DFA58FA36F9C5" box="[1378,1436,1518,1542]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">India</collectingCountry>
(Umbaso) and
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85D73F9A4FE09F9E9" box="[316,419,1554,1578]" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Thailand</collectingCountry>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85E6EF9A4FD0DF9E9" author="Starr" box="[545,679,1554,1578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Starr, C. K. (1992) The social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, (3), 93 - 138." type="journal article" year="1992">Starr (1992)</bibRefCitation>
referred neither to the conditions of female occipital carinae in
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85923F9A5FA36F9E8" box="[1388,1436,1555,1579]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
specimens of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85D7CF98EFE7BF98D" box="[307,465,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D7CF98EFE7BF98D" box="[307,465,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor to that given in the original description of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85FA5F98EFBF2F98D" box="[1002,1112,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85FA5F98EFBF2F98D" box="[1002,1112,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. nodosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. That is, the female occpital carina is complete in the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85DF3F9ECFDB4F9B1" box="[444,542,1626,1650]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85E07F9EAFD4DF9B0" box="[584,743,1627,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85E07F9EAFD4DF9B0" box="[584,743,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while it is obliterated ventrally in
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85834F9EAFB40F9B0" box="[1147,1258,1627,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85834F9EAFB40F9B0" box="[1147,1258,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. nodosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(van der
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85913F9ECFF79F955" author="Vecht" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Vecht, J. van der (1966) The East Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides Buysson and Parapolybia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 82, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1966">Vecht 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 23).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="256A368D1C0BFFA95C8AF915FA37FE0C" blockId="10.[151,1437,438,2010]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">
Yamane
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D68F912FEF0F978" box="[295,346,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
. (1995) examined the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85E13F914FD14F979" box="[604,702,1698,1722]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85EA9F912FC2EF978" box="[742,900,1699,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85EA9F912FC2EF978" box="[742,900,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and concluded that
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85825F912FAA2F978" box="[1130,1288,1699,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85825F912FAA2F978" box="[1130,1288,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a junior synonym of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D6CF97EFE2AF91C" box="[291,384,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. i n d i c a</emphasis>
(de Saussure 1854) because “The
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85F48F970FCC3F91D" box="[775,873,1734,1758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen [of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85847F97EFB0EF91D" box="[1032,1188,1734,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85847F97EFB0EF91D" box="[1032,1188,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] has complete occipital carina on gena, which is the most reliable characteristic that constantly separates
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA8580BF95AFB0BF8C0" box="[1092,1185,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. i n d i c a</emphasis>
from the other Oriental congeners [
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D74F8A6FE27F8E4" box="[315,397,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. v a r i a</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85D88F8A6FD9EF8E5" box="[455,564,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85D88F8A6FD9EF8E5" box="[455,564,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. nodosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].” Another reason for their synonymy was that “the occurrence of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85951F8A6FAD1F8E4" box="[1310,1403,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. i n d i c a</emphasis>
in
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85CD8F884FF43F889" box="[151,233,1842,1866]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
has been strongly suggested by a female specimen collected by Dr. Kenji Ohara near Hsitsun, Taoyuan (
<quantity id="E22D9B681C0BFFA85CD1F8E0FE96F8AD" box="[158,316,1878,1902]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1100.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="1000.0">10001200 m</quantity>
alt.) and three female specimens housed in the Department of Zoology,
<collectingCountry id="5DC2761D1C0BFFA85822F8E0FB15F8AD" box="[1133,1215,1878,1902]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
Museum (Taipei).” They also mentioned that “the structural characteristics [of the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0BFFA85F24F8CCFC65F851" box="[875,975,1914,1938]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0BFFA85FB9F8CAFB3CF850" box="[1014,1174,1915,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85FB9F8CAFB3CF850" box="[1014,1174,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] well agree with those [= structural characteristics of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0BFFA85DBEF816FDE5F874" box="[497,591,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="52">P. i n d i c a</emphasis>
] mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85F48F828FC34F875" author="Vecht" box="[775,926,1950,1974]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Vecht, J. van der (1966) The East Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides Buysson and Parapolybia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 82, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1966">Vecht (1966)</bibRefCitation>
.” However, the female structural characteristics that van der
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0BFFA85D1CF874FE4FF819" author="Vecht" box="[339,485,1986,2010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="52" refString="Vecht, J. van der (1966) The East Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides Buysson and Parapolybia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 82, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1966">Vecht (1966)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned are only “Occipital carina complete, extending to the base of the mandibles. Length (h. + th. + t.1 + 2):
<quantity id="E22D9B681C0AFFA95E4CFF21FDD5FF6C" box="[515,639,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="14.0">1417 mm</quantity>
, rarely only
<quantity id="E22D9B681C0AFFA95F43FF21FCF7FF6C" box="[780,861,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
” (p. 23). Yamane
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95865FF2FFBF1FF73" box="[1066,1115,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
. (1995) referred to the color pattern of the
<typeStatus id="FA6E882F1C0AFFA95D7DFF0AFE3EFF17" box="[306,404,188,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0AFFA95DF6FF0BFDFFFF17" box="[441,597,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95DF6FF0BFDFFFF17" box="[441,597,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">P. takasagona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that it is “in accordance with that of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95FBDFF0BFBE5FF17" box="[1010,1103,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">P. i n d i c a</emphasis>
”, but they did not mention to which of van der Vecht's (1966) subspecies or forms their “
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0AFFA95F02FF57FC18FF3B" box="[845,946,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95F02FF57FC18FF3B" box="[845,946,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">P. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” corresponded. Yamane
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA9589AFF57FAA3FF3B" box="[1237,1289,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
. (1995) also mentioned that “Sonan's description of male antenna undoubtedly shows that the males examined by him are also of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95CFAFE9FFEB9FE83" box="[181,275,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">P. i n d i c a</emphasis>
.” This statement might have been made by referring to van der
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0AFFA95FA8FE91FBD1FEFC" author="Vecht" box="[999,1147,295,319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Vecht, J. van der (1966) The East Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides Buysson and Parapolybia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 82, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1966">Vecht (1966)</bibRefCitation>
; but the male characteristics of
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0AFFA95CAAFEFBFEE2FEA7" box="[229,328,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95CAAFEFBFEE2FEA7" box="[229,328,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">P. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given in van der
<bibRefCitation id="41444B7C1C0AFFA95E5DFEFAFD7BFEA7" author="Vecht" box="[530,721,332,356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" refString="Vecht, J. van der (1966) The East Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides Buysson and Parapolybia Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 82, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1966">Vecht (1966: 23)</bibRefCitation>
are only “Antennae long and slender, the third and fourth segments more than six and four times as long as wide, respectively.” Thus Yamane
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95806FEC7FBD7FE4B" box="[1097,1149,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
.'s (1995) synonymy was based on poor grounds and
<taxonomicName id="E2D54D0E1C0AFFA95D99FE22FC91FE6F" authority="Sonan" authorityName="Sonan" box="[470,827,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Parapolybia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="takasagona">
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95D99FE22FD47FE6F" box="[470,749,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">Parapolybia takasagona</emphasis>
Sonan
</taxonomicName>
should be treated as a valid species at least until the concepts of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA95D52FE0FFED1FE13" box="[285,379,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">P. in di c a</emphasis>
and nominal species-group taxa that are now treated as subspecies of
<emphasis id="17A1EA9F1C0AFFA958C7FE0FFB4DFE13" box="[1160,1255,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="53">P. in di c a</emphasis>
are established.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>