treatments-xml/data/69/CF/F2/69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761" ID-PMC="PMC5672118" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-86-117" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4651FFD63A6EFFFDFFAF394AFFEB7865" ID-PubMed="29158699" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138215" ModsDocID="1314-2003-86-117" checkinTime="1507095651808" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wurdack, Kenneth J." docDate="2017" docId="69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 86: 117-130" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 86" docPubDate="2017-10-03" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761" docTitle="Dendrothrix condorensis K. Wurdack 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="4651FFD63A6EFFFDFFAF394AFFEB7865" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="4651FFD63A6EFFFDFFAF394AFFEB7865" masterDocTitle="A new disjunct Dendrothrix (Euphorbiaceae, tribe Hippomaneae): a Guiana Shield element in sub-Andean cordilleras of Ecuador and Peru" masterLastPageNumber="130" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="119" updateTime="1668142051608" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new disjunct Dendrothrix (Euphorbiaceae, tribe Hippomaneae): a Guiana Shield element in sub-Andean cordilleras of Ecuador and Peru</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wurdack, Kenneth J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">wurdackk@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-10-03</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>86</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>117</mods:start>
<mods:end>130</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-86-117</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">4651FFD63A6EFFFDFFAF394AFFEB7865</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1138215</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182225786" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="119" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="119">
<taxonomicName LSID="69CFF20F-549E-56D3-945D-1E6484AC9E74" authority="K. Wurdack" authorityName="K. Wurdack" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis" status="sp. nov.">Dendrothrix condorensis K.Wurdack</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="119">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Illustration of Dendrothrix condorensis. A Habit B Leaf base (abaxial) showing basilaminar glands C Staminate cymule D Staminate flower E Pistillate flower F Cross section of ovary G Portion of infrutescence H Mericarp valve I Seed. (Source: A Neill et al. 15747, MO and using life photos of this collection; B, E-F van der Werff et al. 16331, MO; C-D, G Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; H-I Neill et al. 15750, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159218" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Figure 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="119" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="119">
Differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esser" authorityYear="1993" baseAuthorityName="Jabl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Dendrothrix yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in larger, thinner leaves with more secondary veins, percurrent tertiary venation, acuminate leaf apex, and seeds lacking a caruncle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="119" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="119">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="119">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2005-11-25" collectorName="D. Neill, W. Quizhpe" country="ECUADOR" county="Nangaritza. Cordillera del Condor" elevation="20" latitude="-4.0408335" location="upper Rio Nangaritza" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-78.64555" municipality="Condor region" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry name="Ecuador">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Zamora-Chinchipe">Zamora-Chinchipe</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty>
Nangaritza. Cordillera del 
<collectingMunicipality>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cóndor">Condor</normalizedToken>
region
</collectingMunicipality>
</collectingCounty>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74:7A228C2532C77BBE792E07DBC034549A" country="ECUADOR" county="Nangaritza. Cordillera del Condor" latitude="-4.0408335" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-78.64555" municipality="Condor region" name="upper Rio Nangaritza" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe">
upper 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74:29993BE5CA7120A54A0F26D3E7295C87" country="ECUADOR" county="Nangaritza. Cordillera del Condor" latitude="-4.0408335" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-78.64555" municipality="Condor region" name="Rio Nangaritza valley" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Nangaritza valley
</location>
</location>
, along road 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" unit="km" value="14.5">14.5 km</quantity>
south of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74:D6001C6FFD91145907CEDAD9FF36A21B" country="ECUADOR" county="Nangaritza. Cordillera del Condor" latitude="-4.0408335" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-78.64555" municipality="Condor region" name="Guayzimi" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe">Guayzimi</location>
, above west bank of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:69CFF20F549E56D3945D1E6484AC9E74:0E1644C6DCC431DFE19C9C0243748909" country="ECUADOR" county="Nangaritza. Cordillera del Condor" latitude="-4.0408335" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-78.64555" municipality="Condor region" name="Rio Nangaritza" stateProvince="Zamora-Chinchipe">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Nangaritza
</location>
, sandstone slope with relatively low forest, canopy 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="20.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, forest being cleared for mining of silica sand for glass manufacture, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-4.0408335">04°02'27&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="-78.64555">78°38'44&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" unit="m" value="930.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" unit="m" value="930.0">930 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="2005-11-25">25 Nov 2005</collectingDate>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">
<collectorName>D. Neill</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>W. Quizhpe</collectorName>
14939
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
QCNE; isotypes: AAU, GB, HUT, K, 
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Loja">LOJA</collectingRegion>
, MO-6106711, NY,
</materialsCitation>
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="2" pageNumber="119" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Shrub</emphasis>
or small tree to 8 m tall, monoecious; stems of leafy branchlets 2-3 mm dia., bark smooth, pith soft. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Exudate</emphasis>
present, white latex. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Indumentum</emphasis>
of multicellular trichomes to 0.1 mm long, ramified, dark reddish-brown. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Leaves</emphasis>
alternate, petiolate, stipulate, simple. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Stipules</emphasis>
free, paired, scale-like, 0.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3 mm (width at base), triangular, persistent, eglandular. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="119">Petioles</emphasis>
40-65 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2.5 mm (dia. mid-length), terete, adaxially slightly canaliculate towards distal end, petiolar glands absent. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="120" start="start">Leaf</pageBreakToken>
blades
</emphasis>
: laminar size class mesophyll, blade 14.5-19.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6.5-8 cm, length:width ratio 2.00-2.98 (mean = 2.63, n = 11), symmetrical, shape elliptic, apex angle acute, apex shape short acuminate to attenuate, base angle acute, base shape cuneate to obtuse; margin entire, slightly revolute; blades sparsely pubescent when mature (young leaf not seen), primary and secondary veins more densely so; lamina thin and brittle when dry, adaxial surface smooth except for prominulous venation, abaxial surface pale, dull due to minute papillae; basilaminar glands present, abaxial, one on each side of primary the vein at the attachment of petiole and hidden under minutely auricled extension of lamina, narrowly elliptic, 1.4-1.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.4 mm, shallowly sunken into laminar surface and without raised edge, gland surface smooth; embedded laminar gland-like structures (perhaps necrotic, see Discussion), 0-6 per leaf, abaxial, scattered but usually adjacent to secondary or tertiary veins in distal portion of lamina, circular to widely elliptic, 0.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.4 mm. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Venation</emphasis>
pinnate, brochidodromous, 18-22 secondaries per side, spacing mostly regular, secondary vein angle gradually increasing along the series from ca 0° for proximal secondaries to 30° for distally diverging veins, course usually straight until curving for distal &lt;1/4 of length, insertion shortly decurrent; intersecondaries parallel to secondaries, infrequent (1-5 per side); intercostal tertiaries alternate percurrent (occasionally opposite); primary to tertiary veins slightly prominulous on both surfaces. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Inflorescence</emphasis>
terminal, erect, compound thyrse, 21-31 cm long, with 2-3 orders of branching, axes moderately pubescent; leaves at base of inflorescence often of reduced size; lateral branches usually bisexual (rarely staminate) with pistillate flowers proximal and staminate distal, branch nodes subtended by usually eglandular bract (rarely at more distal nodes with pair of glands similar to those on cymules); bract acuminate, 2-2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7 mm (width at base). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Staminate cymules</emphasis>
spirally arranged, 20-22 per lateral inflorescence branch, subtended by bract and pair (1 on each side of bract base) of elongate disc- or cup-shaped glands; bract to 1 (deep) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2 mm (wide), elliptic, margin sparsely ciliate; glands of proximal cymules 1.2-2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1.5 mm, becoming smaller at distal cymules (unclear if the size decrease is due to serial reduction or decreasing maturity), fleshy, 0.1 mm thick when dried, surface smooth and without pores; bracteoles absent. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Staminate flower</emphasis>
buds 10-16 per cymule, tightly clustered, erect when emergent from subtending bract, globose, to 0.7 mm diameter just before opening; anthetic flowers articulate at base, shortly pedicellate on persistent pedicel to 0.5 mm long; sepals 2 (rarely irregularly 3), connate at base to 0.3 mm, distal lobes 0.4-0.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
ca 0.5 mm, margin sparsely ciliate; stamens 2(-3), 1-1.5 mm long, barely protruding beyond calyx at anthesis; filaments connate, 0.8-1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.1 mm; anthers 0.4-0.5 mm long, bithecate, apicifixed to subapicifixed with very short connective and pendulous thecae, longitudinally dehiscent via slit 1/2-2/3 length of thecae; pistillode absent; flowers yellow in life. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="120">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
solitary at 1-2 proximal nodes of lateral thyrse branches; subtending bract 2-2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
ca 1.5 mm (width at base), acuminate; bract glands present (distal flower) or reduced to absent (proximal flower), similar to those subtending staminate cymules; short pedicellate, pedicel 0.5-0.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.6 mm; flower 3.5-4 mm long; sepals 3, 2-2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1 mm, free to minutely connate at base (to 0.2 mm), cymbiform, narrowly acute tip, sparsely pubescent, margin sparsely ciliate; 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="121" start="start">ovary</pageBreakToken>
3-locular, ovoid, 1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1 mm, top tapering, densely pubescent, distinguished from styles by change in pubescence density; styles connate into trigonous column 1.5-2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7 mm, sparsely pubescent; stigmas 3, undivided, slightly flattened, 0.7-1.1 (long) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3 (thick) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.4 mm (wide at base), recurved to coiled at anthesis, surface coarsely papillose; placentation apical pendulous with a single ovule per locule; staminodes absent. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Infructescence</emphasis>
consisting of primary axis with lateral fruiting nodes, distal staminate portions of lateral branches deciduous; fruit pedicels 1-2(3) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7 mm; bracts persistent. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Fruit</emphasis>
subglobose, 5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7 mm, sparsely pubescent, apex trilobed due to sunken stylar region, ventral (septal) sutures sulcate, dorsal (loculicidal) sutures with slight ridge; mericarps equal, 2-valved, splitting septicidally then loculicidally to release seeds; sepals, styles, and stigmas persistent. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Pericarp</emphasis>
dry, woody, mericarp wall 0.3 mm thick (equatorial at dorsal suture); exocarp extremely thin (ca 0.05 mm) but locally thickened to 0.2 mm along ventral suture, adherent to mesocarp on dehiscence; mesocarp woody, in equatorial section varying from 0.3 mm thick at dorsal suture to 0.7 mm toward ventral suture; septa woody, nearly continuous except for distal semicircular gap where traversed by funicle, 0.7-1 (wide) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.4 mm (deep); mericarp valves (cocci) remaining attached together after dehiscence via basal triangle 1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-1.3 mm (width at base), slightly twisted when dehisced; septa of mericarps with one bifurcate vascular strand; funicle short, stout, 0.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3 mm; columella (carpophore) persistent, 5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.45-0.5 mm (width at narrowest point in middle), dilating to 1-1.5 mm at both tip and base, trigonous, narrowly alate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Seeds</emphasis>
3 per fruit, dry, ellipsoid, 4 (long) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.7 (wide; lateral-lateral) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2 mm (deep; raphe-antiraphe); apex with short beak, flattened or depressed around hilar zone, ventral face with shallow groove along which raphe runs as ca. 0.1 mm wide prominulous line; testa dry, smooth, uniformly dark brown, thin (ca 0.05 mm thick); caruncle absent; embryo not seen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="121" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
The specific epithet refers to the Cordillera del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cóndor">Condor</normalizedToken>
, where the type was collected. The mountain range name in turn comes from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“condor”">&quot;condor&quot;</normalizedToken>
based on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“kuntur”">&quot;kuntur&quot;</normalizedToken>
(Quechua) and refers to the Andean condor (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Cathartidae" genus="Vultur" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vultur gryphus" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gryphus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Vultur gryphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.), an important part of the ecology and culture of the Andes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="121" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
The new species mostly occurs at 800-1000 m in dense, low, wet forest and sclerophyllous scrub over nutrient poor, acidic, sandstone-derived soils. Such habitats resemble those in the Guiana Highlands occupied by 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The three well-separated localities (Cordillera del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cóndor">Condor</normalizedToken>
, Cordillera Escalera, Cerro Teyu; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Dendrothrix in northern South America." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159217" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">1</figureCitation>
) are discoveries due to recent exploration in remote sub-Andean cordilleras, and continued floristic work is likely to extend its range to similar habitats further south in Peru. Floristic affinities between the Cordillera del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cóndor">Condor</normalizedToken>
and Cordillera Escalera are notable (
<bibRefCitation author="Neill, DA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Talk" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" refId="B11" refString="Neill, DA, Rios Paredes, M, Torres Montenengro, LA, Mori Vargas, TJ, Vriesendorp, C, 2014. Vegetation and flora. In: Pitman N, Vriesendorp C, Alvira D, Markel JA, Johnston M, Ruelas Inzunza E, Lancha Pizango A, Sarmiento Valenzuela G, Alvarez-Loayza P, Homan J, Wachter T, del Campo A, Stotz DF, Heilpern S, (Eds) Peru: Cordillera Escalera-Loreto. Rapid Biological and Social Inventories Report 26. The Field Museum, Chicago, 292-311." title="Vegetation and flora. In: Pitman N, Vriesendorp C, Alvira D, Markel JA, Johnston M, Ruelas Inzunza E, Lancha Pizango A, Sarmiento Valenzuela G, Alvarez-Loayza P, Homan J, Wachter T, del Campo A, Stotz DF, Heilpern S, (Eds) Peru: Cordillera Escalera-Loreto. Rapid Biological and Social Inventories Report 26. The Field Museum, Chicago, 292 - 311." year="2014">Neill et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Flowers and fruits were collected during September-November and flowers in March (also fruits in July fide 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Croat 91402</emphasis>
, not seen). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esser" authorityYear="1993" baseAuthorityName="Jabl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Dendrothrix yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with more collections to finely document phenology, is reproductive from November to May and appears to flower and fruit continuously during this period.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
Following the criteria and categories of 
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Rodriguesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" refId="B7" refString="IUCN, 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland &amp; Cambridge, iv + 32 pp." title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland &amp; Cambridge, iv + 32 pp." year="2012">IUCN (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is given a preliminary status of Vulnerable (VU) under geographic range criteria B2 area of occupancy &lt;2000 km2 (B2a, known to exist at no more than 10 
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="122" start="start">locations</pageBreakToken>
; B2b, continuing decline projected). Threats to this taxon in the Cordillera del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cóndor">Condor</normalizedToken>
include mining for the underlying silica sand. The Cordillera Escalera is protected as a conservation area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="122" type="additional collections">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Additional collections.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">ECUADOR. Zamora-Chinchipe</emphasis>
: Nangaritza, Cordillera del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cóndor">Condor</normalizedToken>
region, west side of upper 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Nangaritza, along road about 13 km south of Guayzimi, silica mine &quot;La Daniela&quot;, dense wet forest on sloping 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hollín">Hollin</normalizedToken>
sandstone plateau, being mined for silica sand for glass manufacture, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="-4.1430554">04°08'35&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-78.59583">78°35'45&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 970 m, 15 Sep 2007 (fl.), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. Neill, C. Davidson, S. Christoph &amp; W. Quizhpe 15747</emphasis>
(AAU, LOJA, MO, NY, QCNE). [Same locality], 15 Sep 2007 (fr.), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. Neill, C. Davidson, S. Christoph &amp; W. Quizhpe 15750</emphasis>
(AAU, GB, LOJA, MO, NY, QCNE, US). Along road from near Paquisha south to Las 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Orchídeas">Orchideas</normalizedToken>
, and end of river at 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Nangaritza, via Guayzimi, beginning at 15.9 km E of Zumbi and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Zamora, then 37.3 km S of junction, 12.3 km N of Las 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Orchídeas">Orchideas</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="-4.140278">04°08'25&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="31" value="-78.641945">78°38'31&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
(-4.1402700, -78.6419400), 886 m, 17 July 2004 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">T. Croat, L. Hannon, G. Walhert &amp; T. Katan 91402</emphasis>
(MO; not seen but tentatively included here based on TROPICOS record). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">PERU. Amazonas</emphasis>
: Bagua District, upper slopes and summit of Cerro Teyu, summit with sclerophyll scrub, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="56" value="-5.2655554">05°15'56&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="07" value="-78.368614">78°22'07&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 1030 m, 22 Mar 2001 (fl.), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">H. van der Werff, R. Vasquez &amp; B. Gray 16331</emphasis>
(MO, US). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Loreto</emphasis>
: Alto Cahuapanas, Campsite #3 (&quot;Alto Cahuapanas&quot;) on Rapid Biological and Social Inventory #26, -5.66438889, -76.839, 1000-1350 m, 28 Sep 2013, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
M. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
Paredes 3480
</emphasis>
(F). [Same locality], 29 Sep 2013, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
M. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
Paredes 3517
</emphasis>
(F).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
The four species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are morphologically similar, and major differences are presented in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Diagnostic features to distinguish among the species of Dendrothrix." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" tableUuid="9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153">1</tableCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Wurdack" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Dendrothrix condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are likely closely related as they have nearly identical floral features. However, they are easily distinguished by foliar characters (i.e., size, shape, thickness, and details of leaf architecture), seed caruncle differences, and biogeography. Although leaf architecture has not been rigorously compared through clearings and anatomy, several orders of the varyingly prominulous venation are evident in unprepared specimens that allow gross comparisons such as were shown by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" author="Esser, H-J" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" pagination="245 - 251" refId="B2" refString="Esser, H-J, 1993. Dendrothrix, a new generic concept in neotropical Euphorbiaceae. Novon 3: 245 - 251, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" title="Dendrothrix, a new generic concept in neotropical Euphorbiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" volume="3" year="1993">Esser (1993)</bibRefCitation>
to be informative for the group. In 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, secondaries are 18-22 pairs, mostly straight with few course deflections, and distally curving upward for &lt;1/4 of course; intersecondaries are rare, and tertiaries are percurrent (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">3G</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, secondaries that are fewer (usually 7-9 pairs), not straight due to a slight zigzag (fractiflexuous) appearance where tertiaries diverge, and distally curving upward for half of their course; intersecondaries and frequent, and tertiaries are reticulate (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">3J</figureCitation>
). Even on unusually robust specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Maguire &amp; Maguire 35103</emphasis>
, US), the largest leaves (16.5-18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6.5-7.8 cm) have only up to 11 pairs of secondaries. The leaves of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
more closely resemble those of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">D. multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Esser with which it shares the generally larger blades and percurrent venation. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Dendrothrix multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from two collections from the Cuao-Sipapo massif in Venezuela and potential variation is poorly understood. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esser" authorityYear="1993" baseAuthorityName="Jabl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Dendrothrix yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most frequently collected and wide-ranging species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known from many well-separated tepuis, but intraspecific variation appears low. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Dendrothrix wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Esser has previously unrecognized intraspecific variation with an odd collection (i.e., BRAZIL, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
: km 872 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cuiabá-Santarém">Cuiaba-Santarem</normalizedToken>
[Highway], 
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="123" start="start">Serra</pageBreakToken>
do Cachimbo, forest beside small stream, 6 Nov 1977, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">G. Prance 24947</emphasis>
, MO, NY, US), having much larger (to 18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8.5 cm), long acuminate, glabrous leaves with poorly developed abaxial micropapillae as compared with the four other collections of the species that closely resemble the type. This collection, which Grady Webster annotated as a new species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.F.P.Martius" authorityYear="1841" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Senefeldera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senefeldera" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Senefeldera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mart., clearly has closest affinities with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on similarities in leaf shape and venation, basilaminar glands, pistillate sepal shape, and biogeography. While the morphological differentiation and slight disjunction (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Dendrothrix in northern South America." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159217" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">1</figureCitation>
) may be significant, it is not to the degree used here to justify the recognition of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and I have refrained from further taxonomic adjustments until 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is better understood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
Leaf micromorphological features are similar among the taxa of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The distinctive, loosely attached, branched trichomes (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">3E, K</figureCitation>
) are structurally very similar but can differ in pigmentation (rusty brown versus whitish; see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Diagnostic features to distinguish among the species of Dendrothrix." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" tableUuid="9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153">1</tableCitation>
). Epidermal microrelief such as micropapillae or striations that give an often light-colored, matte sheen to abaxial leaf surfaces has evolved in many genera of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other hippomanoids (e.g., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benth" authorityYear="1854" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Gymnanthes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gymnanthes hypoleuca" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hypoleuca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Gymnanthes hypoleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Benth., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Croizat &amp; Tamayo" authorityYear="1949" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Sebastiania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sebastiania larensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="larensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Sebastiania larensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Croizat &amp; Tamayo, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Steyerm" authorityYear="1951" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Senefelderopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senefelderopsis croizatii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="croizatii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Senefelderopsis croizatii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Steyerm.). The microrelief likely has functional significance related to optimized stomatal conductance and reduced leaf wetting (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0400" author="Neinhuis, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" pagination="667 - 677" refId="B9" refString="Neinhuis, C, Barthlott, W, 1997. Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces. Annals of Botany 79: 667 - 677, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0400" title="Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces." url="https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0400" volume="79" year="1997">Neinhuis and Barthlott 1997</bibRefCitation>
). The morphology of the leaf micropapillae in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unusual and may be synapomorphic. They have positional size variation in being short to absent on major veins and grading to longer in intercostal regions (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">3K</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the micropapillae are finger-like, 25-30 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
tall, ornamented with ridges, and form a protective canopy that obscures the stomata (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">3H-I</figureCitation>
). Epicuticular waxes are not well developed, in keeping with the non-glaucous appearance. The stomata are only abaxial, with the adaxial surface being relatively featureless (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">3I</figureCitation>
). Glands are often present on leaves and/or inflorescences of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is no exception where they occur in pairs at the base of the leaf and subtending the bracts. The nature of scattered laminar glands in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is partly unclear. In the case of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they resemble typical 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
laminar glands with a well defined raised border and an abaxial distribution adjacent to secondary veins towards the leaf margin. The glands on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Prance 24947</emphasis>
contain drops of clear exudate that are still sticky after 40 years. I have not found clearly homologous structures on the other taxa of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Circular to widely elliptic, small (&lt;0.5 mm diameter), gland-like structures with smooth surfaces and without raised edges are sparsely present in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and more abundantly so in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">D. multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where in the latter they were considered of systematic significance (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" author="Esser, H-J" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" pagination="245 - 251" refId="B2" refString="Esser, H-J, 1993. Dendrothrix, a new generic concept in neotropical Euphorbiaceae. Novon 3: 245 - 251, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" title="Dendrothrix, a new generic concept in neotropical Euphorbiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" volume="3" year="1993">Esser 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Although not examined anatomically, these appear to be wound response to microbial damage rather than typical glands as evidenced by their absence in the few young leaves available, erratic distribution, the presence of apparently intermediate epidermal blistering stages that are clearly necrotic, and margins that are not clean under SEM (not shown) but rather contain fragments that suggest micropapillae residue from surficial degradation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
Among reproductive characters that are variable among the species are details of the pistillate flowers including sepal and stigma morphology (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Diagnostic features to distinguish among the species of Dendrothrix." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" tableUuid="9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153">1</tableCitation>
). Staminate 
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="124" start="start">bract</pageBreakToken>
glands vary in number with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Dendrothrix multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually having 2-3 pairs (variable from 1-4, and paired or unequal in number between the bract sides), while the other species have one pair (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rarely has a second gland on one side, e.g., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Maguire &amp; Maguire 35103</emphasis>
, NY). Inflorescence branching is potentially variable, with 2-3 orders for 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">D. multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the other species have only two orders. It is unclear if this represents noteworthy interspecific variation or possible 
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="125" start="start">collector</pageBreakToken>
bias for smaller inflorescences that better fit herbarium sheets. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by staminate flowers with two connate anthers (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Floral morphology of Dendrothrix condorensis. A Staminate sepal outer surface showing papillae and stomata (st) B Staminate cymule base showing subtending discoid gland C Surface of staminate cymule gland D Staminate flower E Staminate flower F Triandrous flower, top view of slightly asymmetrically fused androecium G Pollen. (Source: SEM of Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159220" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">4D-E</figureCitation>
). Rare flowers with three anthers are present on collections of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939</emphasis>
, MO) and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Maguire &amp; Maguire 35103</emphasis>
, NY). Such flowers have more or less symmetrical androecia, connate filament columns, partial third sepals, and developed pollen, which indicates they may be functional despite being teratological in gross structure (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Floral morphology of Dendrothrix condorensis. A Staminate sepal outer surface showing papillae and stomata (st) B Staminate cymule base showing subtending discoid gland C Surface of staminate cymule gland D Staminate flower E Staminate flower F Triandrous flower, top view of slightly asymmetrically fused androecium G Pollen. (Source: SEM of Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159220" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">4F</figureCitation>
). The triandrous flowers may be of significance in reflecting the likely plesiomorphic condition for the tribe and the ease of merosity change even in groups that appear fixed. The bract glands are smooth and without pores (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Floral morphology of Dendrothrix condorensis. A Staminate sepal outer surface showing papillae and stomata (st) B Staminate cymule base showing subtending discoid gland C Surface of staminate cymule gland D Staminate flower E Staminate flower F Triandrous flower, top view of slightly asymmetrically fused androecium G Pollen. (Source: SEM of Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159220" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">4B-C</figureCitation>
). The staminate sepals bear stomata and are externally minutely papillose (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Floral morphology of Dendrothrix condorensis. A Staminate sepal outer surface showing papillae and stomata (st) B Staminate cymule base showing subtending discoid gland C Surface of staminate cymule gland D Staminate flower E Staminate flower F Triandrous flower, top view of slightly asymmetrically fused androecium G Pollen. (Source: SEM of Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159220" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">4A</figureCitation>
). The pollen of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Floral morphology of Dendrothrix condorensis. A Staminate sepal outer surface showing papillae and stomata (st) B Staminate cymule base showing subtending discoid gland C Surface of staminate cymule gland D Staminate flower E Staminate flower F Triandrous flower, top view of slightly asymmetrically fused androecium G Pollen. (Source: SEM of Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159220" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">4G</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Esser, H-J" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" refId="B3" refString="Esser, H-J, 1994. Systematische Studien an den Hippomaneae Adr. Jussieu ex Bartling (Euphorbiaceae), insbesondere den Mabeinae Pax &amp; K. Hoffm. PhD Thesis, Universitaet Hamburg, Germany, 1-305, 36 pl." title="Systematische Studien an den Hippomaneae Adr. Jussieu ex Bartling (Euphorbiaceae), insbesondere den Mabeinae Pax &amp; K. Hoffm. PhD Thesis, Universitaet Hamburg, Germany, 1 - 305, 36 pl." year="1994">Esser 1994</bibRefCitation>
) is tricolporate with a perforate exine, which closely resembles that of other Hippomaneae (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.1.1" author="Park, K-R" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B13" refString="Park, K-R, Lee, J-H, 2013. Pollen morphology of subfamily Euphorbioideae (Euphorbiaceae). Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 43: 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.1.1" title="Pollen morphology of subfamily Euphorbioideae (Euphorbiaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.1.1" volume="43" year="2013">Park and Lee 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Seed variation occurs among the taxa of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">3A-D</figureCitation>
) with a wider, more globose seed in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a well-developed caruncle in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the caruncle is small, and there is no caruncle in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The 13 available seeds of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from dehisced fruits (some slightly immature; note lighter brown coat in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">3B</figureCitation>
relative to other samples) do not show evidence of caruncle growth (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Seeds and surfaces of Dendrothrix. A-D Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) A D. yutajensis B D. condorensis C D. multiglandulosa D D. wurdackii E D. condorensis, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes F D. condorensis, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence G Abaxial view of D. condorensis leaf H D. condorensis transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) I D. condorensis abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top J Adaxial view of D. yutajensis leaf K D. wurdackii, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (A-D, F-G, J imaged with a Olympus DSX 100 E, H-I, K imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA 15 SEM at 10 - 12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au / Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: A Nee 31120, NY; B, F Neill et al. 15750, MO; C Maguire &amp; Politi 27683, NY; D Calderon et al. 2682, US; E, G-I Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939, MO; J Amaral 1523, MO; K Cid Ferreira 5797, NY)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">3F</figureCitation>
), while all seeds that I examined of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a small caruncle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a noteworthy Guiana Shield disjunct distribution (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Dendrothrix in northern South America." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159217" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">1</figureCitation>
), which now combines two patterns with its over 1000 km distant outliers including elements in both the Andean (i.e., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Amazon (i.e., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) phytogeographic regions. Such a tripartite distribution does not appear to be shared with other Guiana Shield near-endemic plant genera, although many have disjunct species in just one of those regions (
<bibRefCitation author="Berry, PE" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" pagination="145 - 167" refId="B1" refString="Berry, PE, Riina, R, 2005. Insights into the diversity of the Pantepui flora and the biogeographic complexity of the Guayana Shield. Biologiske Skrifter 5: 145 - 167" title="Insights into the diversity of the Pantepui flora and the biogeographic complexity of the Guayana Shield." volume="5" year="2005">Berry and Riina 2005</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gleason" authorityYear="1939" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Raveniopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Raveniopsis" order="Sapindales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Raveniopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gleason (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gleason" authorityYear="1939" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
) also has a distribution of Guiana Shield endemics and two Brazilian Amazon lowland outliers, and interestingly, one of the few localities of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Calderón">Calderon</normalizedToken>
et al. 2682
</emphasis>
, NY) is also the type locality for one of those outliers, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. A. Kallunki" authorityYear="1991" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Raveniopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Raveniopsis campinicola" order="Sapindales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campinicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Raveniopsis campinicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kallunki (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Calderón">Calderon</normalizedToken>
et al. 2722
</emphasis>
, US).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138219" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159218" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Illustration of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Wurdack" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">B</emphasis>
Leaf base (abaxial) showing basilaminar glands 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">C</emphasis>
Staminate cymule 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D</emphasis>
Staminate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">E</emphasis>
Pistillate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">F</emphasis>
Cross section of ovary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">G</emphasis>
Portion of infrutescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">H</emphasis>
Mericarp valve 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">I</emphasis>
Seed. (Source: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">A</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill et al. 15747</emphasis>
, MO and using life photos of this collection; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">B, E-F</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">van der Werff et al. 16331</emphasis>
, MO; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">C-D, G</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939</emphasis>
, MO; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">H-I</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill et al. 15750</emphasis>
, MO).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9319F8D2DCC65F54A022B2B6BBAFF153" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Table 1.</emphasis>
Diagnostic features to distinguish among the species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<table pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Character</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Leaf features</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Blade elliptic, 14.5-19.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6.5-8 cm, apex acuminate to attenuate, base cuneate to obtuse; secondary veins 18-22 pairs, straight; tertiary veins mostly alternate (occasionally opposite) percurrent; texture thin and brittle
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Blade elliptic, 7-12.5(18) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.5-6.5(7.8), apex acute to subobtuse, base cuneate to obtuse; secondary veins 7-9 (11) pairs, flexuous; tertiary veins reticulate; texture coriaceous
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Blade elliptic to obovate, 13.5-16.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5.5-9 cm, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate to obtuse; secondary veins 9-14 pairs, straight; tertiary veins mostly alternate (rarely opposite) percurrent; texture coriaceous
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Blade ovate, 8-10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6-7 cm, apex acute to acuminate, base subcordate to rounded; secondary veins 5-9 pairs, including prominent basal pair of major secondaries such that the leaf appears triplinerved, straight; tertiary veins reticulate; texture coriaceous
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Basilaminar glands</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Abaxial, hidden under leaf extension</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Abaxial, hidden under leaf extension</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Abaxial, hidden under leaf extension</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">At leaf margin and sometimes nearly adaxial (never hidden by laminar extension)</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Pubescence</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Reddish brown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Reddish brown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Pale, whitish</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Reddish brown</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Staminate cymule bract glands</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">1 per side</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">1(2) per side</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">(1)2-3(4) per side</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">1 per side</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Pistillate sepals</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Free to minutely connate at base (to 0.2 mm), lobes narrowly acute; margin entire, sparsely ciliate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Free to minutely connate at base (to 0.1 mm), lobes narrowly acute; margin entire, pubescent/ciliate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Distinctly connate at base (to 0.8 mm), lobes rounded to broadly acute; margin entire, ciliate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Distinctly connate at base (to 0.5 mm), lobes rounded to broadly acute; margin erose or irregularly minutely toothed, very sparsely ciliate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Pistil</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Style 1.5-2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7 mm; stigma branches long (to 1.1 mm), thin, recurved/coiled
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Style 1.5(-2) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7; stigma branches long (to ca 1 mm), thin, recurved/coiled
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Style 1-1.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.7 mm; stigma branches short (to 0.5 mm), spreading but not recurved
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Style 1-1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-0.6 mm; stigma branches long (to ca 1 mm), thin, recurved/coiled
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Caruncle</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Absent (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill 15750</emphasis>
, MO; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939</emphasis>
, MO, although more immature)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Present, small (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Maguire 30694</emphasis>
, NY; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Nee 31120</emphasis>
, NY, US; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Amaral 1523</emphasis>
, MO)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Absent (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Maguire &amp; Politi 27683</emphasis>
, NY)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Present, large (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Calderón">Calderon</normalizedToken>
et al. 2682
</emphasis>
, US; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" author="Esser, H-J" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" pagination="245 - 251" refId="B2" refString="Esser, H-J, 1993. Dendrothrix, a new generic concept in neotropical Euphorbiaceae. Novon 3: 245 - 251, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" title="Dendrothrix, a new generic concept in neotropical Euphorbiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3391462" volume="3" year="1993">Esser 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Distribution</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Peru (Amazonas, Loreto)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Brazil (Amazonas), Venezuela (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bolívar">Bolivar</normalizedToken>
, Amazonas)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">Venezuela (Amazonas)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" rowspan="1">
Brazil (Amazonas, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138221" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159219" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Seeds and surfaces of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.-J.Esser" authorityYear="1993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">A-D</emphasis>
Ventral views of seeds (ca = caruncle) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. multiglandulosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiglandulosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. multiglandulosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, inflorescence axis showing dendritic trichomes 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, top of seed showing short funicle (f) and caruncle absence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">G</emphasis>
Abaxial view of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaf 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
transverse fractured leaf showing abaxial papillae and stomata (st), above intercellular space in the spongy parenchyma (m = mesophyll) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">I</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
abaxial leaf micropapillae contrasting with smooth revolute adaxial leaf margin at image top 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">J</emphasis>
Adaxial view of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. yutajensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yutajensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. yutajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaf 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">K</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="D. wurdackii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wurdackii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D. wurdackii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, abaxial leaf surface along secondary vein showing gradient of micropapillae development at vein edges, and overlying dendritic trichomes. (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">A-D, F-G, J</emphasis>
imaged with a Olympus DSX100 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">E, H-I, K</emphasis>
imaged with a Zeiss EVO MA15 SEM at 10-12 kV after sputter coating with 25 nm of Au/Pd; SEM samples untreated and directly mounted from dried herbarium specimens. Source: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">A</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Nee 31120</emphasis>
, NY; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">B, F</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill et al. 15750</emphasis>
, MO; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">C</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Maguire &amp; Politi 27683</emphasis>
, NY; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Calderón">Calderon</normalizedToken>
et al. 2682
</emphasis>
, US; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">E, G-I</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939</emphasis>
, MO; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">J</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Amaral 1523</emphasis>
, MO; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">K</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Cid Ferreira 5797</emphasis>
, NY).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138225" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.86.14761.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/159220" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Floral morphology of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Wurdack" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Dendrothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dendrothrix condorensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="condorensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Dendrothrix condorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">A</emphasis>
Staminate sepal outer surface showing papillae and stomata (st) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">B</emphasis>
Staminate cymule base showing subtending discoid gland 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">C</emphasis>
Surface of staminate cymule gland 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">D</emphasis>
Staminate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">E</emphasis>
Staminate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">F</emphasis>
Triandrous flower, top view of slightly asymmetrically fused androecium 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">G</emphasis>
Pollen. (Source: SEM of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Neill &amp; Quizhpe 14939</emphasis>
, MO).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>