467 lines
61 KiB
XML
467 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="AC6478063F3BBAE252DB1958737BCBDF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.281893" ID-GBIF-Dataset="07621552-7af1-42bb-aaad-463aef141fd2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="281893" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460503629409" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Seshadri, Kadaba Shamanna, Gururaja, Kotambylu Vasudeva & Aravind, Neelavara Anantharam" docDate="2012" docId="03E5421DFF82FE382A9DFD13F6AFFC47" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03410p034.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3410" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Raorchestes kakachi Seshadri, Gururaja & Aravind, 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFDC3A65FF80FE332A0AFFC4F515FFB0" masterDocTitle="A new species of Raorchestes (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from mid-elevation evergreen forests of the southern Western Ghats, India" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1698312427157" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="44F0B5918BC86C044A57EAA3C3F4E1FE">
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<mods:title id="9478F17CFD976B80CC46B3E56987CEDB">A new species of Raorchestes (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from mid-elevation evergreen forests of the southern Western Ghats, India</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3B01222DCF8C6BAE4B335A69D10DE119">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5F39FB744695AC2B854DA19EF80BEDDA">Seshadri, Kadaba Shamanna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="66796D5A661A915A448A264E47F418C1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="24DD3DD4DA12F0895B49A892952935E9">Gururaja, Kotambylu Vasudeva</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="834090057DA05E513897BE6CD6A559F7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="452369B6478B7BDA3CC0D748A7D02AEA">Aravind, Neelavara Anantharam</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="53BADCF90CD5B2BF8EC8560903BE4503">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="11763A076C7032A31104950EF465DEB4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="445816183E758017B9EA51AB3C2DB6F2">
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<mods:date id="5EBB216205B4FA0EF9C077B944CD819E">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4F1E91176B059282A0AAC4C6A5DBEB4A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="8404C59291D1F80E86E6C324AB088290">3410</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="8BDB4217A7016451C8745EF562DFE1C1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B116165B22948E0717D0C1400D3D7E5B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.281893</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1DBB3386B0E69A7BF889BEB49652326C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6E03B85D1946540A93B3254382624503" type="Zenodo-Dep">281893</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E5421DFF82FE382A9DFD13F6AFFC47" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6166895" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119522218" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6166895" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5421DFF82FE382A9DFD13F6AFFC47" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5421DFF82FE382A9DFD13F6AFFC47" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="C356A080FF82FE312A9DFD13F7BEFC87" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF82FE312A9DFD13F4E3FD41" blockId="2.[151,683,727,823]" box="[151,502,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<heading id="D0BB4467FF82FE312A9DFD13F4E3FD41" bold="true" box="[151,502,727,753]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312A9DFD13F4E3FD41" bold="true" box="[151,502,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF82FE312A9DFD13F484FD41" ID-CoL="794RP" box="[151,401,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312A9DFD13F484FD41" bold="true" box="[151,401,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Raorchestes kakachi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF82FE312B92FD13F4E3FD41" box="[408,502,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF82FE312A9DFD3EF710FCA2" blockId="2.[151,683,727,823]" box="[151,517,762,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1377EF8EFF82FE312A94FD3EF40FFCA2" box="[158,282,762,786]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. a" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[239,1347,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[239,1349,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. a. Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov. holotype in life (male, SVL = 25.8 mm; ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 857); b. Paratype in life (female, SVL = 34.1; ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 858). Photographed in type locality by KSS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281895/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Figures 2.a</figureCitation>
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–b & 3.a–h; Table 1)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF82FE312A9DFCDAF7BEFC87" blockId="2.[151,683,727,823]" box="[151,683,798,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312A9DFCDAF4A7FC87" box="[151,434,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Suggested common name</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312BCBFCDAF7BEFC87" bold="true" box="[449,683,798,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF82FE312BCBFCDAF733FC87" box="[449,550,798,823]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
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shrub frog
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356A080FF82FE312A9DFCA3F49CFBEF" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF82FE312A9DFCA3F083FC15" blockId="2.[151,1437,870,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312A9DFCA3F41EFCCF" bold="true" box="[151,267,871,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<typeStatus id="54F74DA9FF82FE312A9DFCA3F413FCCF" box="[151,262,871,895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED5D6BCEFF82FE312B4CFCA2F489FCCE" box="[326,412,870,894]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/857, an adult male collected by KSS and TA on shrubs at
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<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF82FE312E7EFCA2F1B4FCCE" box="[1140,1185,870,894]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
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height from
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF82FE312F3DFCA2F082FCCE" box="[1335,1431,870,894]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
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, near a stream on
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<date id="FFF2D5CBFF82FE312B5EFC49F4E1FC15" box="[340,500,906,934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" value="2011-05-23">23rd May 2011</date>
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during 19:40 hrs (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7895CCFF82FE3128CDFC49F647FC15" box="[711,850,906,933]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="8.549167">8.549167° N</geoCoordinate>
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latitude and
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7895CCFF82FE3129E9FC49F162FC15" box="[995,1143,906,933]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="77.38583">77.385833° E</geoCoordinate>
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longitude,
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<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF82FE312EFFFC49F05FFC15" box="[1269,1354,909,933]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.285" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1285.0">1285 m</quantity>
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amsl).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF82FE312ACDFC76F49CFBEF" blockId="2.[151,1437,870,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312ACDFC76F453FC7A" bold="true" box="[199,326,946,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<typeStatus id="54F74DA9FF82FE312ACDFC76F454FC7A" box="[199,321,946,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED5D6BCEFF82FE312B89FC75F4CCFC79" box="[387,473,945,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/858–859, consists of two males and three females collected in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF82FE312EF7FC75F04BFC79" box="[1277,1374,945,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
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. One male was collected by KSS in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF82FE312BFFFC11F740FC5D" box="[501,597,981,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
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, collection date same as
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<typeStatus id="54F74DA9FF82FE31297BFC11F6C2FC5D" box="[881,983,981,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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. The other male and a female were collected on
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<date id="FFF2D5CBFF82FE312B00FC38F4A5FBA4" box="[266,432,1017,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" value="2011-05-24">24th May 2011</date>
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at 20:51 hrs by KSS & PS (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7895CCFF82FE312908FC38F699FBA4" box="[770,908,1017,1044]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="8.530833">8.530833° N</geoCoordinate>
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latitude and
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7895CCFF82FE312E2DFC38F1AAFBA4" box="[1063,1215,1017,1044]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="77.35972">77.359722° E</geoCoordinate>
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longitude,
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<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF82FE312F4EFC38F089FBA4" box="[1348,1436,1020,1044]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
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amsl). Two females were collected on
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<date id="FFF2D5CBFF82FE312842FBE7F618FB8B" box="[584,781,1056,1084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" value="2011-01-24">24th January 2011</date>
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at 20:30 hrs by KSS, NAA, TG and RG on riparian vegetation along a stream.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356A080FF82FE312ACDFBAEF420F9E7" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF82FE312ACDFBAEF420F9E7" blockId="2.[151,1437,870,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312ACDFBAEF454FB33" bold="true" box="[199,321,1130,1155]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Small sized adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF82FE312805FBAFF782FB33" box="[527,663,1131,1155]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312805FBAFF782FB33" box="[527,663,1131,1155]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Raorchestes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(male:
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<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF82FE3128E7FBAFF687FB33" box="[749,914,1131,1155]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.525" metricValueMax="2.58" metricValueMin="2.4699999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="25.25" valueMax="25.8" valueMin="24.7">24.7–25.8 mm</quantity>
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, n = 3 and female:
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<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF82FE312E62FBAFF018FB33" box="[1128,1293,1131,1155]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.92" metricValueMax="3.41" metricValueMin="2.43" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="29.2" valueMax="34.1" valueMin="24.3">24.3–34.1 mm</quantity>
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, n = 3) diagnosed with the following characters. Absence of vomerine teeth; translucent vocal sac while vocalizing; active during night (observed between 18:00–23:00 hrs); all digits well differentiated with discs having distinct circummarginal grooves; absence of dermal folds and spur in forelimbs and hindlimbs. It is distinguished by all other congeners by the following combination of characters: (i) flat head; (ii) snout oval in dorsal view; (iii) tympanum indistinct; (iv) supra-tympanic fold distinct; (v) head wider than long; (vi) skin granular on throat, chest, belly, flanks, vent and lower parts of thigh; (vii) tuberculate projections on dorsum, upper eye lids, snout, tympanic region, fore limbs and hind limbs; (viii) colour on dorsum varying from ivory to brown, blotches of dark brown on flanks, brown mottling on throat reducing towards vent; (ix) fingers and toes with well developed discs, circummarginal groves folding upwards giving a bifid appearance in dorsal view; (x) intercalary ossification distinct, present between penultimate and distal phalanges of both fingers and toes as a white glandular projection; (xi) moderate webbing in hind limbs; (xii) distinct dark brown horizontal band on inner and outer surface of thigh, inner surface of shank and inner surface of tarsus extending up to first three toes on upper surface; and (xiii) iris colour brown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356A080FF82FE3B2ACDF9A6F09FFB5A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF82FE312ACDF9A6F74DF80F" blockId="2.[151,1437,870,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF82FE312ACDF9A6F4F1F9CB" bold="true" box="[199,484,1634,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
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Description of
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<typeStatus id="54F74DA9FF82FE312B77F9A7F4F1F9CB" box="[381,484,1635,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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(all measurements in mm,
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<figureCitation id="1377EF8EFF82FE312929F9A7F6B7F9CB" box="[803,930,1635,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. a – f" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[201,1397,193,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[188,1398,193,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. a – f. Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov. holotype in preservative. a. dorsal view; b. ventral view; c. ventral view of head; d. lateral view of head; e. ventral view of hand; f. ventral view of foot; g. dorso-ventral view of hand in life (female, ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 858) and h. schematic diagram of webbing in feet. All photographs by KSS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281896/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Figure 3. a</figureCitation>
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–h): A small sized frog (SVL = 25.8), head wider than long (HW = 9.4; HL = 8.7), snout oval in dorsal view and in profile rounded. Eye length sub-equal to snout length (EL = 3.8; SL = 4.0). Canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space flat, almost equal to upper eyelid width and internarial distance (IUE = 2.6; UEW = 2.7; IN = 2.6). Internarial distance between posterior margins of eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 5.2; IBE = 9.2). Nostrils oval, without flap, closer to tip of snout than to eye (NS = 1.7; EN = 2.5). Weak symphysial knob. Pineal ocellus absent. Tympanum indistinct, oval, closer to eye (
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<collectingCountry id="F35BB39BFF82FE312820F8FFF770F8E3" box="[554,613,1851,1875]" name="Chad" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">TYD</collectingCountry>
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= 1.1; TYE = 0.6), 3.5 times in eye length. Supratympanic fold distinct from back of eye to shoulder. Median sub-gular vocal sac with a pair of openings at the base of lower jaw. Tongue bifid (TLW, length = 5.4; width = 3.9), chordate, sparsely granular. Lingual papilla absent. Eyes moderately large (EL = 3.8), protruding, pupil horizontal.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF33A383FF83FE302A9DF857F6FCF878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281895/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[239,1347,193,1918]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF83FE302A9DF857F6FCF878" blockId="3.[151,1436,1939,1993]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF83FE302A9DF857F419F819" bold="true" box="[151,268,1939,1962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
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.a.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF83FE302B21F850F4E9F81A" box="[299,508,1940,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9382F19FF83FE302B21F850F4E9F81A" box="[299,508,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Raorchestes kakachi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF83FE302808F850F746F819" box="[514,595,1940,1961]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF83FE302808F850F746F819" bold="true" box="[514,595,1940,1961]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype in life (male, SVL = 25.8 mm; ZSI/WGRC/V/A/857); b. Paratype in life (female, SVL = 34.1; ZSI/WGRC/V/A/858). Photographed in type locality by KSS.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF33A383FF84FE372A9DF8ADF10AF80C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281896/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[201,1397,193,1851]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF84FE372A9DF8ADF10AF80C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1897,1980]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF84FE372A9DF8ADF419F8CF" bold="true" box="[151,268,1897,1920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
.a–f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF84FE372B35F8ADF71AF8CF" box="[319,527,1897,1919]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF84FE372B35F8ADF71AF8CF" box="[319,527,1897,1919]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Raorchestes kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF84FE37281CF8AEF774F8CF" box="[534,609,1898,1919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF84FE37281CF8AEF774F8CF" bold="true" box="[534,609,1898,1919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">sp.nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype in preservative. a. dorsal view; b. ventral view; c. ventral view of head; d. lateral view of head; e. ventral view of hand; f. ventral view of foot; g. dorso-ventral view of hand in life (female, ZSI/ WGRC/V/A/858) and h. schematic diagram of webbing in feet. All photographs by KSS.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF33A383FF85FE362A9DF9B6F6F9F975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281897/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[188,1398,193,1628]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF85FE362A9DF9B6F6F9F975" blockId="5.[151,1436,1650,1734]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF85FE362A9DF9B6F41BF938" bold="true" box="[151,270,1650,1673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
.a–c. Variations in morphology among males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF85FE362908F9B7F6C1F939" box="[770,980,1651,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF85FE362908F9B7F6C1F939" box="[770,980,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Raorchestes kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF85FE3629D6F9B7F13AF938" box="[988,1071,1651,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF85FE3629D6F9B7F13AF938" bold="true" box="[988,1071,1651,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from type locality (a & b: not collected, c: 858) d: holotype male calling (857); e. Variation in female (859) & f. amplecting pair (858). Numbers in parenthesis indicate voucher numbers with ZSI/WGRC/V/A as prefix. All photographs by KSS.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF85FE362ACDF937F7FAF852" blockId="5.[151,1437,1778,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Fore limb length shorter than hand length (FLL = 6.6; HAL = 7.2). Relative lengths of fingers I<II<IV<III (FL I = 1.3; FL II = 2.7; FL III = 3.9; FL IV = 2.8). Finger tips with well developed discs (FD I = 0.4, FD II = 0.5, FD III = 0.7, FD IV = 0.7; FW I = 0.8, FW II = 1.0, FW III = 1.5, FW IV = 1.5) with circum marginal grooves, grooves fold upwards, giving bifid appearance in dorsal view, intercalary ossification distinct between penultimate and distal phalanges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1377EF8EFF85FE362B37F846F4B4F82A" box="[317,417,1922,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. a – f" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[201,1397,193,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[188,1398,193,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. a – f. Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov. holotype in preservative. a. dorsal view; b. ventral view; c. ventral view of head; d. lateral view of head; e. ventral view of hand; f. ventral view of foot; g. dorso-ventral view of hand in life (female, ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 858) and h. schematic diagram of webbing in feet. All photographs by KSS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281896/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
. g). Dermal fringes weak, on both sides of the fingers. Webbing between fingers absent. Subarticular tubercles distinct (finger: i = 1, ii = 1, iii = 2, iv = 1) rounded and pre–pollex tubercle oval, distinct. Supernumerary tubercles present. Nuptial pad absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDFF53F615FE1F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35BB39BFF88FE3B2ACDFF53F5EAFF1F" box="[199,255,151,175]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs long, touch when folded at right angles to body. Shank 5.2 times longer than wide (ShL = 13.1; TW = 2.5), longer than thigh length (TL = 12.2) and longer than foot length (FOL = 9.3). Heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 16.3) 7.8 times longer than fourth toe length (ToL = 2.1). Relative toe length I<II<III≤V<IV (ToL I = 1.7; ToL II = 2.2, ToL III = 3.1; ToL IV = 5.1; ToL V = 3.6). Toes with well develop discs at tip (TD I = 0.4, TD II = 0.5, TD III = 0.5, TD IV = 0.7, TD V = 0.7; ToW I = 0.9, ToW II = 0.9, ToW III = 0.9, ToW IV = 0.9, ToW V = 1.0). Webbing moderate (MTTF = 5.0, MTFF = 5.8, TFTF = 4.5, FFTF = 4.2). First toe (ToLI = 1.7) 1.9 times the length of inner metatarsal tubercle (IMT =
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF88FE3B2827FEB6F792FE3A" box="[557,647,370,394]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Outer metatarsal tubercle absent, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle present (toe: i = 1, ii = 1, iii = 2, iv = 3, v = 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDFE7FF652FD8F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2ACDFE7FF5E2FE63" box="[199,247,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Skin</emphasis>
|
||
: Snout, between eyes, sides of head, fore limb, hind limb and dorsum shagreened. Tuberculate projections on dorsum, upper eye lids, snout, fore limbs and hind limbs. Tympanic region sparsely granular. Venter granular, larger granulation on belly reducing towards throat, flanks and thigh. Lower part of flanks granular. Upper flanks sparely granular. Dorso-lateral folds and macroglands absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDFD8EF02DFCEF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2ACDFD8EF464FDD3" bold="true" box="[199,369,586,611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Colour in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Male–dorsum pale-yellow brown with small dark irregular lavender spots. Head with a grey band between eyes. Sides of head cream coloured. Dark brown lower margin of supratympanic fold. Vocal sac translucent with granular grey spots. Iris reddish brown, pale blue semi-circular skin fold at the posterior corner of eyes, translucent nictitating membrane, margins speckled with brown. Upper and lower lip cream coloured. Forelimbs cream coloured, shoulder flesh coloured. Venter uniform flesh coloured from chest to vent, throat pale buff, mottled with brown. Flanks straw yellow, interspersed with brown blotches, groin brown. Distinct dark brown horizontal band on inner and outer surface of thigh, inner surface of shank and inner surface of tarsus extending up to first three toes on upper surface. Forelimbs and hind limbs with faint cross bands. Webbing in feet brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDFCAEF1D4FBEA" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2ACDFCAEF4C8FC33" bold="true" box="[199,477,874,899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Colour in preservative.</emphasis>
|
||
Male–dorsum and head brown. Lateral parts of body light brown. Head with a flesh coloured band between eyes. Forelimb and hand cream coloured with faint cross bands. Irregular black spots throughout dorsum. Flanks dark brown, interspersed with cream blotches which reduce towards groin. Groin brown. Distinct dark brown horizontal band on inner and outer surface of thigh, inner surface of shank and inner surface of tarsus extended up to first three toes on upper surface. Forelimbs and hind limbs with faint cross bands. Webbing in feet brown. Faint cross bands across thigh, shank and tarsus. Venter cream coloured, with brown speckles through out. Throat mottled with brown. Palm and feet with brown speckles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1377EF8EFF88FE3B2E15FB86F1A0FBEA" box="[1055,1205,1090,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. a – f" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1897,1920]" captionTargetBox="[201,1397,193,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[188,1398,193,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. a – f. Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov. holotype in preservative. a. dorsal view; b. ventral view; c. ventral view of head; d. lateral view of head; e. ventral view of hand; f. ventral view of foot; g. dorso-ventral view of hand in life (female, ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 858) and h. schematic diagram of webbing in feet. All photographs by KSS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281896/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 3. a–f</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDFBA3F09FFB5A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Female–head with tetragonal cap, ivory coloured. Lateral parts of body buff with black-brown blotches. Upper half of flanks mottled with brown and cream patches. Distinct dark brown horizontal band on inner and outer surface of thigh, inner surface of shank and inner surface of tarsus extended up to first three toes on upper surface. Venter cream coloured. Throat mottled with brown. Distinct brown cross bands across fore limbs and hind limbs.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C356A080FF88FE3B2ACDFB33F4BEF99F" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDFB33F4B8FA82" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2ACDFB33F45BFABF" bold="true" box="[199,334,1271,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named after the locality of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F74DA9FF88FE3B2880FB33F7F8FABF" box="[650,749,1271,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF88FE3B28F1FB33F64FFABF" box="[763,858,1271,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF88FE3B296FFB33F6D7FABF" box="[869,962,1271,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is treated as an invariable noun in apposition to the generic name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDFAFAF4BEF99F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2ACDFAFAF4A2FAE7" bold="true" box="[199,439,1342,1367]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
|
||
Male–nuptial pad absent; possess a median subgular vocal sac with a pair of openings at the base of the lower jaw; iris colour dark brown. Female–larger than the male (SVL: male–24.9 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF88FE3B2EF1FAA6F040FACA" box="[1275,1365,1378,1402]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 3 and female–29.0 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF88FE3B2B64FA43F4D2FA2F" box="[366,455,1415,1439]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 3); ovary large, with creamy white eggs; head with a tetragonal cap like patch, pale pink to grey, iris colour reddish to golden brown. Distinct from that of male, in having dorsum dark grey, interspersed with straw yellow and black marbling throughout. Head with a distinct pale grey tetragonal patch. Sides of head cream-ivory with three dark brown stripes below the eyes till upper lip. Lower margin of supratympanic fold dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1377EF8EFF88FE3B2B2CF9D3F49DF99F" box="[294,392,1559,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. a" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1939,1962]" captionTargetBox="[239,1347,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[239,1349,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. a. Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov. holotype in life (male, SVL = 25.8 mm; ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 857); b. Paratype in life (female, SVL = 34.1; ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 858). Photographed in type locality by KSS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
.b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C356A080FF88FE382ACDF9FEF6AFFC47" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3B2ACDF9FEF5F5F8FF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2ACDF9FEF420F9E3" bold="true" box="[199,309,1594,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Variation</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1377EF8EFF88FE3B2B43F9FEF4FFF9E2" box="[329,490,1594,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. a – c" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1650,1673]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1628]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1398,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. a – c. Variations in morphology among males of Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov. from type locality (a & b: not collected, c: 858) d: holotype male calling (857); e. Variation in female (859) & f. amplecting pair (858). Numbers in parenthesis indicate voucher numbers with ZSI / WGRC / V / A as prefix. All photographs by KSS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281897/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 4. a–c</figureCitation>
|
||
): Details of the morphometric variations observed in 6 individuals is provided in Table 1. Morphologically, the dorsum colouration among males varied from dark brown to buff. One male individual (ZSI/WGRC/V/A 858,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1377EF8EFF88FE3B2BC7F946F75FF92A" box="[461,586,1666,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. a – c" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1650,1673]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,1628]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1398,193,1629]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. a – c. Variations in morphology among males of Raorchestes kakachi sp. nov. from type locality (a & b: not collected, c: 858) d: holotype male calling (857); e. Variation in female (859) & f. amplecting pair (858). Numbers in parenthesis indicate voucher numbers with ZSI / WGRC / V / A as prefix. All photographs by KSS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281897/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 4. c</figureCitation>
|
||
) was with coffee brown dorsum, ivory patches on lower part of tympanic region, loreal region, shoulder, knee and heel. Ivory spots on upper part of flank, lower dorsum, dorsal part of hand and foot. Variations also included distinct cross bands on both forelimbs and hind limbs, straw yellow colouration on the lower dorsum and overall dark reddish colouration on anterior dorsum. In females, the patch on head was uniform. Among immature females, the dorsum colour varied from pale brown to dark brown similar to that of males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF88FE3A2ACDF89EF162FD8C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,752]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2ACDF89EF478F8C3" bold="true" box="[199,365,1882,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF88FE3B2B7FF89FF749F8C3" box="[373,604,1883,1907]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2B7FF89FF749F8C3" box="[373,604,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Raorchestes kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF88FE3B286EF89FF7AAF8C3" box="[612,703,1883,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B286EF89FF7AAF8C3" bold="true" box="[612,703,1883,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF88FE3B29CBF898F1FAF8C2" authority="Boulenger" authorityName="Boulenger" box="[961,1263,1882,1907]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B29CBF898F14AF8C3" box="[961,1119,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">R. flaviventris</emphasis>
|
||
(Boulenger)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF88FE3B2F2DF898F442F827" authority="Biju & Bossuyt" authorityName="Biju & Bossuyt" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaikatti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2F2DF898F089F8C3" box="[1319,1436,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">R. kaikatti</emphasis>
|
||
(Biju & Bossuyt)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its overall morphology. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF88FE3B28F1F844F68DF827" box="[763,920,1919,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B28F1F844F68DF827" box="[763,920,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">R. flaviventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF88FE3B2E20F844F18AF827" box="[1066,1183,1919,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2E20F844F18AF827" box="[1066,1183,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">R. kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF88FE3B2EAFF8BBF1EBF827" bold="true" box="[1189,1278,1919,1943]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF88FE3B2EAFF8BBF1EBF827" box="[1189,1278,1919,1943]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the following characters: tongue with lingual papilla vs. absent, tympanum distinct vs. indistinct, thigh length equal to shank length (ThL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF88FE3B2B34F803F4B0F86F" box="[318,421,1991,2015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF88FE3B2BF5F803F770F86F" box="[511,613,1991,2015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="13.5">13.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) vs. thigh length shorter than shank length (male, ThL = 12.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF88FE3B2F35F803F08DF86F" box="[1343,1432,1991,2015]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShL = 13.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2B38FF53F49FFF1F" box="[306,394,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 3; female, ThL = 14.4 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A28DFFF53F638FF1F" box="[725,813,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShL = 15.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A29DEFF53F130FF1F" box="[980,1061,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 3), webbing between fingers rudimentary vs. absent, dermal fringe on fingers absent vs. present, ventral side grey and dark-brown vermiculated throughout vs. ventral side grey with brown mottling reducing towards vent, forelimbs, tibia and foot, dorsal and posterior part of thigh brown with cream dots vs. distinct dark brown horizontal band on inner and outer surface of thigh, inner surface of shank and inner surface of tarsus extended up to first three toes on upper surface.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2F23FEEDF089FEF0" box="[1321,1436,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaikatti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2F23FEEDF089FEF0" box="[1321,1436,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">R. kaikatti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2B2DFE89F48AFED4" box="[295,415,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2B2DFE89F48AFED4" box="[295,415,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">R. kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF89FE3A2BADFE88F717FED4" box="[423,514,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2BADFE88F717FED4" bold="true" box="[423,514,332,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in the following characters: head length equal to head width (male, HW = 9.6 ± 0.4, HL = 9.5 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2B40FEABF4B4FE37" box="[330,417,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) vs. head wider than long (male, HW = 9.4 ± 0.4, HL = 8.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2E5EFEABF1B8FE37" box="[1108,1197,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; female, HW = 11.16 ± 2, HL = 9.3 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2B44FE50F4BDFE1C" box="[334,424,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), thigh length equal to shank length (male, ThL = 12.5 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2E21FE50F196FE1C" box="[1067,1155,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShL = 12.3 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2F20FE50F096FE1C" box="[1322,1411,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 5) vs. thigh length shorter than shank length (male, ThL = 12.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A299CFE73F6FAFE7F" box="[918,1007,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShL = 13.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2E93FE73F1E6FE7F" box="[1177,1267,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 3; female, ThL = 14.4 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2B3BFE18F49FFE44" box="[305,394,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShL = 15.1 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2824FE18F792FE44" box="[558,647,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 3), ventral side greyish white vs. brown mottling, posterior part of thighs and groin brown vs. distinct dark brown horizontal band on anterior and posterior parts of thigh, inner surface of shank and inner surface of tarsus extended up to first three toes on upper surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF89FE3A2ACDFD83F04DFD5F" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The comparison provided above for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2856FD8DF7DAFDD0" box="[604,719,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaikatti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2856FD8DF7DAFDD0" box="[604,719,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">R. kaikatti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the examination of the name bearing
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F74DA9FF89FE3A2EFFFD8CF025FDD0" box="[1269,1328,584,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">types</typeStatus>
|
||
at BNHS but that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2B1FFDA9F4A6FD34" box="[277,435,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2B1FFDA9F4A6FD34" box="[277,435,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">R. flaviventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are based on original descriptions provided in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD8EFAFF89FE3A29C1FDA9F017FD34" author="Bossuyt" box="[971,1282,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" refString="Bossuyt, F. & Dubois, A. (2001) A review of the frog genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Rhacophorinae), Zeylanica, 6, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Bossuyt and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2E54FDA8F017FD34" box="[1118,1282,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dubois">Dubois (2001)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD8EFAFF89FE3A2F31FDA8F452FD17" author="Biju" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" refString="Biju, S. D. & Bossuyt, F. (2009) Systematics and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of 12 new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 155, 374 - 444." type="journal article" year="2009">Biju and Bossuyt (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
since the specimen itself is located outside
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35BB39BFF89FE3A2958FD4BF69AFD17" box="[850,911,655,679]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Details of name bearing
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F74DA9FF89FE3A2EC8FD54F1E8FD18" box="[1218,1277,656,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">types</typeStatus>
|
||
examined by authors has been provided in Appendix I and major opposing suite of morphological characters of all other species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2ABEFD1CF429FD40" box="[180,316,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2ABEFD1CF429FD40" box="[180,316,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Raorchestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in the Western Ghats except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A28C1FD1DF67DFD40" box="[715,872,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flaviventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A28C1FD1DF67DFD40" box="[715,872,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">R. flaviventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2994FD1DF104FD40" box="[926,1041,728,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaikatti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2994FD1DF104FD40" box="[926,1041,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">R. kaikatti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are provided in Appendix II.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF33A383FF89FE3A2A9DF9F1F752F917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281898/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[183,1409,804,1588]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF89FE3A2A9DF9F1F752F917" blockId="9.[151,1436,1589,1703]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2A9DF9F1F406F9FB" bold="true" box="[151,275,1589,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric distinction of two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A287AF9F2F7FEF9FC" box="[624,747,1590,1612]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A287AF9F2F7FEF9FC" box="[624,747,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Raorchestes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The head width has been plotted with head length. Closed triangle indicates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2B47F990F70EF9DA" box="[333,539,1620,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaikatti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2B47F990F70EF9DA" box="[333,539,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Raorchestes kaikatti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(five males: BNHS 4557, 4465, 4417, 4466 and SDB 541, Type locality:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2F1CF990F07CF9DA" box="[1302,1385,1620,1642]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaikatti">Kaikatti</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and open diamond indicates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2B92F9B7F779F939" box="[408,620,1651,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2B92F9B7F779F939" box="[408,620,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Raorchestes kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF89FE3A287CF9B7F7DFF938" box="[630,714,1651,1672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A287CF9B7F7DFF938" bold="true" box="[630,714,1651,1672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(three males, ZSI/WGRC/V/A 857,858). Closed diamonds indicates three females (ZSI/WGRC/V/A 858, 859).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF89FE3A2ACDF90BF1D1F856" blockId="9.[151,1436,1742,2023]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF89FE3A2ACDF90BF774F957" bold="true" box="[199,609,1742,1767]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Ecology and natural history notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Two individuals (ZSI/WGRC/V/A/858: one male and one female) of this species were first collected on bushes up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A289CF937F7D6F8BB" box="[662,707,1779,1803]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
height along streams on riparian vegetation next to the road in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF89FE3A2A9DF8DDF5E1F881" box="[151,244,1817,1841]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
by KSS, NAA, TG and RG on
|
||
<date id="FFF2D5CBFF89FE3A2858F8DDF600F881" box="[594,789,1814,1842]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" value="2011-01-24">24th January 2011</date>
|
||
at 20:30 hrs. Subsequently, on
|
||
<date id="FFF2D5CBFF89FE3A2E7AF8DDF007F881" box="[1136,1298,1814,1842]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" value="2011-05-24">24th May 2011</date>
|
||
, a pair (ZSI/ WGRC/V/A/859: one male and one female) in axillary amplexus was observed and collected on forest floor in the same location by KSS and PS from 20:49 hrs to 21:30 hrs. The amplecting pair was carried to laboratory where they were observed for egg laying in a terrestrial enclosure. The amplecting pair dismounted and the female laid six eggs and a few more eggs were visible in the abdomen. The eggs were non-pigmented with jelly mass and measured (
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF89FE3A2AE8F80AF428F856" box="[226,317,1998,2022]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 3). However, we did not make any further observation on egg development.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF8AFE392A9DF8D1F6FFF8DD" blockId="10.[151,1436,1813,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8AFE392A9DF8D1F407F89A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1813,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Spectrogram of an advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8AFE3928BFF8D1F690F89B" box="[693,901,1813,1835]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8AFE3928BFF8D1F690F89B" box="[693,901,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Raorchestes kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF8AFE392986F8D2F6C9F89B" box="[908,988,1814,1835]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8AFE392986F8D2F6C9F89B" bold="true" box="[908,988,1814,1835]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/ 857) measuring 6.54 sec in duration recorded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8AFE392BAAF8F2F4E1F8FC" box="[416,500,1846,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="FFF2D5CBFF8AFE392813F8F3F7BFF8FC" box="[537,682,1844,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" value="2011-06-23">23rd June 2011</date>
|
||
at 19:08 hrs. Dominant frequency of this call 2625 Hz, pulse duration 0.05 sec, pulses 9, pulse rate 1.77 sec–1. a. Amplitude; b. Spectrogram and c. Band width.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF8AFE382AC3F85FF711FE3D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1946,2007]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1015]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Between
|
||
<date id="FFF2D5CBFF8AFE392B38F85FF71AF802" box="[306,527,1946,1971]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" value="2011-05" valueMax="2011-06-31" valueMin="2011-05-00">May and June 2011</date>
|
||
, three individuals were observed and photographed (not collected) to be foraging in the canopy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8AFE392B54F87AF723F866" box="[350,566,1982,2006]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Cullenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exarillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8AFE392B54F87AF723F866" box="[350,566,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Cullenia exarillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF8AFE392842F87AF793F866" box="[584,646,1982,2006]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="32.0">32 m</quantity>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8AFE3928C0F87BF629F866" box="[714,828,1983,2006]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Diospyros" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8AFE3928C0F87BF629F866" box="[714,828,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Diospyros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF8AFE392972F87AF6A3F866" box="[888,950,1982,2006]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
) trees between 19:00–21:15 hrs in forests around
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8BFE382AE1FF53F45DFF1F" box="[235,328,151,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Upper Kodayar. The canopy was accessed at night using modified single rope technique (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD8EFAFF8BFE382F57FF53F5C6FF67" author="Perry" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" refString="Perry, D. R. (1978) A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees. Biotropica, 10, 155 - 157." type="journal article" year="1978">Perry 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two calling males were collected from
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF8BFE3828A1FF7BF7CDFF67" box="[683,728,191,215]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
high vegetation along a stream in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8BFE382E6CFF7BF1D6FF67" box="[1126,1219,191,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="FFF2D5CBFF8BFE382EFBFF7BF08DFF67" box="[1265,1432,188,215]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" value="2011-06-24">24th June 2011</date>
|
||
. The calls of these two individuals were recorded for analysis. An amplecting pair was observed the next day (
|
||
<date id="FFF2D5CBFF8BFE382F79FF21F41EFE91" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" value="2011-06-25">25th June 2011</date>
|
||
) on the same location on roadside tree at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF8BFE3828E2FECDF601FE91" box="[744,788,265,289]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
height from 19:23 hrs–21:30 hrs but did not lay eggs. In another location, a male and female were observed in the sub-canopy (ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF8BFE382E1EFEE9F141FEF5" box="[1044,1108,301,325]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
) of roadside trees. A male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8BFE382A9DFE95F46FFED9" box="[151,378,337,361]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8BFE382A9DFE95F46FFED9" box="[151,378,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Ramanella montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was seen mounting with a female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8BFE38292BFE96F68DFED9" box="[801,920,337,361]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8BFE38292BFE96F68DFED9" box="[801,920,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">R. kakachi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B9262FF8BFE3829AAFE96F6EFFEDA" box="[928,1018,338,362]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8BFE3829AAFE96F6EFFEDA" bold="true" box="[928,1018,338,362]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
for about 5 min after which, the pair disengaged in the same location.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF8BFE382ACDFE5EF6D3FDAD" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">A long term monitoring study by KSS in KMTR using automated sound recorders have recorded the species to be vocalizing in the canopy and on the ground. The vocalization begins at about 18:30 hrs and the number of individuals and their vocalizing intensity reaches a peak between 18:00–20:30 hrs. Initially the calls were heard from the canopy and the frogs were detected on the ground at about 19:00 hrs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF8BFE382ACDFDEDF67CFD39" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Though many individuals of this frog were observed in the canopy in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C8888FF8BFE382E2FFDEDF197FDF1" box="[1061,1154,553,577]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kakachi" status="sp. nov.">Kakachi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Upper Kodayar, the individuals described in this paper were collected on ground and on natural vegetation in estate, either before the frog went up into the canopy or after they descended from there.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF3F30BFF8BFE382ACDFD51F6AFFC47" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8BFE382ACDFD51F706FD1E" bold="true" box="[199,531,661,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Advertisement call analysis.</emphasis>
|
||
Calls were recorded using Nikon D90 DSLR camera within
|
||
<quantity id="4CB45EEEFF8BFE382EB3FD51F032FD1D" box="[1209,1319,661,685]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 cm</quantity>
|
||
from calling males at night (19:00–21:30 hrs). The air temperature and humidity at collection time were (23°C and 86% RH, measured using Kestrel 3500®, data logger). Eight calls from two calling males were analyzed using Audacity Ver.1.3 (Beta) and SIGVIEW 32 Ver.2.3.0. Call terminology was based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD8EFAFF8BFE3829DDFCC0F03EFCAC" author="Kok" box="[983,1323,772,796]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" refString="Kok, P. J. R. & Kalamandeen, M. (2008) Introduction to the taxonomy of the amphibians of Kaieteur National park. Guyana. Belgian Development Corporation, 278 pp." type="book" year="2008">Kok and Kalamandeen (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Each call had 6–9 pulses (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9382F19FF8BFE382B6EFCECF721FCF0" box="[356,564,808,832]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">treek, treek, treek</emphasis>
|
||
,…pulses). Average dominant frequency was 2637.25 ± 14.1 Hz (range:
|
||
<date id="FFF2D5CBFF8BFE382A9DFC88F401FCD4" box="[151,276,844,868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" value="2630" valueMax="2651">2630–2651</date>
|
||
Hz), Call duration was 4.98 ± 0.8 sec (range: 3.4–6.5 sec), inter call duration was 1.46 ± 0.7 sec (range: 0.6–2.2 sec), pulse duration was 0.74 ± 0.07 sec (0.6–0.9 sec), pulse period was 0.05 ± 0.006 sec (range: 0.04–0.07 sec) and pulse rate was 1.54 ± 0.1 sec -1 (range: 1.37–1.75 sec -1). Figure 6.a–c illustrates the amplitude, call spectrum and peak frequency of a single call (ZSI/WGRC/V/A 857). A short video clip of the frog vocalizing can be found on Amphibia web, 2012 (http://tinyurl.com/raorchestes-kakachi).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |