276 lines
31 KiB
XML
276 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="109D73D54BD169F7C386CCAAF8368725" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.281192" ID-GBIF-Dataset="27d21b65-cf06-4eb4-9ffe-43c365bd4262" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="281192" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460483823122" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larsen, Torben B." docDate="2012" docId="03DC87D3FFC6264856DAF93461A892F9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03322p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3322" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ampittia" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FFE5FFABFFC6264A564DFF9460349016" masterDocTitle="The genus Ampittia in Africa with the description of a new species (Hesperiinae; Aeromachini) and three new species in the genera Andronymus and Chondrolepis (Hesperiinae, incertae sedis) (Lepidoptera; Hesperiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1698308324564" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="27A42B0C2500DD42A2DF279A4100150A">
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<mods:title id="F36F770A002AC54BC0BED51CDB4CBEE0">The genus Ampittia in Africa with the description of a new species (Hesperiinae; Aeromachini) and three new species in the genera Andronymus and Chondrolepis (Hesperiinae, incertae sedis) (Lepidoptera; Hesperiidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F41F1E80975C58688F2060B5DBA55182" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="329B467634874098DC33E88398C40E71">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7436D528B49090B1C7B27921A002975A">Larsen, Torben B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FC3414A2A07E57BF48BB821F619C55C8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E00FD617A8FA8C0F86CD1A5037223FD1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="019C56BB96BA35CBBEF4AA69BA4DBF52">
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<mods:date id="315247C9DE55FA3530F460E15D1BFC9B">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="0785F78DEA0ADABFE271114E44CB9864" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AC2E794E7E62DDFBA15388BF22F54556">3322</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="14D3BDA17DBB3DC2CC865EA0A8D141D1" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="CDB83093D3B1644ECD92C30EB7D6FB95">49</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="7D64540FE5F276A4B0B8CF593DAB2B1C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CF30DE8E74FC77A6610102855B6FACCE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.281192</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8FE8F90C19EB9607A58F181EAD63F44E" type="GBIF-Dataset">27d21b65-cf06-4eb4-9ffe-43c365bd4262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C5A63C3B85C5044F29E487B1422F2102" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0CF5DE37026CC5F95D183BD1876420B6" type="Zenodo-Dep">281192</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DC87D3FFC6264856DAF93461A892F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6173028" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127660753" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6173028" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC87D3FFC6264856DAF93461A892F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87D3FFC6264856DAF93461A892F9" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="C36F654EFFC6264A56DAF934623796AE" box="[151,515,1695,1720]" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC6264A56DAF934623796AE" blockId="0.[151,515,1695,1720]" box="[151,515,1695,1720]" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="D08281A9FFC6264A56DAF934623796AE" bold="true" box="[151,515,1695,1720]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A56DAF934623796AE" bold="true" box="[151,515,1695,1720]" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A5755F90B614F96AE" ID-CoL="8ZZPR" box="[280,379,1695,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A5755F90B614F96AE" bold="true" box="[280,379,1695,1720]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ampittia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and Africa
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F654EFFC6264A56DAF973631A97C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC6264A56DAF973631A97C1" blockId="0.[151,1436,1767,2008]" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
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The
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<typeStatus id="54CE8867FFC6264A5686F97C60CF9716" box="[203,251,1768,1792]" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
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species of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A57B9F973629C96E9" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[500,680,1767,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A57B9F973626096E9" box="[500,596,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ampittia</emphasis>
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Moore
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</taxonomicName>
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is from the Oriental Region:
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A55B1F97C652296E9" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[1020,1302,1767,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hesperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maro">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A55B1F97C649296E9" box="[1020,1190,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Hesperia maro</emphasis>
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Fabricius
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</taxonomicName>
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by original designation [currently considered a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A5570F898649A9735" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[829,1198,1803,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dioscorides">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A5570F898641B9732" box="[829,1071,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ampittia dioscorides</emphasis>
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Fabricius
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</taxonomicName>
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].
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC6264A5285F89F65A89735" author="Aurivillius" box="[1224,1436,1803,1827]" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1925) The African Rhopalocera. In: Seitz A. (Ed), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 13, Stuttgart, Kernen, 613 pp." type="book" year="1925">Aurivillius (1925)</bibRefCitation>
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described a new Tanzanian species as
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A5406F8BB62C1975E" box="[587,757,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A5406F8BB62C1975E" box="[587,757,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ampittia parva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, noting the strong upperside similarity with
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A52BFF8BB6579975E" box="[1266,1357,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hesperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maro">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A52BFF8BB6579975E" box="[1266,1357,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">A. maro</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, he also included several
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<collectingCountry id="F3627655FFC6264A57A7F8C76263977D" box="[490,599,1875,1899]" name="Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
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species in
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A5499F8C06300977A" box="[724,820,1876,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A5499F8C06300977A" box="[724,820,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ampittia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—where they do not belong—which were removed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC6264A56DAF8EC611A9799" author="Evans" box="[151,302,1911,1935]" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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to his new, very different, endemic
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<collectingCountry id="F3627655FFC6264A5487F8E363039799" box="[714,823,1911,1935]" name="Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
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genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A55DFF8E364929799" authority="(Heteropterinae)" baseAuthorityName="Heteropterinae" box="[914,1190,1911,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hovala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A55DFF8E363D09799" box="[914,996,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Hovala</emphasis>
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(Heteropterinae)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A5292F8E360FE97A5" authority="(Hesperiinae)" baseAuthorityName="Hesperiinae" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fulda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A5292F8E365169799" box="[1247,1314,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Fulda</emphasis>
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(Hesperiinae)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Evans maintained
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A57E5F808623F97A2" box="[424,523,1948,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A57E5F808623F97A2" box="[424,523,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">A. parva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as one of only two Afrotropical species in
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A55B6F808646F97A2" box="[1019,1115,1948,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A55B6F808646F97A2" box="[1019,1115,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Ampittia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, adding
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A528DF80860FD97C1" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capenas">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A528DF808650897A2" box="[1216,1340,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">A. capenas</emphasis>
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(Hewitson)
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</taxonomicName>
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, till then usually placed in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC6264A5424F82B631A97C1" authority="Watson." authorityName="Watson." box="[617,814,1983,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC6264A5424F82B62F997C1" box="[617,717,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Kedestes</emphasis>
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Watson.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F654EFFC72648568AFF0C61A892F9" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC7264B568AFF0C62219191" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B568AFF0C611390A6" ID-CoL="8ZZPR" box="[199,295,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B568AFF0C611390A6" box="[199,295,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Ampittia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is one of ten genera in the well-characterized tribe Aeromachini Tutt, often referred to as the
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5303FF0C65A690A6" ID-CoL="92B44" box="[1358,1426,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Halpe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B5303FF0C65A690A6" box="[1358,1426,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Halpe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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- group, a sister-group to all other
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B544FFF2862BC90C2" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[514,648,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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and almost exclusively found in the forest zone of the Oriental Region (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC7264B56D3FF4B614390E1" author="Warren" box="[158,375,223,248]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2008">
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Warren
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B56B7FF75611890EE" box="[250,300,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">et al</emphasis>
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. 2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC7264B57CEFF4B61F490E1" author="Warren" box="[387,448,223,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
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). Forest genera of Afrotropical and Oriental
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B55F1FF4B647690E1" ID-CoL="6254D" box="[956,1090,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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are not usually shared and we wondered whether African species were genuinely congeneric with the Oriental—or for that matter with each other. Both African species have a strong superficial resemblance to one or more Oriental members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B56DAFED860C39172" ID-CoL="8ZZPR" box="[151,247,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B56DAFED860C39172" box="[151,247,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Ampittia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as shown in figure 1. The similarities are striking but not necessarily significant since the colour patterns are not that special in their layout.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF0A664DFFC7264B56DAFC3A60EE9414" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281193/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[164,1427,447,895]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC7264B56DAFC3A60EE9414" blockId="1.[151,1435,942,1026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B56DAFC3A613B93D2" bold="true" box="[151,271,942,965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
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. Four species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5785FC24622B93D3" ID-CoL="8ZZPR" box="[456,543,944,965]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B5785FC24622B93D3" box="[456,543,944,965]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Ampittia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—male uppersides (left) and undersides (right). Upper row: The African: 1)
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5309FC2460E693F2" ID-CoL="D7J5" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B5309FC2460E693F2" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Ampittia parva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Tanzania; 2)
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B572DFC5A61E493F2" ID-CoL="D7HY" box="[352,464,974,996]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capenas">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B572DFC5A61E493F2" box="[352,464,974,996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">A. capenas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Malawi. Lower row: The Oriental: 3)
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5525FC5A640893F2" ID-CoL="D7J2" box="[872,1084,974,996]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dioscorides">
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<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B5525FC5A640893F2" box="[872,1084,974,996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Ampittia dioscorides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ssp. Sri Lanka. 4)
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5345FC5A655993F2" ID-CoL="D7J8" box="[1288,1389,974,996]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B5345FC5A655993F2" box="[1288,1389,974,996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">A. virgata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
ssp. China.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC7264B568AFBA4624D94ED" blockId="1.[151,1436,1071,1275]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
|
However, the Aeromachini all have rather special male genitalia. There are two rounded uncus lobes that are completely fused with the tegumen so that it cannot be moved independently. The uncus/tegumen structure has what might be described as a matt “sandpapery” texture, whereas in most
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5595FBE3646A9499" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[984,1118,1143,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
it is completely smooth and glossy. The two lateral branches constituting the gnathos have the same texture and density. The dorsal “roof” of the structure is broad, flat, and inflexible, impossible to mount for a lateral view under the microscope. The African species match these characters (figure 2A).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="DF0A664DFFC7264B56DAF8BA62A69794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281194/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[401,1175,1341,1791]" targetPageId="1">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC7264B56DAF8BA62A69794" blockId="1.[151,1436,1838,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B56DAF8BA61279752" bold="true" box="[151,275,1838,1861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
|
A. The tegumen, uncus, and gnathos branches of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5541F8BB63899753" ID-CoL="D7HY" box="[780,957,1839,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capenas">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B5541F8BB63899753" box="[780,957,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Ampittia capenas</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in ventral view. B. The hindwing venation of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B57F3F8D9627D9775" ID-CoL="3JGF4" box="[446,585,1869,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Halpe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moorei">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B57F3F8D9627D9775" box="[446,585,1869,1891]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Halpe moorei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Asia showing the unusual hindwing venation where veins 5 and 6 split, known as the “tuning-fork” or “hairpin” as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC7264B5450F8F962B89794" ID-CoL="D7HY" box="[541,652,1901,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capenas">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC7264B5450F8F962B89794" box="[541,652,1901,1922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">A. capenas</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC72648568AF83B624B910A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1967,2026]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,751]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
|
|
Members of the Aeromachini having male forewing brands nearly always have a most unusual feature in the hindwing venation—the “tuning-fork” (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC7264B5414F84662C497FC" author="Watson" box="[601,752,2002,2026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Watson, E. Y. (1893) A proposed classification of the Hesperiidae, with a revision of the genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893, 3 - 132." type="proceedings paper" year="1893">Watson 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) or “hairpin” (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC7264B55D7F846641197FC" author="Evans" box="[922,1061,2002,2026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This refers to the characteristic way in which the veins 5 and 6 originate by being U-shaped at the base (shown in red in figure 2B). It is absent in those species that lack a brand. The male of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC4264854EBFF28631090C2" ID-CoL="D7HY" box="[678,804,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capenas">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC4264854EBFF28631090C2" box="[678,804,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">A. capenas</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which has the irregular “
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC426485215FF2864A890C2" ID-CoL="92B44" box="[1112,1180,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Halpe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC426485215FF2864A890C2" box="[1112,1180,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Halpe</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
-brand” (varying from almost fully developed to absent) also has this “tuning-fork”. The venation is normal in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC4264852DAFF7464CE90EE" ID-CoL="D7J5" box="[1175,1274,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC4264852DAFF7464CE90EE" box="[1175,1274,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">A. parva</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, as was to be expected since it lacks any trace of a brand.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC42648568AFEB364229292" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC42648568AFEB361F69129" box="[199,450,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" refString="Davidson, J., Bell, T. R. & Aitken, E. H. (1895) The butterflies of the North Canara District of the Bombay Presidency. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 10, 237 - 259, 3 pls. (Pt. 1); 372 - 393 (Pt. 2); 568 - 584 (Pt. 3)." type="journal article">
|
|
Davidson
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC426485774FEBD615E9156" box="[313,362,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (1895)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
illustrated in colour the pupa of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC426485562FEBC63E49156" ID-CoL="3L4PQ" box="[815,976,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maro">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC426485562FEBC63E49156" box="[815,976,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Ampittia maro</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(=
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC4264855BDFEBC64459156" ID-CoL="D7J2" box="[1008,1137,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dioscorides">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC4264855BDFEBC64459156" box="[1008,1137,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">dioscorides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) showing that it had a pair of curved horns on the head of the pupa, not present in other genera of the Aeromachini. Kishen Das kindly sent pictures of the pupae of one
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC42648579BFEE46255919E" ID-CoL="8ZYYW" box="[470,609,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Aeromachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC42648579BFEE46255919E" box="[470,609,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Aeromachus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and two
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC426485484FEE46339919E" ID-CoL="92B44" box="[713,781,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Halpe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC426485484FEE46339919E" box="[713,781,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Halpe</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
that he bred in South
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3627655FFC426485248FEFB640B9191" box="[1029,1087,367,391]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">India</collectingCountry>
|
|
which are like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC4264852A6FEE4657F919E" ID-CoL="8ZZPR" box="[1259,1355,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC4264852A6FEE4657F919E" box="[1259,1355,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Ampittia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
except for the absence of horns. Congdon recently bred
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC4264854F5FE00630791BA" ID-CoL="D7HY" box="[696,819,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capenas">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC4264854F5FE00630791BA" box="[696,819,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">A. capenas</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and found it to have similar horns (somewhat different horns are found also in members of the Pyrginae such as the black group of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC426485242FE2C648A91C6" ID-CoL="8ZXLT" box="[1039,1214,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC426485242FE2C648A91C6" box="[1039,1214,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC42648529DFE2360D591E2" author="Cock" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2011 b) Observations on the biology of Afro - tropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. Zootaxa, 3033, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">Cock & Congdon 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). He subsequently also bred
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC426485469FE48628191E2" box="[548,693,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kilombero">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC426485469FE48628191E2" box="[548,693,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">A. kilombero</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(described as new below) that also has frontal horns (figure 3). A full description of the early stages of the two African species will be given in a future paper by Cock and Congdon (in press); both feed on soft grasses (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC42648547CFDB062A7922A" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[561,659,548,572]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Frontal horns are almost unknown within the Afrotropical
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC426485379FDB0608A9249" ID-CoL="93MWY" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
but are also found in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC42648578EFDDD62E89249" ID-CoL="9BJDY" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[451,732,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tsitana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uitenhaga">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC42648578EFDDD62BA9276" box="[451,654,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Tsitana uitenhaga</emphasis>
|
|
Evans
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the form of small, upturned processes (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B34FFC426485281FDD3610F9292" author="Dickson" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. [Eds] (1978) Pennington's butterflies of southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 1 - 670." type="book chapter" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978: plate 22</bibRefCitation>
|
|
); these may not be exactly homologous since they are not lateral.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BCA36C5FFC42648568AFD0461A892F9" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,751]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
|
|
In the light of these shared special features—and somewhat to our surprise—we accept that the three African species are indeed congeneric with the Oriental
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C754D46FFC4264854E1FD20633892DA" ID-CoL="8ZZPR" box="[684,780,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B901EAD7FFC4264854E1FD20633892DA" box="[684,780,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Ampittia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as well as with each other as the only members of the tribe Aeromachini in Africa.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |