241 lines
30 KiB
XML
241 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="69B4809FD1F3AA5E557B330BA7ABBE63" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4126.2.2" ID-CLB-Dataset="38798" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4126.2.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c5304ea-13e7-4eb9-9ebf-d4d33acc5b32" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="267371" ID-ZooBank="98FA0737-A117-487E-920F-BB03BC89D376" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1466145140804" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Janussen, Dorte, Göcke, Christian & Hendry, Katharine R." docDate="2016" docId="03D587C5F735FFDBFF24FF3D095A9945" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4126.2.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4126 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caulophacus palmeri Goodwin, Berman, Janussen, Göcke & Hendry, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="216" masterDocId="FFECFFBDF73DFFD2FFB3FFAA0C199A18" masterDocTitle="Hexactinellida (Porifera) from the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean) with a description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="220" masterPageNumber="207" pageNumber="215" updateTime="1698663017348" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="D3BC04A5A8149F12DE42FACD956B6EDB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="CC60B00A5CC920687428BB26A19B63FB">
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<mods:title id="46C05BEEA11AB4CE03ED7F9007A772CB">Hexactinellida (Porifera) from the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean) with a description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1FF3E29E8F50738262DB9E1725EFC7F6">Goodwin, Claire E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="9F2D8F2B35A4FC3422C89422687794F8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1AD597DD09C6D24F82925639AB9C8DAF">Berman, Jade</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="DC42DA6E4E733D0DF45FF2ADB92ABC79" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A2675328662F9ADD6A444A423FC50FA3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="92F41B982BB1685B8D7E1FC1FF10C804">Janussen, Dorte</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="073EE2B4AB1B6CCC2E749A73E54A13CC">Göcke, Christian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="DFF16E2560BE4F1CD6214322853E373A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4ACADCA53251AC502ACBDB18DE33CC5C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="202392F404243A7D8F7D860DE6BD737B">Hendry, Katharine R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D191C20DD1917197CD9749F64255AF97">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="12C8F7DAC93994AC85A5E3482929ECEE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B039CB20E2DF3DF9493C43231C22F1DB">
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<mods:date id="D8C699CC034A9F04DD3795B10E5E4CE4">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F47D3B5B13CB956B89F9822F78D4E50F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E1271086984E2CAF69BFBDDE3E797846">4126</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="EDFA28B0C997674F26ED79B064115833" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="9015F2FC713EDB456203047DCADF5C09">2</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A54A5E2148496B21C1C3AC01D252303F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4126.2.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="457352544134964CA6EC90A65B650B0E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8D3568DE767BD85691B6333E4562144D" type="Zenodo-Dep">267371</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F6C36E6543C65BEF8F5D66083D23DBBB" type="ZooBank">98FA0737-A117-487E-920F-BB03BC89D376</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587C5F735FFDBFF24FF3D095A9945" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6055950" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127631184" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6055950" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587C5F735FFDBFF24FF3D095A9945" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587C5F735FFDBFF24FF3D095A9945" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<subSubSection id="C3666558F735FFDAFF24FF3D0E209B9F" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF24FF3D0DE69AAA" blockId="8.[151,511,151,178]" box="[151,511,151,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<heading id="D08B81BFF735FFDAFF24FF3D0DE69AAA" bold="true" box="[151,511,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF24FF3D0DE69AAA" bold="true" box="[151,511,151,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F735FFDAFF24FF3D0D829AA9" ID-CoL="69F9K" box="[151,411,151,177]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="palmeri" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF24FF3D0D829AA9" bold="true" box="[151,411,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Caulophacus palmeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23B57BAF735FFDAFE11FF320DE69AAA" box="[418,511,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF24FF750E209B9F" blockId="8.[151,1437,222,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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Note: We have followed
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<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B22F735FFDAFE06FF740EC29AEF" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[437,731,222,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" refString="Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., Reiswig, H. M., Fourt, M., Aguilar, R. & Chevaldonne, P. (2014) Mediterranean hexactinellid sponges, with the description of a new Sympagella species (Porifera, Hexactinellida). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315414001891" type="book chapter" year="2014">
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Boury-Esnault
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFDD3FF750E839AEF" box="[608,666,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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who, due to molecular phylogenetic evidence, transferred the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F735FFDAFF58FEA80D669B03" box="[235,383,258,283]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF58FEA80D669B03" box="[235,383,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Caulophacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F735FFDAFE69FEA80E429B03" box="[474,603,258,283]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rossellinae">Rossellinae</taxonomicName>
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to Languinellinae. They emend Tabachnick’s (2002) definition of Languninellinae as ‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F735FFDAFECFFE8C0E1B9B27" box="[380,514,294,319]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Rossellidae</taxonomicName>
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with strobiloplumicomes or if these are absent the concerned group(s) share so many morphological characters with a group bearing strobiloplumicomes that their common ancestry with loss of that spicule is most parsimonious…’.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3666558F735FFDAFF74FE380E749802" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF74FE380E749802" blockId="8.[151,1437,222,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF74FE380D619BB3" bold="true" box="[199,376,402,427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<typeStatus id="54C78871F735FFDAFF74FE380D1B9BB3" box="[199,258,402,427]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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MNHNCL POR_15001. Dried sample, small sub-sample rehydrated with Decon–90, tissue section and spicule preparation on slides. Sub-sample of above deposited as
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<collectionCode id="ED6DAE16F735FFDAFBB6FE1C08709BD7" box="[1029,1129,438,463]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2x42-q9ch" name="Ulster Museum, Belfast" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">BELUM</collectionCode>
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.Mc2015.176 (spicule slide only). Cruise sample number NBP1103–DH59–sponge03.
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<date id="FFC21013F735FFDAFC83FE740FCA9BEE" box="[816,979,473,502]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" value="2011-05-20">20th May 2011</date>
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Shackleton Fracture Zone,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE485014F735FFDAFABDFE7709819BEE" box="[1294,1432,477,502]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" precision="9" value="-60.5375">60° 32.25’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE485014F735FFDAFF24FDAB0D319802" box="[151,296,513,538]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" precision="9" value="-56.817833">56° 49.07’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4C849B36F735FFDAFE80FDA80DD39802" box="[307,458,514,538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.815" metricValueMax="1.8199999999999998" metricValueMin="1.81" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" unit="m" value="1815.0" valueMax="1820.0" valueMin="1810.0">1810–1820m</quantity>
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, Hein Dredge.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3666558F735FFDBFF74FD8F0D699BB5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF74FD8F0DF19891" blockId="8.[151,1437,222,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF74FD8F0D579826" bold="true" box="[199,334,549,574]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Named after the research vessel Nathaniel B Palmer which in turn is named after the merchant mariner and ship builder Nathaniel Brown Palmer (
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<date id="FFC21013F735FFDAFD5FFDE70FBA987D" box="[748,931,584,613]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" value="1799-08-08">8th August 1799</date>
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–
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<date id="FFC21013F735FFDAFC01FDE70841987D" box="[946,1112,584,613]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" value="1877-06-21">21st June 1877</date>
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) who was amongst the first people to discover
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F735FFDAFED8FDDA0DFA9891" box="[363,483,624,649]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="217" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<collectingCountry id="F36B7643F735FFDAFED8FDDA0DFA9891" box="[363,483,624,649]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF74FD3E0D5D9901" blockId="8.[151,1437,222,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF74FD3E0DDE98B5" bold="true" box="[199,455,660,685]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">External appearance</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13472A56F735FFDAFE68FD3E0E5B98B5" box="[475,578,660,685]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1161,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,1161,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caulophacus palmeri sp. nov. Type specimen MNHNCL POR _ 15001. A. collected specimen, scale in cm; B. end of diactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; C. pentactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; D. hexactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; E. pinular hexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; F. discohexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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A). Hispid cream-coloured sponge with bulbous mushroom-like top and narrow stalk. The width of the top is
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<quantity id="4C849B36F735FFDAFDF8FD120E8A98C9" box="[587,659,696,721]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" unit="mm" value="25.0">25mm</quantity>
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and height
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<quantity id="4C849B36F735FFDAFCADFD120F7098C8" box="[798,873,696,720]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" unit="mm" value="14.0">14mm</quantity>
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, the stalk is
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<quantity id="4C849B36F735FFDAFC4DFD12082E98C8" box="[1022,1079,696,720]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
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maximum diameter. Preserved appearance: Delicately hispid pale peach lump with firm texture and distinct but not detachable, slightly hispid, dermal surface.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF74FC8E0DA199B1" blockId="8.[151,1437,222,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF74FC8E0D2C9925" bold="true" box="[199,309,804,829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Skeleton.</emphasis>
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The specimen has been poorly preserved (dried then rehydrated) and skeletal structure is hard to see clearly. Confused choanosomal skeleton of diactines and non-pinnular hexactines. Hypodermal layer of pentactines and pinular hexactines with pinular ray facing outwards. Atrial layer of pinular hexactines. Microscleres are present throughout tissue.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF74FC1E0FE79E0D" blockId="8.[151,1437,222,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF74FC1E0D2999D5" bold="true" box="[199,304,948,973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Spicules.</emphasis>
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Choanosomal diactins with rounded, slightly tylote, spined ends and a small central swelling. 903– (1517)–3502 by 9.3–(18.4)–33.8 µm (
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<figureCitation id="13472A56F735FFDAFDFAFC720EB599E9" box="[585,684,984,1009]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1161,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,1161,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caulophacus palmeri sp. nov. Type specimen MNHNCL POR _ 15001. A. collected specimen, scale in cm; B. end of diactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; C. pentactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; D. hexactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; E. pinular hexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; F. discohexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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B). Some larger examples were also present but as these broke in both the section and spicule preparations it was not possible to measure them.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF74FB8A0D599E45" blockId="8.[151,1437,222,1117]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Choanosomal hexactins:Tangential ray 304–(614)–851 µm, proximal ray 310–(724)–988 µm, distal ray 304– (592)–892 µm.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF03665BF735FFDAFF24F8D70D999DF6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" targetBox="[151,1435,1161,1894]" targetPageId="8">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC336D3F735FFDAFF24F8D70D999DF6" blockId="8.[151,1436,1916,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFF24F8D70D0B9D8A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1917,1939]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F735FFDAFEAAF8D60DED9D8A" box="[281,500,1916,1938]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="palmeri" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFEAAF8D60DED9D8A" box="[281,500,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">Caulophacus palmeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F735FFDAFE49F8D70E539D8A" bold="true" box="[506,586,1917,1938]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215">
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23B57BAF735FFDAFE49F8D70E539D8A" box="[506,586,1917,1938]" pageId="8" pageNumber="215" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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Type specimen MNHNCL POR_15001. A. collected specimen, scale in cm; B. end of diactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; C. pentactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; D. hexactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; E. pinular hexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; F. discohexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BC336D3F734FFDBFF74FF3D0ECC9ACD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">
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Hypodermal spicules are pentactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A56F734FFDBFDD1FF3D0ED89AA8" box="[610,705,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1161,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,1161,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caulophacus palmeri sp. nov. Type specimen MNHNCL POR _ 15001. A. collected specimen, scale in cm; B. end of diactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; C. pentactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; D. hexactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; E. pinular hexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; F. discohexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267376/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C) and hexactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A56F734FFDBFC38FF3D0FF39AA8" box="[907,1002,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1161,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,1161,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caulophacus palmeri sp. nov. Type specimen MNHNCL POR _ 15001. A. collected specimen, scale in cm; B. end of diactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; C. pentactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; D. hexactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; E. pinular hexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; F. discohexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267376/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
D) with spined tips. Proximal ray 476– (761)–1541 µm, tangential ray 241–(310)–421 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336D3F734FFDBFF74FF750F369B7D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">
|
||
Pinular hexactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A56F734FFDBFE29FF750DE29AE0" box="[410,507,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1161,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,1161,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caulophacus palmeri sp. nov. Type specimen MNHNCL POR _ 15001. A. collected specimen, scale in cm; B. end of diactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; C. pentactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; D. hexactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; E. pinular hexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; F. discohexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267376/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Dermal pinular hexactin: Pinular ray 167–(187)–203 by 15.9–(28.6)–40.1 µm, proximal ray 69–(77)–87 by 7.4–(8.5)–11.5 µm, tangential ray 61.8–(74.1)–88.2 by 6.3–(8.3)–12 µm. Atrial pinular hexactin: Pinular ray 118–(164)–193 by 20.1–(28.3)–47.4 µm, proximal ray 33–(73)–98 by 5.4–(8.6)–12.6 µm, tangential ray 55.2–(68.3)–81.6 by 6.4–(8.1)–11.3 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336D3F734FFDBFF74FEC50D699BB5" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">
|
||
Discohexactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13472A56F734FFDBFE32FEC50DF89B90" box="[385,481,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1161,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,1161,1895]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caulophacus palmeri sp. nov. Type specimen MNHNCL POR _ 15001. A. collected specimen, scale in cm; B. end of diactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; C. pentactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; D. hexactin, scale bar 100 µm, illustration traced from light microscope image; E. pinular hexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM; F. discohexactin, scale bar 10 µm, SEM." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267376/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Ray length: 55–(63)–79 µm, total diameter 116–(135)–169 µm, centrum diameter 5.0–(8.3)–11.2 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3666558F734FFDBFF74FE1D095A9945" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336D3F734FFDBFF74FE1D0DE598D4" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFF74FE1D0D589BC8" bold="true" box="[199,321,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFEF4FE1D0DC29BC8" box="[327,475,439,464]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFEF4FE1D0DC29BC8" box="[327,475,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Caulophacus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is defined as a stalked fungus or cup–like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFC00FE1D082D9BC8" box="[947,1076,439,464]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Rossellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with pinular hexactine dermalia and atrialia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B22F734FFDBFE94FE760DE89BEC" author="Tabachnick" box="[295,497,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" refString="Tabachnick, K. R. (2002) Family Rossellidae Schulze, 1885. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1441 - 1505. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 148" type="book chapter" year="2002">Tabachnick 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The four sub-genera which are included in the genus are defined by the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C78871F734FFDBFAF8FE7709629BED" box="[1355,1403,477,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of microscleres present:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFE13FE550F999800" authority="Ijima, 1927" authorityName="Ijima" authorityYear="1927" box="[416,896,511,536]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Caulodiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFE13FE550EFA9800" box="[416,739,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Caulophacus (Caulodiscus)</emphasis>
|
||
Ijima, 1927
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has microscleres with various terminations (discoidal, onychoidal, oxyoidal);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFDADFD8E08139825" authority="Schulze, 1885" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1885" box="[542,1034,548,573]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Caulophacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFDADFD8E0F789825" box="[542,865,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Caulophacus (Caulophacus)</emphasis>
|
||
Schulze, 1885
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has mainly discoidal microscleres;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFF24FDED0F699878" authority="Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal, 2004" authorityName="Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,880,583,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Oxydiscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFF24FDED0DA09878" box="[151,441,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Caulophacus (Oxydiscus)</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B22F734FFDBFE71FDE20F699878" author="Janussen" box="[450,880,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" refString="Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Tendal, O. S. (2004) Deep - sea Hexactinellida (Porifera) of the Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51, 1857 - 1882. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2004.07.018" type="journal article" year="2004">Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has numerous oxyhexasters, discohexasters may also be present and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFECDFDC60FBC989D" authority="Lendenfeld, 1915" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1915" box="[382,933,620,645]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Caulophacella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFECDFDC60ECA989D" box="[382,723,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Caulophacus (Caulophacella)</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B22F734FFDBFD6EFDC60FBC989D" author="Lendenfeld" box="[733,933,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" refString="Lendenfeld, R. Von (1915) The Sponges. 3. Hexactinellida Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer ' Albatross', from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., Commanding, and of other expeditions of the ' Albatross', 1891 - 1899 (29). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 42, 1 - 396." type="journal article" year="1915">Lendenfeld, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has microscleres with exclusively oxyoidal endings. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B22F734FFDBFEB7FD3A0DF498B0" author="Janussen" box="[260,493,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" refString="Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R. & Tendal, O. S. (2004) Deep - sea Hexactinellida (Porifera) of the Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51, 1857 - 1882. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2004.07.018" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Janussen
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFEC3FD3B0DB098B0" box="[368,425,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This specimen possesses only discoidal microscleres and consequently is assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFF07FD1E0DEC98D5" box="[180,501,692,717]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFF07FD1E0DEC98D5" box="[180,501,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Caulophacus (Caulophacus)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336D3F734FFDBFF74FD7D095A9945" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">
|
||
There are 20 currently valid species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFD36FD7D0FDE98E8" box="[645,967,727,752]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFD36FD7D0FDE98E8" box="[645,967,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">Caulophacus (Caulophacus)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of which ten species have been recorded from the Southern Ocean and surrounding areas (Table 4). The majority of these possess discohexaster as well as discohexactin microscleres; the only species which do not are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFCD7FC8A088D9920" authority="Levi 1964" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" box="[868,1172,799,824]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="basispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFCD7FC8A080F9920" box="[868,1046,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">C. basispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B22F734FFDBFBACFCB5088D9920" author="Levi" box="[1055,1172,799,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" refString="Levi, C. 1964. Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep - Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 7, 63 - 112." type="journal article" year="1964">Levi 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D50F734FFDBFB7DFC8A0CCB9945" authority="Levi 1964" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1964" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Caulophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="galatheae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAC1F734FFDBFB7DFC8A09469920" box="[1230,1375,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="216">C. galatheae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFED4B22F734FFDBFADAFCB50CCB9945" author="Levi" pageId="9" pageNumber="216" refString="Levi, C. 1964. Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep - Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 7, 63 - 112." type="journal article" year="1964">Levi 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, both of these species have oxy-tipped microscleres which are not present in our specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |