treatments-xml/data/03/CA/12/03CA1219FFE39E69FEB1FE6DF1E719C9.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5733/afin.051.0102" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911071" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1683578878403" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Wesener, Thomas, Bespalova, Ioulia &amp; Sierwald, Petra" docDate="2010" docId="03CA1219FFE39E69FEB1FE6DF1E719C9" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.51.1.133-161.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 51 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.051.0102" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB.3:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="0201127D758FBEB889983D376DC13FCB" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Zoosphaerium darthvaderi Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald 2010, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="152" masterDocId="FFF36A61FFF39E7DFFFEFFDBF0581B4A" masterDocTitle="Madagascar’s living giants: discovery of five new species of endemic giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthrosphaeridae: Zoosphaerium)" masterLastPageNumber="133" masterPageNumber="133" pageNumber="148" updateTime="1683603558326" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>Madagascar’s living giants: discovery of five new species of endemic giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthrosphaeridae: Zoosphaerium)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wesener, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Bespalova, Ioulia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Sierwald, Petra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2010-05-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number>51</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" box="[335,988,438,463]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<heading box="[335,988,438,463]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" reason="2">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="5D7GT" authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[335,916,438,463]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darthvaderi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[335,659,438,463]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Zoosphaerium darthvaderi</emphasis>
Wesener &amp; Bespalova
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[928,988,438,463]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" box="[568,754,478,503]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<figureCitation box="[568,695,478,503]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionStartId-1="18.[182,216,1543,1563]" captionStartId-2="19.[144,177,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox-0="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetBox-1="[184,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetBox-2="[154,1099,1120,1605]" captionTargetId-0="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetId-1="figure-76@18.[179,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetId-2="figure-340@19.[154,1099,1120,1605]" captionTargetPageId-0="17" captionTargetPageId-1="18" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionText-0="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 12. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A–C) left anterior telopod: (A) anterior view, (B) lateral view, (C) posterior view; (D–F) posterior telopods: (D) anterior view, (E) posterior view, (F) right chela, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere. Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 13. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) apical view on disc." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911099" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911101" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7911099/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7911101/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[706,754,478,503]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[182,215,1061,1081]" captionTargetBox="[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetId="figure-244@24.[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 17. Endoterga of tergites 10, arrows point to cuticular impressions: (A) holotype of Zoosphaerium muscorum sp. n., (B) holotype of Z. bambusoides sp. n., (C) holotype of Z. tigrioculatum sp. n., (D) holotype of Z. darthvaderi sp. n., (E) holotype of Z. heleios sp. n.Abbreviations: ci – cuticular impressions, IA – inner area with spines and long setae, mr – marginal ridge, mb – marginal bristles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911109/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">17D</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
Etymology: From the “Star Wars” character Darth Vader, whose helmet strongly resembles the anal shield of this species (
<figureCitation box="[643,746,549,574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
Differential diagnosis: Differs (at least in the male) from all other Malagasy 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Sphaerotheriida</taxonomicName>
in the presence of a strongly bell-shaped anal shield (
<figureCitation box="[817,956,619,644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Figs 11A, D</figureCitation>
). Male gonopore large, strongly sclerotised and protruding from the coxa (
<figureCitation box="[819,916,651,676]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
), a unique character within the 
<taxonomicName box="[300,481,683,708]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Sphaerotheriida</taxonomicName>
. The posterior telopods of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[777,938,684,709]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darthvaderi">
<emphasis box="[777,938,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Z. darthvaderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble those of members of the 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="De Saussure &amp; Zehntner" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[363,560,716,741]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coquerelianum">
<emphasis box="[363,560,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Z. coquerelianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group (
<bibRefCitation author="WESENER, T." box="[738,903,715,740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref12130" refString="WESENER, T. 2009. Unexplored richness: discovery of 31 new species of giant pill-millipedes endemic to Madagascar, with a special emphasis on microendemism (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida). Zootaxa 2097: 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="2009">Wesener 2009</bibRefCitation>
), but the fixed finger, as well as the inner lobes, are more slender than in any other member of the group (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[182,216,1543,1563]" captionTargetBox="[184,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-76@18.[179,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 12. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A–C) left anterior telopod: (A) anterior view, (B) lateral view, (C) posterior view; (D–F) posterior telopods: (D) anterior view, (E) posterior view, (F) right chela, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere. Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911099/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Figs 12D–F</figureCitation>
). The anterior telopods are elongated (
<figureCitation box="[671,808,779,804]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[182,216,1543,1563]" captionTargetBox="[184,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-76@18.[179,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 12. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A–C) left anterior telopod: (A) anterior view, (B) lateral view, (C) posterior view; (D–F) posterior telopods: (D) anterior view, (E) posterior view, (F) right chela, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere. Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911099/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Figs 12A–C</figureCitation>
), resembling those of members of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[253,383,812,837]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neptunus">
<emphasis box="[253,383,812,837]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Z. neptunus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group (
<bibRefCitation author="WESENER, T. &amp; WAGELE, J. - W." box="[560,846,811,836]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" pagination="5 - 85" refId="ref12335" refString="WESENER, T. &amp; WAGELE, J. - W. 2008. The giant pill-millipedes of Madagascar: revision of the genus Zoosphaerium (Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida). Zoosystema 30 (1): 5 - 85." type="journal article" year="2008">Wesener &amp; Wägele 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The male stridulation rib is strongly reduced, almost invisible (
<figureCitation box="[602,706,843,868]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[182,216,1543,1563]" captionTargetBox="[184,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-76@18.[179,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 12. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A–C) left anterior telopod: (A) anterior view, (B) lateral view, (C) posterior view; (D–F) posterior telopods: (D) anterior view, (E) posterior view, (F) right chela, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere. Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911099/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" box="[181,321,882,907]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Description:</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" box="[181,246,921,946]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,239,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Male</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,318,960,985]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Body length</emphasis>
: 
<typeStatus box="[335,444,959,984]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Holotype</typeStatus>
: length 
<quantity box="[536,640,959,984]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="20.8">20.8 mm</quantity>
, width of thoracic shield 
<quantity box="[935,1025,959,984]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity>
, height of thoracic shield 
<quantity box="[353,442,991,1016]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,270,1030,1055]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Habitus</emphasis>
: Small, mostly glabrous pill-millipede. Tergites on posterior margin with conspicuous rows of longer hair (
<figureCitation box="[516,619,1062,1087]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,315,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Colouration</emphasis>
: Some discolouration may have occurred because of preservation in alcohol. Tergites are green-brown with an ochre rim at posterior edge of tergite.Anal shield one solid colour, browner than tergites. Legs and antennae jade-green, legs with yellow tips. Head and collum are dark leafy green.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,242,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Head</emphasis>
: Eyes with 65–70 ocelli (
<figureCitation box="[546,653,1236,1261]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
). Antennae long and thin, with cylindrical joints (
<figureCitation box="[259,363,1268,1293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[144,177,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[154,1099,1120,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-340@19.[154,1099,1120,1605]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 13. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) apical view on disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911101/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
). Length of antennomeres: 1&gt;2&gt;3=4&gt;5&lt;6. First antennomere without groove or sensilla basiconica. Sclerotised teeth present on antennomeres 1–3. Apical disc bearing around 20 sensory cones (
<figureCitation box="[629,734,1332,1357]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[144,177,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[154,1099,1120,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-340@19.[154,1099,1120,1605]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 13. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) apical view on disc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911101/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
). Mouthparts not dissected. Collum with just a few hairs around perimeter, median part glabrous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" box="[181,602,1402,1427]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,357,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Thoracic shield</emphasis>
: Surface like tergites.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,269,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Tergites</emphasis>
: Surface of tergites covered with numerous minute pits. Paratergites not projecting posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,318,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Endotergum</emphasis>
: Single, sparse row of marginal bristles reaching edge, or a little past edge, of margin. Cuticular impressions absent. Internal section with short triangular spines and few isolated long bristles (
<figureCitation box="[525,629,1576,1601]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[182,215,1061,1081]" captionTargetBox="[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetId="figure-244@24.[188,1134,203,1038]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 17. Endoterga of tergites 10, arrows point to cuticular impressions: (A) holotype of Zoosphaerium muscorum sp. n., (B) holotype of Z. bambusoides sp. n., (C) holotype of Z. tigrioculatum sp. n., (D) holotype of Z. darthvaderi sp. n., (E) holotype of Z. heleios sp. n.Abbreviations: ci – cuticular impressions, IA – inner area with spines and long setae, mr – marginal ridge, mb – marginal bristles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911109/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[181,1143,438,1671]" lastBlockId="19.[144,1105,206,1079]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis box="[181,310,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Anal shield</emphasis>
: Pronounced bell shape (
<figureCitation box="[602,744,1614,1639]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="148">Figs 11D, E</figureCitation>
); top of bell featuring a prominent hump densely covered in very short hairs. Underside with 2 black locking carinae, posterior one twice as long as anterior one, latter slightly curving posteriorly towards margin of anal shield. Carinae separated by a space about as long as 0.5 length of anterior carina.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="149" startId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" targetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="17.[144,1105,1527,1667]" pageId="17" pageNumber="149">
Fig. 11. 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[216,459,1527,1547]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="17" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darthvaderi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[216,459,1527,1547]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="149">Zoosphaerium darthvaderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[463,512,1527,1547]" pageId="17" pageNumber="149" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9 
<superScript attach="left" box="[730,740,1549,1561]" fontSize="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="149">th</superScript>
left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911099/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="150" startId="18.[182,216,1543,1563]" targetBox="[184,1139,209,1519]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="18.[182,1143,1543,1659]" pageId="18" pageNumber="150">
Fig. 12. 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[260,509,1543,1563]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="18" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darthvaderi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[260,509,1543,1563]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="150">Zoosphaerium darthvaderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[516,568,1543,1563]" pageId="18" pageNumber="150" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype: (A–C) left anterior telopod: (A) anterior view, (B) lateral view, (C) posterior view; (D–F) posterior telopods: (D) anterior view, (E) posterior view, (F) right chela, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere. Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="19.[144,1105,206,1079]" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis box="[144,197,310,335]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Legs</emphasis>
: Tarsi 1 with 4, 2 with 6, 3 with 
<emphasis box="[546,572,310,335]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">ca</emphasis>
7 ventral spines. First 2 leg pairs without an apical spine. Tarsi of legs 3–21 with an apical spine and 8–10 ventral spines. In leg 10, femur 1.87×, tarsi 3.87× longer than wide (
<figureCitation box="[626,727,374,399]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[144,1105,206,1079]" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis box="[144,322,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Stigmatic plates</emphasis>
: First plate with triangular lobe. Lobe short and stout, and slightly curving towards coxa (
<figureCitation box="[364,466,446,471]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[144,1105,206,1079]" box="[144,360,486,511]" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis box="[144,235,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Female.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[144,1105,206,1079]" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis box="[144,409,526,551]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Male sexual characters</emphasis>
: Gonopore unusual, covered by an extremely large plate of 3 sclerotised sections with membranous parts between them (
<figureCitation box="[831,932,558,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). Two sections large and equal in size, located next to each other (one mesally, one laterally) and together covering width of gonopore.Above them, a small apical sclerotised section covered by a large membranous region gives gonopore a flat top. Gonopore plate protruding prominently above coxa (
<figureCitation box="[426,523,686,711]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). Anal shield featuring a prominent hump covered in a carpet of very short hairs (
<figureCitation box="[458,561,718,743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[144,177,1527,1547]" captionTargetBox="[148,1099,205,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-115@17.[148,1099,205,1507]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 11. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) coxa and prefemur of first left leg with first stigmatic plate, posterior view; (C) 9th left leg, posterior view; (D) anal shield, lateral view; (E) anal shield, dorsal view; (F) male second right coxa and prefemur with strongly sclerotised gonopore, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of tergite.Abbreviations: c – collum (tergite 1), h – head, AS – anal shield, Cx – coxa, Go – gonopore, Pre – prefemur, St – stigmatic plate, th-s – thoracic shield (tergite 2). Scale bars: (A) = 10 mm, (B–F) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911097/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[144,1105,206,1079]" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis box="[144,340,758,783]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Anterior telopods</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[353,497,758,783]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[182,216,1543,1563]" captionTargetBox="[184,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-76@18.[179,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 12. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A–C) left anterior telopod: (A) anterior view, (B) lateral view, (C) posterior view; (D–F) posterior telopods: (D) anterior view, (E) posterior view, (F) right chela, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere. Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911099/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Figs 12A–C</figureCitation>
): Harp secondarily (?) reduced, with one barely visible stridulation rib. Second podomere process short, portion facing third podomere mostly covered with a mound of sclerotised spots. Below, spots at base of projection with a sclerotised spine. Third podomere possessing cavity which faces second podomere. Cavity basally deep, apically containing a large mound of sclerotised spots, laterally of cavity one small sclerotised spine. No sclerotised, crenulated teeth anywhere on anterior telopods, nor brown sclerotised spot.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[144,1105,206,1079]" lastBlockId="20.[181,1143,206,643]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis box="[144,347,990,1015]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Posterior telopods</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[360,497,990,1015]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[182,216,1543,1563]" captionTargetBox="[184,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetId="figure-76@18.[179,1139,209,1519]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 12. Zoosphaerium darthvaderi sp. n., holotype: (A–C) left anterior telopod: (A) anterior view, (B) lateral view, (C) posterior view; (D–F) posterior telopods: (D) anterior view, (E) posterior view, (F) right chela, posterior view. Roman numerals refer to number of podomere. Abbreviations: cr-t – crenulated, sclerotised teeth, IH – inner horns, IL – inner lobes, s-ps – sclerotised spots, SR – stridulation rib. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911099/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Figs 12D–F</figureCitation>
): Movable finger thick (2.0× longer than wide), apically weakly curved and barely tapering. Shallow meso-apical cavity with 4 sclerotised spines, 2 positioned apically, 2 (1 short one positioned below 1 long one) in middle of cavity. On apical posterior margin are 5 or 6 large, sclerotised, crenulated teeth, 1 isolated and located much more basally than others. Fixed finger almost as long as movable finger, curved, very slender (9.2× longer than wide, when length measured from base of projecting second podomere to tip). Sharp lobe and long sclerotised spine located laterally at base of fixed finger. Tip of fixed finger latero-apically covered with a mound of sclerotised spots. Chelae almost completely glabrous, except for a few isolated setae on lateral area of posterior side of second podomere. Inner lobes of syncoxite very slender. Tips of inner horns curving inward.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911101" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7911101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911101/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="151" startId="19.[144,177,1625,1645]" targetBox="[154,1099,1120,1605]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="19.[144,1104,1625,1669]" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">
Fig. 13. 
<taxonomicName authority="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald, 2010" authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[218,461,1625,1645]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="19" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darthvaderi" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[218,461,1625,1645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="151">Zoosphaerium darthvaderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[465,515,1625,1645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="151" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, left antenna, SEM: (A) lateral view, (B) apical view on disc.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1143,206,643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1997-12-07" collectingDateMax="1997-12-12" collectingDateMin="1997-12-07" collectorName="R. S d'Ambohitantely &amp; S. M. Goodman" country="Madagascar" elevation="1450" latitude="-18.168333" location="Ankazobe" longLatPrecision="127" longitude="47.27667" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" specimenCode="FMNH-INS 7884" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Antananarivo" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus box="[181,269,470,490]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Holotype</typeStatus>
: ơ (
<specimenCode box="[303,468,470,490]" collectionCode="FMNH-INS" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">FMNH-INS 7884</specimenCode>
). 
<collectingCountry box="[483,648,470,490]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis box="[656,835,470,490]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<collectingRegion box="[656,835,470,490]" country="Madagascar" name="Antananarivo" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Antananarivo Prov.</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectorName box="[845,1040,470,490]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">R.S d’Ambohitantely</collectorName>
, 
<quantity box="[1049,1106,470,490]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
NE 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA1219FFE39E69FEB1FE6DF1E719C9:8EBCF5D4FFE79E69FF4BFE35F14B1948" box="[181,275,494,514]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-18.168333" longLatPrecision="127" longitude="47.27667" name="Ankazobe" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" stateProvince="Antananarivo">Ankazobe</location>
, disturbed transitional mossy forest, 
<quantity box="[608,679,494,514]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" unit="m" value="1450.0">
<elevation box="[608,679,494,514]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" unit="m" value="1450.0">1450 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[687,775,491,514]" degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="10.1" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" precision="92" value="-18.168333">18°10.1'S</geoCoordinate>
: 
<geoCoordinate box="[779,873,491,514]" degrees="47" direction="east" minutes="16.6" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" precision="92" value="47.27667">47°16.6'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectorName box="[882,1024,494,514]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">S.M. Goodman</collectorName>
, 
<collectingMethod box="[1032,1138,494,514]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">pitfall traps</collectingMethod>
, 
<date box="[181,310,518,538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" value="1997-12-07" valueMax="1997-12-12" valueMin="1997-12-07">
<collectingDate box="[181,310,518,538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" value="1997-12-07" valueMax="1997-12-12" valueMin="1997-12-07">7–12.xii.1997</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1143,206,643]" box="[181,906,550,571]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
<materialsCitation box="[181,902,550,571]" collectingDate="1997-12-07" collectingDateMax="1997-12-12" collectingDateMin="1997-12-07" collectorName="R. S d'Ambohitantely &amp; S. M. Goodman" country="Madagascar" elevation="1450" latitude="-18.168333" location="Ankazobe" longLatPrecision="127" longitude="47.27667" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" specimenCode="FMNH-INS 7884, 8185, 8187" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Antananarivo" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus box="[181,273,551,571]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: immature 3ơ (
<specimenCode box="[411,576,551,571]" collectionCode="FMNH-INS" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">FMNH-INS 7884</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[584,631,551,571]" collectionCode="FMNH-INS" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">8185</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[641,688,551,571]" collectionCode="FMNH-INS" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">8187</specimenCode>
) same data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[181,1143,206,643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">
Distribution &amp; Ecology: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesener &amp; Bespalova &amp; Sierwald" authorityYear="2010" box="[459,620,586,611]" class="Diplopoda" family="Arthrosphaeridae" genus="Zoosphaerium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sphaerotheriida" pageId="20" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="darthvaderi">
<emphasis box="[459,620,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Z. darthvaderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently only known from mossy forests of Ambohitantely (
<figureCitation box="[365,434,618,643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[374,407,1647,1667]" captionTargetBox="[298,946,604,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[298,947,604,1627]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Distribution map of new Zoosphaerium species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7911075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7911075/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="152">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>