treatments-xml/data/03/C3/87/03C387F0AB1EFFDAFF6AFF720C1AFB3A.xml

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<mods:title id="C5FF0ECB13BEA75214EFA5E2F4F4E61D">Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition — Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="340218541287665AA9C7E70729840A34">Göcke, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D022D2A47810983975CDEB125ED074B3">Janussen, Dorte</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF6AFF720A94FF4E" blockId="8.[151,726,151,210]" box="[151,726,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<heading id="D09D818AAB1EFFDBFF6AFF720A94FF4E" bold="true" box="[151,726,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1EFFDBFF6AFF720A94FF4E" ID-CoL="4TFDR" authority="Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910" authorityName="Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,726,151,177]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fibulata">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1EFFDBFF6AFF720A94FF4E" bold="true" box="[151,726,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Rossella fibulata Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF6AFF5F093DFF2D" blockId="8.[151,726,151,210]" box="[151,383,186,210]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
(
<figureCitation id="13512A63AB1EFFDBFF62FF5F08AEFF2D" box="[159,236,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1507,1530]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,481,1486]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1443,481,1486]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus-pictures of Rossella spp. A – B, Rossella antarctica, A lateral view (SMF 11913) with spicular fringe visible at the top, B, section (SMF 11921). C, Rossella fibulata, SMF 11906. D, Rossella levis (SMF 11728) photographed ex situ on board RV Polarstern. E, Rossella nuda (SMF 11715) photographed ex situ on board RV Polarstern. F, Rossella racovitzae (SMF 11871) with specimen of Tetilla leptoderma attached, photographed ex situ on board RV Polarstern. G, Rossella vanhoeffeni armata (ZMH S 2932)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224085/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
C, 4, 
<tableCitation id="C6E8035DAB1EFFDBFECDFF5F0934FF2D" box="[304,374,186,210]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,916,940]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,1032,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule sizes of Rossella fibulata Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910. Values in μm are given as follows: minimum - mean - maximum (number of spicules measured). For comparison, values from Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick (1910 b) and Barthel &amp; Tendal (1994) are given." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF15666EAB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" tableUuid="DF15666EAB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF6AFF18094EFEED" blockId="8.[151,1420,253,336]" box="[151,268,253,274]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Synonymy:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF6AFEFE0948FEAF" blockId="8.[151,1420,253,336]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1EFFDBFF6AFEFE0AE6FECE" authority="Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick 1910a: 298" authorityName="Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick" authorityPageNumber="298" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,676,283,305]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fibulata">Rossella fibulata Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick 1910a: 298</taxonomicName>
–299; 1910b: 27–29, pl. 7, figs. 2– 
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD6FAB1EFFDBFBFEFEF90C60FECE" box="[1027,1058,284,305]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" type="generic">2n.</specimenCount>
Barthel &amp; Tendal 1994: 97–98, fig. 38, pl. 6–8.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C370656DAB1EFFDBFF6AFE980B65FE46" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF6AFE980B65FE46" blockId="8.[151,1436,381,873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1EFFDBFF6AFE9809C3FE69" bold="true" box="[151,385,381,406]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Material examined.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD6FAB1EFFDBFE74FE980A51FE6A" box="[393,531,381,405]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
from station 48-1 (SMF 11732, 11905–11907). Other Material examined: ZMH S2931 (original material of Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick 1910a).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C370656DAB1EFFDAFF3AFE20099EFD32" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF3AFE200D17FC96" blockId="8.[151,1436,381,873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1EFFDBFF3AFE20091BFE21" bold="true" box="[199,345,453,478]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Description.</emphasis>
Only two of the specimens from SYSTCO I are essentially complete. These are rather small, juvenile ones, which show a habitus somewhat different from that usually described in the literature (see remarks). One specimen (SMF 11906, 
<figureCitation id="13512A63AB1EFFDBFE18FDE80A6BFDDA" box="[485,553,525,549]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1507,1530]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,481,1486]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1443,481,1486]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Habitus-pictures of Rossella spp. A – B, Rossella antarctica, A lateral view (SMF 11913) with spicular fringe visible at the top, B, section (SMF 11921). C, Rossella fibulata, SMF 11906. D, Rossella levis (SMF 11728) photographed ex situ on board RV Polarstern. E, Rossella nuda (SMF 11715) photographed ex situ on board RV Polarstern. F, Rossella racovitzae (SMF 11871) with specimen of Tetilla leptoderma attached, photographed ex situ on board RV Polarstern. G, Rossella vanhoeffeni armata (ZMH S 2932)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224085/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C), 
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high and 
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wide, is distinctly barrel-shaped. It has a narrow osculum at the top and a short spicule tuft of anchoring pentactins at the bottom. The surface of the sponge shows a rather rough tissue with some small conules, regularly distributed over the surface. These conules bear thin spicule tufts of mostly one to five spicules. Protruding pentactins are present, mostly within the spicule tufts, forming a somewhat veil-like structure in the upper part of the body. Another bigger specimen (SMF 11732), 
<quantity id="4C929B03AB1EFFDBFB14FD780D5DFD4A" box="[1257,1311,669,693]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
high and 
<quantity id="4C929B03AB1EFFDBFA73FD7808FBFD26" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
in width, shows a more conus-like growth-form with a wide osculum. It is not entirely complete, parts from the regions near the osculum and near the bottom are missing. The wall of the sponge is rather thin, 
<quantity id="4C929B03AB1EFFDBFADDFD000D39FD02" box="[1312,1403,741,765]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
in maximum diameter, as the tissue is collapsed. The surface is smooth, with regularly distributed small, pointed conules. The conules partly bear thin spicule tufts of mainly one to five diactins. Free pentactins are not visible. An anchoring basal spicule tuft has not been preserved. Both specimens are of a light brownish color in alcohol.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF15666EAB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13" ID-Table-UUID="DF15666EAB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF15666EAB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" targetBox="[159,1427,1032,1869]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13" blockId="8.[151,1436,915,1004]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1EFFDBFF6AFC71094AFC53" bold="true" box="[151,264,916,940]" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Spicule sizes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1EFFDBFE42FC700BF0FC53" authority="Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910" authorityName="Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1910" box="[447,946,917,940]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fibulata">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1EFFDBFE42FC700A31FC53" box="[447,627,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Rossella fibulata</emphasis>
Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910
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. Values in μm are given as follows: minimum - mean - maximum (number of spicules measured). For comparison, values from Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick (1910b) and Barthel &amp; Tendal (1994) are given.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDBFF62FBEC0B5EF8B2" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<table id="F96AC446AB1E002CFF62FBED0DD1F8B2" box="[159,1427,1032,1869]" gridcols="4" gridrows="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62FBED0DD1FBC2" box="[159,1427,1032,1085]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62FBED09D2FBC2" box="[159,400,1032,1085]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">parameter</th>
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFE17FBED0A87FBC2" box="[490,709,1032,1085]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">SMF 11906</th>
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EFBED0B81FBC2" box="[755,963,1032,1085]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">SMF 11732</th>
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10FBED0DD1FBC2" box="[1005,1427,1032,1085]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick Barthel &amp; Tendal (1910b) (1994)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62FBB50DD1FB99" box="[159,1427,1104,1126]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62FBB509D2FB99" box="[159,400,1104,1126]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">rough Pentactin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62FB9C0DD1FB1D" box="[159,1427,1145,1250]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62FB9C09D2FB1D" box="[159,400,1145,1250]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">tangential ray (L) proximal ray (L) rough Hexactin (D)</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFE17FB9C0A87FB1D" box="[490,709,1145,1250]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">70–104.3–150 (30) 80–87.5–100 (6) 105–172.1–330 (33)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EFB9C0B81FB1D" box="[755,963,1145,1250]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">80–112.5–180 (30) 70 (1) 150–195.2–250 (33)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10FB9C0DD1FB1D" box="[1005,1427,1145,1250]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">146 115</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62FB100DD1FACA" box="[159,1427,1269,1333]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62FB1009D2FACA" box="[159,400,1269,1333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Stauractin ray (L) Oxyhexactin (D)</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFE17FB100A87FACA" box="[490,709,1269,1333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">90–134.2–240 (30)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EFB100B81FACA" box="[755,963,1269,1333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">90–144–220 (35)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10FB100DD1FACA" box="[1005,1427,1269,1333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">100–120</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62FAAD0DD1FAA1" box="[159,1427,1352,1374]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62FAAD09D2FAA1" box="[159,400,1352,1374]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Oxyhexaster (D)</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFE17FAAD0A87FAA1" box="[490,709,1352,1374]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">75–100.3–120 (30)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EFAAD0B81FAA1" box="[755,963,1352,1374]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">70–93.5–125 (33)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10FAAD0DD1FAA1" box="[1005,1427,1352,1374]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">80</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62FA940DD1FA25" box="[159,1427,1393,1498]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62FA9409D2FA25" box="[159,400,1393,1498]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Heterodiactin (L) Discohexactin (D) Microdiscohexaster (D)</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFE17FA940A87FA25" box="[490,709,1393,1498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">220–649.3–1150 (30) 25–33.2–42.5 (31)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EFA940B81FA25" box="[755,963,1393,1498]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">150–517.1–960 (34) 25–31–37.5 (30)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10FA940DD1FA25" box="[1005,1427,1393,1498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">160–600 &lt;=600 40</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62FA080DD1F9D3" box="[159,1427,1517,1580]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62FA0809D2F9D3" box="[159,400,1517,1580]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Mesodiscohexaster (D) Calycocome</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFE17FA080A87F9D3" box="[490,709,1517,1580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">52.5 (1)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EFA080B81F9D3" box="[755,963,1517,1580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">42.5 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62F9A50DD1F9A9" box="[159,1427,1600,1622]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62F9A509D2F9A9" box="[159,400,1600,1622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">(D)</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10F9A50DD1F9A9" box="[1005,1427,1600,1622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">164 164–350</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62F98C0DD1F92D" box="[159,1427,1641,1746]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62F98C09D2F92D" box="[159,400,1641,1746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">complete ray (L) primary ray (L) middle piece (L)</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EF98C0B81F92D" box="[755,963,1641,1746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">180 (1) 15 (1) 22.5 (1)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10F98C0DD1F92D" box="[1005,1427,1641,1746]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">16.5 16 10 10–25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62F9000DD1F8DA" box="[159,1427,1765,1829]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62F90009D2F8DA" box="[159,400,1765,1829]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">secondary ray (L) number of sec. rays</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EF9000B81F8DA" box="[755,963,1765,1829]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">142.5 (1) 4 (1)</td>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFC10F9000DD1F8DA" box="[1005,1427,1765,1829]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">4–7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355A34A4AB1E002CFF62F8DD0DD1F8B2" box="[159,1427,1848,1869]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFF62F8DD09D2F8B2" box="[159,400,1848,1869]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Curvature</th>
<td id="768B5DD8AB1E002CFD0EF8DD0B81F8B2" box="[755,963,1848,1869]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">S: 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1EFFDAFF3AF877099EFD32" blockId="8.[151,1436,1938,2035]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,1221]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">
The most characteristic spicule of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1EFFDBFDAEF8710A89F854" box="[595,715,1939,1963]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="110" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fibulata">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1EFFDBFDAEF8710A89F854" box="[595,715,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">R. fibulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the heterodiactin (
<figureCitation id="13512A63AB1EFFDBFC3DF8770C47F855" box="[960,1029,1938,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,373,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[159,1444,373,1702]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spicules of Rossella fibulata Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910: A – E SMF 11906, F – I ZMH S 2931. A, mesodiscohexaster with microdiscohexasters, B, microdiscohexaster, C, heterodiactin, D – E, close-ups of heterodiactin centres, F – G, heterodiactins, scale bars 100 µm, H – I: calycocome fragments." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224087/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="110">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C–G). It originates from a reduced oxyhexaster or oxyhexactin (see remarks). Because of this origin, the heterodiactins, in contrast to the regular diactins, which are also present, have no continuous inner central canal. A cavity might occur in the very centre of the spicule, but is usually not visible under a normal light microscope. The centre of the heterodiactin is thickened, protruding lateral spines, which are relics of reduced lateral rays and therefore point towards the origin of the spicules, occur regularly. The heterodiactins show a wide range in length, small specimens are 150 µm long, while the largest representatives are more than 1100 µm long. Some rare specimens also show a somewhat irregular shape, they are curved or kinked. The largest Oxyhexactins measure up to 240 µm; the smallest ones are 90 µm in diameter. Some specimens show elongation of two opposed rays. Oxyhexasters are significantly rarer than oxyhexactins, they are 100 µm in diameter. Calycocomes occurred extremely rarely in our sponges, only one isolated broken-off complete ray was found. It is 180 µm long with 4 straight secondary rays of 140 µm. In one specimen from the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg (S2931, originating from the “Deutsche Südpolarexpedition”), a larger number of calycocomes is present (
<figureCitation id="13512A63AB1FFFDAFD73FE390A90FE0B" box="[654,722,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,373,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[159,1444,373,1702]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spicules of Rossella fibulata Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910: A – E SMF 11906, F – I ZMH S 2931. A, mesodiscohexaster with microdiscohexasters, B, microdiscohexaster, C, heterodiactin, D – E, close-ups of heterodiactin centres, F – G, heterodiactins, scale bars 100 µm, H – I: calycocome fragments." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224087/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
H–I). They are 160 µm in diameter with rays 70 to 90 µm in length. Each ray bears 5–8 secondary rays, which are straight or very slightly curved. These calycocomes all show one very characteristic feature: their central canals widen up at the basis of the middle pieces (
<figureCitation id="13512A63AB1FFFDAFB4FFDC10CB6FDC3" box="[1202,1268,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1734,1757]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,373,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[159,1444,373,1702]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spicules of Rossella fibulata Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910: A – E SMF 11906, F – I ZMH S 2931. A, mesodiscohexaster with microdiscohexasters, B, microdiscohexaster, C, heterodiactin, D – E, close-ups of heterodiactin centres, F – G, heterodiactins, scale bars 100 µm, H – I: calycocome fragments." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224087/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">
Fig. 
<date id="FFD41026AB1FFFDAFB1BFDC10CB6FDC3" box="[1254,1268,548,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">4</date>
</figureCitation>
I, arrow). This contrasts with all other 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1FFFDAFE59FDAD0A41FD9F" box="[420,515,584,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1FFFDAFE59FDAD0A41FD9F" box="[420,515,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">Rossella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., where the central canal ends abruptly at the beginning of the middle piece. Mesodiscohexasters, between 42 and 52 µm in diameter, are rare. Much more abundant are microdiscohexasters, 33 µm in diameter. These have very slender secondary rays of two different length which originate in a basal plate at the end of the primary ray.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C370656DAB1FFFDAFF3AFD3D0C1AFB3A" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1FFFDAFF3AFD3D0D1EFC13" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1FFFDAFF3AFD3D0979FD0F" bold="true" box="[199,315,728,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">Remarks.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F37D7676AB1FFFDAFEBCFD3D0922FD0F" box="[321,352,728,752]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">As</collectingCountry>
a basis for their species 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1FFFDAFD8DFD3C0C40FD10" authority="Schulze and Kirkpatrick" authorityName="Schulze and Kirkpatrick" box="[624,1026,727,752]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fibulata">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1FFFDAFD8DFD3C0AA4FD0F" box="[624,742,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">R. fibulata</emphasis>
, Schulze and Kirkpatrick
</taxonomicName>
(1910a, b) had only small fragments and therefore were unable to described the form of the intact sponge. A precise description of complete specimens is given by Barthel and Tendal (1994). They report large sponges of up to 
<quantity id="4C929B03AB1FFFDAFC2DFCFA0C57FCC7" box="[976,1045,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" unit="cm" value="80.0">80 cm</quantity>
in height and an osculum diameter of up to 
<quantity id="4C929B03AB1FFFDAFF08FCA1097FFCA3" box="[245,317,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
, bearing strong conules of up to 
<quantity id="4C929B03AB1FFFDAFD56FCA10AA0FCA3" box="[683,738,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
in height. The species is reported to have very few protruding spicules, particularly the larger conules are free of these, those that are present are mostly concentrated in the lower region near the basal root. Our juvenile specimens show a significantly higher amount of protruding spicules, especially the smaller one (SMF 11906). This specimen shows such a regular pattern of protruding diactins, that it is reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1FFFDAFEA5FC3009E9FC13" box="[344,427,980,1004]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levis">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1FFFDAFEA5FC3009E9FC13" box="[344,427,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">R. levis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this is also the case for several juvenile 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1FFFDAFC8BFC300C48FC13" box="[886,1034,981,1004]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="racovitzae">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1FFFDAFC8BFC300C48FC13" box="[886,1034,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">R. racovitzae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below for 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D65AB1FFFDAFB45FC300D09FC13" box="[1208,1355,981,1004]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="racovitzae">
<emphasis id="B91EEAF4AB1FFFDAFB45FC300D09FC13" box="[1208,1355,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">R. racovitzae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1FFFDAFF3AFC120CFAFB83" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">The heterodiactin is supposed to originate from oxyhexasters that lost their lateral rays (Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick (1910b)) and grew very large. We in contrast believe that it originates from oxyhexactins by reduction of lateral rays. This hypothesis is justified by the fact that many oxyhexactins in this study show a very large growth, often with two opposed rays being significantly elongated, often even reminiscing of heterodiactins.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD536E6AB1FFFDAFF3AFB6D0C1AFB3A" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">
Size values given here for most spicule 
<typeStatus id="54D18844AB1FFFDAFD61FB6C0A95FB5E" box="[668,727,1161,1185]" pageId="9" pageNumber="111">types</typeStatus>
are quite similar to those already known (
<tableCitation id="C6E8035DAB1FFFDAFB37FB6D0D55FB5F" box="[1226,1303,1160,1184]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,916,940]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,1032,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Spicule sizes of Rossella fibulata Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick, 1910. Values in μm are given as follows: minimum - mean - maximum (number of spicules measured). For comparison, values from Schulze &amp; Kirkpatrick (1910 b) and Barthel &amp; Tendal (1994) are given." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF15666EAB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13" pageId="9" pageNumber="111" tableUuid="DF15666EAB1EFFDBFF6AFC710A4CFC13">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
). The most prominent exception is the oxyhexactin which was now shown to grow up to 240 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>