183 lines
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183 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4561781" ID-GBIF-Dataset="537947b6-ac91-43f9-9990-7c424660b3f1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162488067" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4561781" checkinTime="1584124410113" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Hilton, Eric J. & Lavoué, Sébastien" docDate="2018" docId="03C3878DFFF8B312FCBBFAB920074908" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.16.3.e180031.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7EA6CBAC9B92AC526D6A0354C904CC04.2:NeotropIchthyol.2014-2015.journal_article" docStyleId="7EA6CBAC9B92AC526D6A0354C904CC04" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2014-2015.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Gymnarchidae Bleeker 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFFAFFF5FFFEB31AFFE1FF8821214A21" masterDocTitle="A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei)" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1643466504853" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hilton, Eric J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lavoué, Sébastien</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-10-11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>35</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1590/1982-0224-20180031</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">537947b6-ac91-43f9-9990-7c424660b3f1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1982-0224</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3709903</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4561781" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162488067" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4561781" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C3878DFFF8B312FCBBFAB920074908" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3878DFFF8B312FCBBFAB920074908" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection box="[858,1033,1329,1353]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[820,1460,1329,1961]" box="[858,1033,1329,1353]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[858,1033,1329,1353]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading box="[858,1028,1329,1353]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[858,1028,1329,1353]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gymnarchidae</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[820,1460,1329,1961]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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A single species,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[1221,1453,1329,1353]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" genus="Gymnarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
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<emphasis box="[1221,1453,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gymnarchus niloticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is included in this family (
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<figureCitation box="[1111,1178,1361,1385]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,1638,1926]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[129,1452,1635,1928]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Gymnarchidae. Gymnarchus niloticus (VIMS 22064). Scale bar = 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3709917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3709917/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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), and is found distributed throughout tropical Africa from
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<collectingCountry box="[1173,1256,1393,1417]" name="Senegal" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[1297,1386,1393,1417]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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in the Ghazal and Jebel systems,
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<collectingRegion box="[1123,1247,1425,1449]" country="Sudan" name="An Nil al Abyad" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">White Nile</collectingRegion>
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, and Nile River to Lake Nasser (
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<collectingCountry box="[972,1041,1457,1481]" name="Sudan" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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) in northeast Africa, and in
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<collectingCountry name="Gambia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">the Gambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[864,950,1489,1513]" name="Senegal" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[960,1022,1489,1513]" name="Niger" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Niger</collectingCountry>
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, Volta, Ouémé and
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<collectingCountry box="[1223,1279,1489,1513]" name="Chad" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chad</collectingCountry>
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rivers of western Africa (
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<bibRefCitation accessDate="invalid" author="Azeroual" box="[901,1129,1521,1545]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Azeroual" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e. T 181688 A 7706153" refId="ref18936" refString="Azeroual A, Entsua-Mensah M, Getahun A, Laleye P, Moelants T, Vreven E. 2010. Gymnarchus niloticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [Internet]; 2010 [cited 2018 Feb 12]: e. T 181688 A 7706153. Available from: http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2010 - 3. RLTS. T 181688 A 7706153. en" title="Gymnarchus niloticus" type="url" volumeTitle="The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [Internet]" year="2010">
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Azeroual
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<emphasis box="[1006,1060,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). It has an elongate, cylindrical body with a broadly rounded head and a dorsal fin that runs most of the length of its body; anal, caudal, and pelvic fins are lacking. It reaches
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<quantity box="[1055,1127,1617,1641]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1.67">1.67 m</quantity>
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in length and
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<quantity box="[1275,1352,1617,1641]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.85" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="kg" value="18.5">18.5 kg</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Bigorne" firstAuthor="Bigorne" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="122 - 184" refId="ref19731" refString="Bigorne R. Mormyridae. In: Leveque C, Paugy D, Teugels GG, editors. Faune des poissons d'eaux saumatres d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, and Paris: ORSTOM; 1990. p. 122 - 184." type="book chapter" year="1990">Bigorne, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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). Its osteology has been described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Taverne" box="[1289,1455,1649,1673]" firstAuthor="Taverne" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 194" refId="ref27865" refString="Taverne L. Osteologie des genres Mormyrus Linne, Mormyrops Muller, Hyperopisus Gill, Myomyrus Boulenger, Stomatorhinus Boulenger et Gymnarchus Cuvier. Considerations generales sur la systematique des Poissons de l'ordre des Mormyriformes. Ann Musee Roy Afr Centr Sci Zool. 1972; 200: 1 - 194." type="journal article" year="1972">Taverne (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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, and aspects of its skeleton are illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Benveniste" firstAuthor="Benveniste" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19153" refString="Benveniste L. Phylogenetic systematic of Gymnarchus (Notopteroidei) with notes on Petrocephalus (Mormyridae) of the Osteoglossomorpha. [Masters Thesis]. New York City, NY: The City College of New York; 1994." type="book" year="1994">Benveniste (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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. Fossil remains identified as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[1205,1339,1713,1737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" genus="Gymnarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1205,1339,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gymnarchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are known from several localities throughout central and northern Africa (
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<emphasis box="[861,893,1778,1801]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e.g</emphasis>
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., Pliocene deposits of
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<collectingCountry box="[1141,1199,1777,1801]" name="Chad" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chad</collectingCountry>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Otero" box="[1213,1409,1777,1801]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otero" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="62 - 74" refId="ref26096" refString="Otero O, Pinton A, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Vignaud P, Brunet M. First description of a Pliocene ichthyofauna from Central Africa (site KL 2, Kolle area, Eastern Djurab, Chad): What do we learn?. J Afr Earth Sci [serial on the Internet]. 2009; 54 (3 - 4): 62 - 74. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jafrearsci. 2009.03.004" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Otero
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<emphasis box="[1282,1330,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
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., 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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), including the Late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation in
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<collectingCountry box="[1396,1459,1810,1834]" name="Egypt" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Murray" box="[827,1033,1841,1865]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murray" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="322 - 32" refId="ref25525" refString="Murray AM, You HL, Peng C. A New Cretaceous osteoglossomorph fish from Gansu Province, China. J Vertebr Paleontol [serial on the Internet]. 2010; 30 (2): 322 - 32. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724631003621961" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Murray
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<emphasis box="[913,965,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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), which is the oldest record of the family.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[820,1460,1329,1961]" lastBlockId="8.[136,775,176,809]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[858,1015,1873,1897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gymnarchidae</taxonomicName>
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is broadly considered to be the sister group of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[922,1055,1905,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Taverne" box="[1072,1230,1905,1929]" firstAuthor="Taverne" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref28048" refString="Taverne L. Osteologie, phylogenese et systematique des teleosteens fossiles et actuels du super ordre des Osteoglossomorphes. Troisieme partie. Evolution des structures osteologiques et conclusions generales relatives a la phylogenese et a la systematique du super ordre. Acad Roy Belg Mem Cl Sci. 1979; 43 (3): 1 - 168. (Collection 8, Serie 2)" type="journal article" year="1979">Taverne, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Taverne" box="[1243,1299,1905,1929]" firstAuthor="Taverne" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="67 - 158" refId="ref28114" refString="Taverne L. Les Osteoglossomorphes marins de. l'Eocene du Monte Bolca (Italie): Monopteros Volta 1796, Thrissopterus Heckel, 1856 et Foreyichthys Taverne, 1979. Considerations sur la phylogenie des Teleosteens osteoglossomorphes. Stud Ric Giacimenti Terziari Bolca. 1998; 7: 67 - 158." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Bonde" box="[1313,1455,1905,1929]" firstAuthor="Bonde" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="253 - 310" refId="ref19918" refString="Bonde N. Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark - with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography. In: Cavin L, Longbottom A, Richter M, editors. Fishes and the Break-up of Pangea. London: Geological Society; 2008. p. 253 - 310. (Special Publications; 295)." type="journal article" year="2008">Bonde, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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; classified as a subfamily of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[1120,1253,1937,1961]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
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in some classifications,
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<emphasis box="[202,234,177,200]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">e.g</emphasis>
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.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Greenwood" box="[255,450,176,201]" firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref22015" refString="Greenwood PH. Hyoid and ventral gill arch musculature in osteoglossomorph fishes. Bull Brit Mus (Nat Hist) Zool. 1971; 22 (1): 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1971">Greenwood, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lauder, Liem" box="[463,680,176,201]" firstAuthor="Lauder" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="95 - 197" refId="ref23618" refString="Lauder GV, Liem KF. The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1983; 150 (3): 95 - 197." type="journal article" year="1983">Lauder, Liem, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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), although in most analyses and classifications it is not explicitly coded for, being subsumed into the supraspecific terminal group Mormyroidea (
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<emphasis box="[419,450,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">e.g</emphasis>
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.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, Wilson" box="[475,677,272,296]" firstAuthor="Li" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="163 - 174" refId="ref24452" refString="Li G-Q, Wilson MVH. Phylogeny of Osteoglossomorpha. In: Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. Interrelationships of fishes. New York: Academic Press; 1996 a. p. 163 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1996" yearSuffix="a">Li, Wilson, 1996a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, Murray" firstAuthor="Wilson" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="185 - 219" refId="ref29139" refString="Wilson MVH, Murray AM. Osteoglossomorpha: phylogeny, biogeography, and fossil record and the significance of key African and Chinese fossil taxa. In: Cavin L, Longbottom A, Richter M, editors. Fishes and the Break-up of Pangea. London: Geological Society; 2008. p. 185 - 219. (Special Publications; 295)." type="journal article" year="2008">Wilson, Murray 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) or left uncoded (
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<emphasis box="[488,519,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">e.g</emphasis>
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.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hilton" box="[543,686,304,329]" firstAuthor="Hilton" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref22345" refString="Hilton EJ. Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha). Zool J Linn Soc [serial on the Internet]. 2003; 137 (1): 1 - 100. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00032. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Hilton, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" firstAuthor="Zhang" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref29578" refString="Zhang J-Y. Phylogeny of Osteoglossomorpha. Vert PalAs. 2006; 44 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">Zhang, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). Although she did not designate it as a monotypic family,
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<bibRefCitation author="Benveniste" box="[226,427,368,393]" firstAuthor="Benveniste" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19153" refString="Benveniste L. Phylogenetic systematic of Gymnarchus (Notopteroidei) with notes on Petrocephalus (Mormyridae) of the Osteoglossomorpha. [Masters Thesis]. New York City, NY: The City College of New York; 1994." type="book" year="1994">Benveniste (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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recovered
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[559,692,368,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" genus="Gymnarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[559,692,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gymnarchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as the sister-group of
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<taxonomicName authority="Mormyrinae. In" authorityName="Marcusen" authorityYear="1854" box="[299,452,400,424]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[299,452,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Petrocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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+ Mormyrinae. In this study, several unambiguous autapomorphies were identified distinguishing
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[238,373,464,488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" genus="Gymnarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[238,373,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gymnarchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other mormyroids (absence of a supraoccipital crest, absence of basibranchial toothplates, absence of the first pharyngobranchial, absence of supraneurals, absence of the caudal fin, a dorsal fin with more than 100 fin rays, absence of an anal fin, a small posttemporal bone formed primarily by the ventral limb, the condition of having the
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<emphasis box="[254,584,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">m. posterior intermandibularis</emphasis>
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absent and the
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">m. interhyoideus</emphasis>
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present);
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[389,524,688,712]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" genus="Gymnarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[389,524,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gymnarchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also has an edentulous parasphenoid, although this is homoplastically found within Osteoglossomorpha in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1828" baseAuthorityName="Lundberg, Chernoff" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[380,478,753,776]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Arapaimidae" genus="Heterotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[380,478,753,776]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Heterotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some mormyrids (
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<bibRefCitation author="Benveniste" firstAuthor="Benveniste" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19153" refString="Benveniste L. Phylogenetic systematic of Gymnarchus (Notopteroidei) with notes on Petrocephalus (Mormyridae) of the Osteoglossomorpha. [Masters Thesis]. New York City, NY: The City College of New York; 1994." type="book" year="1994">Benveniste, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |