979 lines
109 KiB
XML
979 lines
109 KiB
XML
<document id="D34AF2995A253D25FAC1122527E31758" ID-DOI="10.1590/1519-6984.243890" ID-GBIF-Dataset="417bbca5-f40c-4ab6-b5e8-0424607a0d56" ID-ISSN="1678-4375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11552773" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1718042800284" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Pacheco, R. C., Silva, D. D., Mendes, S. M., Lima, K. P., Figueiredo, J. E. F. & Marucci, R. C." docDate="2023" docId="03A387E91D5CFFCBFF7DFD56FB6FFA28" docLanguage="en" docName="BrazJBiol.83.e243890.pdf" docOrigin="Brazilian Journal of Biology (e 243890) 83" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.243890" docStyle="DocumentStyle:1DDA4544BCC4C9B5C0D0325B81F0E249.1:BrazJBiol.2022-.journal_article" docStyleId="1DDA4544BCC4C9B5C0D0325B81F0E249" docStyleName="BrazJBiol.2022-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Doru luteipes" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF9AFF911D5EFFCEFFEDFFD8FF8FFFDA" masterDocTitle="How omnivory affects the survival and choices of earwig Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)?" masterLastPageNumber="8" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1718567279531" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6D9078160AC614F7FF8425BB349ED8C0">How omnivory affects the survival and choices of earwig Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)?</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="974BF7E4AEDC738A5E69A5266E99794A">Pacheco, R. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="257103155DB5B1C643813C36446FFBB4">Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Laboratório de Controle Biológico de Pragas, Lavras, MG, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BB920B6362E7C67C16DDC5E4EC8FEA99">Silva, D. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="387DC3AD71A5027EB46A33DED5DBD771">Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A67D2D2321EC747C2E79F49A5E6BDB67">Mendes, S. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C5C6EF410731D5E295FC5F4D1B84E0C8">Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Entomologia, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6C812DBCAEDF5F2099FCF50DF63FA093">Lima, K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="55F9AE0F1004D3F7AA1F485A6263825B">Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Departamento de Estatística, Lavras, MG, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="06D7D5BDFA3F709FE10273357B0C9170">Figueiredo, J. E. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3A15DE7B0A067A4C0C3CF49B3C152755">Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="07072BE749F2322EC5CBACAB137A8841">Marucci, R. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A371C7828C9331215F808E5E2E74D0F0">Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Laboratório de Controle Biológico de Pragas, Lavras, MG, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="D036532856664C3813015721A64BF0FA">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A387E91D5CFFCBFF7DFD56FB6FFA28" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11862540" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233075755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11862540" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A387E91D5CFFCBFF7DFD56FB6FFA28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387E91D5CFFCBFF7DFD56FB6FFA28" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C31065741D5CFFCCFF7DFD56FE97FD79" box="[144,280,654,675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFF7DFD56FE97FD79" blockId="2.[112,663,589,1072]" box="[144,280,654,675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFF7DFD56FE97FD79" ID-CoL="6DHBW" authority="(Scudder, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Scudder" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[144,280,654,675]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF7DFD56FE97FD79" bold="true" box="[144,280,654,675]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Doru luteipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31065741D5CFFCDFECFFD57FB86F89A" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFECFFD57FF7FFBF5" blockId="2.[112,663,589,1072]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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nymphs (up to 48 hours old) were individualized in plastic containers (500 mL) with artificial shelter formed by semitransparent polypropylene straw (
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<quantity id="4CF29B1A1D5CFFCCFF94FD3CFF3AFD2D" box="[121,181,740,759]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
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long and
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<quantity id="4CF29B1A1D5CFFCCFEF4FD3CFED4FD2D" box="[281,347,740,759]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="cm" value="0.8">0.8 cm</quantity>
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in diameter), sealed at one end with cotton, moistened cotton, and paper cup (
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<quantity id="4CF29B1A1D5CFFCCFDA9FCD8FDFAFCC9" box="[580,629,768,787]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
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) as a container for food. The containers were sealed with voile fabric and kept under controlled conditions at 25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, and 12h photophase. The treatments consisted of five food sources 1- uredospores of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFDC6FCA9FD02FC5C" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[555,653,881,902]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFDC6FCA9FD02FC5C" bold="true" box="[555,653,881,902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. polysora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; 2-
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFF67FC55FF73FC78" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[138,252,909,930]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF67FC55FF73FC78" bold="true" box="[138,252,909,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S.frugiperda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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eggs; 3- uredospores of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFE30FC55FDB0FC78" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[477,575,909,930]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFE30FC55FDB0FC78" bold="true" box="[477,575,909,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. polysora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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+ eggs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFF9DFC72FF6BFC65" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[112,228,938,959]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF9DFC72FF6BFC65" bold="true" box="[112,228,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. frugiperda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; 4- corn pollen, and 5- artificial diet (control). Twenty-five repetitions per food source were used, and each individual was considered as one repetition. The survival assessment was carried out until the adult stage was reached.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFF9CFB8EFE51FB5D" blockId="2.[113,587,1110,1159]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF9CFB8EFE51FB5D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2.5. Does D. luteipes’ food preference vary between nymphs and adults, and feeding times?</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFF7DFB40FEC2F9AA" blockId="2.[112,663,1175,1648]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
In order to determine the food preference among various food sources commonly found in maize, nymphs, and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFF20FB17FEBFFB3E" box="[205,304,1231,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF20FB17FEBFFB3E" bold="true" box="[205,304,1231,1252]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. luteipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
were used in a chance of choice test with 1- eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFF13FB33FEFEFADA" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[254,369,1259,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF13FB33FEFEFADA" bold="true" box="[254,369,1259,1280]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. frugiperda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, 2- corn pollen, 3- uredospores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFF67FAD0FF61FAC7" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[138,238,1288,1309]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF67FAD0FF61FAC7" bold="true" box="[138,238,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. polysora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and 4- artificial diet. Nymphs and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFF9CFAFCFF5CFAE3" box="[113,211,1316,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF9CFAFCFF5CFAE3" bold="true" box="[113,211,1316,1337]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. luteipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
fasting for 24 and 48 hours were kept in glass test tubes, with cylindrical bottom, containing moistened cotton to evaluate the insect’s food choice. After each starvation period, the insect was released in the center of a plastic container (500 mL) with the four food sources in paper cups (
|
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) arranged equidistantly from each other. For 10 minutes, the chosen food and the feeding time were determined using a stopwatch. The tests were performed during the daytime, between 1 pm and 5 pm and at night, between 7 pm and 10 pm. The biossay was replicate 20 times, and one individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFDEAF998FDE5F98F" box="[519,618,1600,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
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<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFDEAF998FDE5F98F" bold="true" box="[519,618,1600,1621]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. luteipes</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was used in each replicate.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFF9CF94FFF63F976" blockId="2.[113,236,1687,1708]" box="[113,236,1687,1708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0FD81931D5CFFCCFF9CF94FFF63F976" box="[113,236,1687,1708]" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFF9CF94FFF63F976" bold="true" box="[113,236,1687,1708]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2.6. Statistics</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFF7DF964FC01FE1C" blockId="2.[113,663,1724,1857]" lastBlockId="2.[698,1249,153,454]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The nymph survival data were submitted to Kaplan-Meier analysis using the Software R version 3.6.0 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5CFFCCFDBAF901FF6BF8D2" author="CORE TEAM" firstAuthor="R Core Team" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="139 - 151" refId="ref7030" refString="no. 2, pp. 139 - 151. R CORE TEAM, 2019 [viewed 23 September 2020]. R: a language" type="journal article" year="2019">R Core Team, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Data regarding the duration of the early developmental stage and percentage of nymph survival concerning the assumptions of normality of errors and homogeneity of variances were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The Fisher exact test was used for association data between the food choice according to the developmental stage, and for the case in which the frequency was less than five. To verify differences between every two combinations, the Chi-Square post hoc test was used at a significance level of 0.05, and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was performed (p <0.05) was performed to compare the chosen feeding time and food choice.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFD56FDD4FC93FDC5" blockId="2.[699,796,524,543]" box="[699,796,524,543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0FD81931D5CFFCCFD56FDD4FC93FDC5" box="[699,796,524,543]" fontSize="8" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFD56FDD4FC93FDC5" bold="true" box="[699,796,524,543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3. Results</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFD34FDEFFB9FFD61" blockId="2.[698,1249,567,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The logrank test shows that there is a significant difference between at least two survival curves (P <0.001). Then, a multiple comparison analysis based on the logrank test was performed to verify the existence of a difference between the treatments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A7A1D5CFFCCFC59FD70FB8DFD61" box="[948,1026,680,699]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[699,756,1788,1805]" captionTargetBox="[707,1229,1322,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-822@2.[699,1247,1307,1764]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Survival curves based on Kaplan-Meier estimates nonparametric method for immature stages of Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552775/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFD34FD1CFCE2FC92" blockId="2.[698,1249,567,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFCE9FD1BFCF3FD02" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[772,892,707,728]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFCE9FD1BFCF3FD02" bold="true" box="[772,892,707,728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
egg-based diet provided the lowest survival rate (P <0.001), and consequently, the number of nymphs developing into adults was significantly lower compared to nymphs fed with the other three food sources (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A7A1D5CFFCCFD2EFCEDFC9FFC92" box="[707,784,821,840]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[699,756,1788,1805]" captionTargetBox="[707,1229,1322,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-822@2.[699,1247,1307,1764]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Survival curves based on Kaplan-Meier estimates nonparametric method for immature stages of Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552775/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68803441D5CFFCCFCF7FCEDFCD0FC92" box="[794,863,821,840]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,203,701]" captionText="Table 1. Average duration (± SE) in days and percentage of immature survival Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFD34FC89FB53FC62" blockId="2.[698,1249,567,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The exclusive feeding on corn pollen led to a lower number of surviving nymphs compared to those fed with the artificial diet (P = 0.00379), uredospores (P = 0.00169), and eggs + uredospores (P = 0.00169) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A7A1D5CFFCCFBDEFC7DFBF0FC63" box="[1075,1151,933,953]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[699,756,1788,1805]" captionTargetBox="[707,1229,1322,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-822@2.[699,1247,1307,1764]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Survival curves based on Kaplan-Meier estimates nonparametric method for immature stages of Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552775/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68803441D5CFFCCFB67FC7DFB40FC63" box="[1162,1231,933,953]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,203,701]" captionText="Table 1. Average duration (± SE) in days and percentage of immature survival Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFD34FC1AFBD5FB9F" blockId="2.[698,1249,567,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The monotrophic diet with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFC1EFC18FBD2FC0F" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1011,1117,960,981]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFC1EFC18FBD2FC0F" bold="true" box="[1011,1117,960,981]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. polysora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uredospores extended the duration of the instar stages and consequently increased the period of the early stage. In general, the survival was diminished for nymphs that exclusively fed on eggs, uredospores, and pollen (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68803441D5CFFCCFBE5FBEAFBC2FB9F" box="[1032,1101,1074,1093]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,203,701]" captionText="Table 1. Average duration (± SE) in days and percentage of immature survival Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFD34FB97FBDEFB34" blockId="2.[698,1249,567,1263]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
In the diet composed exclusively of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFBDEFB95FB26FBB8" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[1075,1193,1101,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFBDEFB95FB26FBB8" bold="true" box="[1075,1193,1101,1122]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs, the survival was low, with only 8% of insects reaching the adult phase (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68803441D5CFFCCFC89FB5FFC24FB40" box="[868,939,1159,1178]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,203,701]" captionText="Table 1. Average duration (± SE) in days and percentage of immature survival Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, the combination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFD50FB7AFCBEFB6D" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[701,817,1186,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFD50FB7AFCBEFB6D" bold="true" box="[701,817,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs +
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFC9CFB7AFC5BFB6D" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[881,980,1186,1207]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFC9CFB7AFC5BFB6D" bold="true" box="[881,980,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. polysora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uredospores contributed to maintaining the survival of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFC25FB66FBA6FB09" box="[968,1065,1214,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFC25FB66FBA6FB09" bold="true" box="[968,1065,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in 58%, which was similar to the control treatment (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68803441D5CFFCCFC12FB03FBCBFB34" box="[1023,1092,1243,1262]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[113,160,154,170]" captionTargetBox="[129,1202,203,701]" captionText="Table 1. Average duration (± SE) in days and percentage of immature survival Doru luteipes as a food-sources function." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566771D5CFFCCFD56F924FCF2F89A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552775" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11552775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552775/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[699,756,1788,1805]" targetBox="[707,1229,1322,1758]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5CFFCCFD56F924FCF2F89A" blockId="2.[699,1248,1788,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFD56F924FC87F8D7" bold="true" box="[699,776,1788,1805]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Survival curves based on Kaplan-Meier estimates nonparametric method for immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5CFFCCFBAFF8CDFB3BF8FD" box="[1090,1204,1813,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5CFFCCFBAFF8CDFB3BF8FD" bold="true" box="[1090,1204,1813,1831]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Doru luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a food-sources function.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" ID-Table-UUID="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" box="[113,1119,152,171]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,160,154,170]" targetBox="[129,1202,203,701]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FBD0FF70" blockId="3.[113,1119,152,171]" box="[113,1119,152,171]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF9CFF42FF3AFF70" bold="true" box="[113,181,153,170]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Average duration (± SE) in days and percentage of immature survival
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFCEAFF40FCFBFF70" box="[775,884,152,170]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCEAFF40FCFBFF70" bold="true" box="[775,884,152,170]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Doru luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a food-sources function.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFD21FF13FB12FD66" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<table id="F90AC45F1D5D0031FF6CFF13FB3DFD67" box="[129,1202,203,701]" gridcols="6" gridrows="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFF13FB3DFF01" box="[129,1202,203,219]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFF13FB3DFF01" box="[129,1202,203,219]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD21FF13FCCEFF01" bold="true" box="[716,833,203,219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Food sources</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFF2AFB3DFEC6" box="[129,1202,242,284]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFF2AFE48FEC6" box="[339,455,242,284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFEBEFF27FE48FECA" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1797" box="[339,455,255,272]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">S. frugiperda</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FF2AFDF3FEC6" box="[536,636,242,284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFDF7FF27FDF5FED5" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[538,634,255,271]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">P. polysora</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FF2AFCCEFEC6" box="[717,833,242,284]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFD22FF2AFCBFFED8" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[719,816,242,258]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">P. polysora</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ S. frugiperda
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFF2AFC64FEC6" box="[915,1003,242,284]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pollen</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FF2AFB3DFEC6" box="[1103,1202,242,284]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFBB2FF27FB2CFECA" authority="Pollen Control" authorityName="Pollen Control" box="[1119,1187,255,272]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFBB2FF27FB2CFECA" bold="true" box="[1119,1187,255,272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Control</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFEEBFB3DFE9E" box="[129,1202,307,324]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFEEBFB3DFE9E" box="[129,1202,307,324]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF6CFEEBFE83FE9E" bold="true" box="[129,268,307,324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Duration (days)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFE80FB3DFEB0" box="[129,1202,344,362]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFE80FF78FEB0" box="[129,247,344,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1st instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFE80FE48FEB0" box="[339,455,344,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
9.3±1.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE4AFE81FE3DFEB3" bold="true" box="[423,434,345,361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
*
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FE80FDF3FEB0" box="[536,636,344,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
15.0±1.9
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD89FE81FDE1FEB3" bold="true" box="[612,622,345,361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FE80FCCEFEB0" box="[717,833,344,362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
7.4±0.7
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCCEFE81FCA1FEB3" bold="true" box="[803,814,345,361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFE80FC64FEB0" box="[915,1003,344,362]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
5.6±0.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC0DFE81FC64FEB3" bold="true" box="[992,1003,345,361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FE80FB3DFEB0" box="[1103,1202,344,362]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
6.3±0.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB70FE81FB27FEB3" bold="true" box="[1181,1192,345,361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFEA6FB3DFE4A" box="[129,1202,382,400]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFEA6FF78FE4A" box="[129,247,382,400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2nd instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFEA6FE48FE4A" box="[339,455,382,400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
7.9±0.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE44FEA7FE3BFE55" bold="true" box="[425,436,383,399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FEA6FDF3FE4A" box="[536,636,382,400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
19.0±2.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD8BFEA7FDFFFE55" bold="true" box="[614,624,383,399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FEA6FCCEFE4A" box="[717,833,382,400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
8.8±0.9
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCCEFEA7FCA1FE55" bold="true" box="[803,814,383,399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFEA6FC64FE4A" box="[915,1003,382,400]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
8.0±0.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC0DFEA7FC64FE55" bold="true" box="[992,1003,383,399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FEA6FB3DFE4A" box="[1103,1202,382,400]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
8.5±1.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB76FEA7FB29FE55" bold="true" box="[1179,1190,383,399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFE7BFB3DFE6F" box="[129,1202,419,437]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFE7BFF78FE6F" box="[129,247,419,437]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3rd instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFE7BFE48FE6F" box="[339,455,419,437]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
15.3±7.4
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE4AFE7CFE3EFE6E" bold="true" box="[423,433,420,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FE7BFDF3FE6F" box="[536,636,419,437]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
14.5±2.7
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD8BFE7CFDF3FE6E" bold="true" box="[614,636,420,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ab</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FE7BFCCEFE6F" box="[717,833,419,437]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
8.1±0.4
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCCEFE7CFCB7FE6E" bold="true" box="[803,824,420,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">bc</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFE7BFC64FE6F" box="[915,1003,419,437]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
6.4±0.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC0DFE7CFC66FE6E" bold="true" box="[992,1001,420,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FE7BFB3DFE6F" box="[1103,1202,419,437]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
7.0±0.4
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB70FE7CFB3DFE6E" bold="true" box="[1181,1202,420,436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">bc</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFE11FB3DFE01" box="[129,1202,457,475]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFE11FF78FE01" box="[129,247,457,475]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4th instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFE11FE48FE01" box="[339,455,457,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
8.0±5.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE44FE12FE3CFE00" bold="true" box="[425,435,458,474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FE11FDF3FE01" box="[536,636,457,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
10.5±2.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD8BFE12FDFFFE00" bold="true" box="[614,624,458,474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FE11FCCEFE01" box="[717,833,457,475]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
9.2±0.6
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCCEFE12FCA2FE00" bold="true" box="[803,813,458,474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFE11FC64FE01" box="[915,1003,457,475]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
10.0±0.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC0DFE12FC65FE00" bold="true" box="[992,1002,458,474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FE11FB3DFE01" box="[1103,1202,457,475]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
8.4±0.4
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB70FE12FB28FE00" bold="true" box="[1181,1191,458,474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFE37FB3DFDDB" box="[129,1202,495,513]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFE37FF78FDDB" box="[129,247,495,513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Total</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFE37FE48FDDB" box="[339,455,495,513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
39.5±1.9
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE4AFE28FE3DFDDA" bold="true" box="[423,434,496,512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FE37FDF3FDDB" box="[536,636,495,513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
59.0±1.74
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD83FE28FDF7FDDA" bold="true" box="[622,632,496,512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FE37FCCEFDDB" box="[717,833,495,513]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
33.5±0.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCCEFE28FCA1FDDA" bold="true" box="[803,814,496,512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFE37FC64FDDB" box="[915,1003,495,513]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
33.2±1.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC33FE28FC66FDDA" bold="true" box="[990,1001,496,512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FE37FB3DFDDB" box="[1103,1202,495,513]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
30.2±0.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB70FE28FB27FDDA" bold="true" box="[1181,1192,496,512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFDCDFB3DFDFC" box="[129,1202,533,550]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFDCDFB3DFDFC" box="[129,1202,533,550]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Survival rate (%)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFDE2FB3DFD96" box="[129,1202,570,588]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFDE2FF78FD96" box="[129,247,570,588]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1st instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFDE2FE48FD96" box="[339,455,570,588]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
75.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE72FDE3FE25FD91" bold="true" box="[415,426,571,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FDE2FDF3FD96" box="[536,636,570,588]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
85.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDB1FDE3FDFDFD91" bold="true" box="[604,626,571,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ab</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FDE2FCCEFD96" box="[717,833,570,588]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
95.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCF4FDE3FCACFD91" bold="true" box="[793,803,571,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFDE2FC64FD96" box="[915,1003,570,588]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
95.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC3BFDE3FC6FFD91" bold="true" box="[982,992,571,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FDE2FB3DFD96" box="[1103,1202,570,588]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
95.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB7EFDE3FB12FD91" bold="true" box="[1171,1181,571,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFDB8FB3DFDA8" box="[129,1202,608,626]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFDB8FF78FDA8" box="[129,247,608,626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2nd instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFDB8FE48FDA8" box="[339,455,608,626]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
25.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE72FDB9FE27FDAB" bold="true" box="[415,424,609,625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FDB8FDF3FDA8" box="[536,636,608,626]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
58.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDB1FDB9FDE8FDAB" bold="true" box="[604,615,609,625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FDB8FCCEFDA8" box="[717,833,608,626]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
75.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCF4FDB9FCACFDAB" bold="true" box="[793,803,609,625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFDB8FC64FDA8" box="[915,1003,608,626]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
83.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC3BFDB9FC6FFDAB" bold="true" box="[982,992,609,625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FDB8FB3DFDA8" box="[1103,1202,608,626]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
79.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB7EFDB9FB12FDAB" bold="true" box="[1171,1181,609,625]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFD5DFB3DFD4D" box="[129,1202,645,663]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFD5DFF78FD4D" box="[129,247,645,663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3rd instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFD5DFE48FD4D" box="[339,455,645,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
12.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE72FD5EFE27FD4C" bold="true" box="[415,424,646,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FD5DFDF3FD4D" box="[536,636,645,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
45.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDB1FD5EFDE8FD4C" bold="true" box="[604,615,646,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FD5DFCCEFD4D" box="[717,833,645,663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
62.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCF4FD5EFCACFD4C" bold="true" box="[793,803,646,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFD5DFC64FD4D" box="[915,1003,645,663]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
20.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC3BFD5EFC50FD4C" bold="true" box="[982,991,646,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FD5DFB3DFD4D" box="[1103,1202,645,663]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
62.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB7EFD5EFB12FD4C" bold="true" box="[1171,1181,646,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFD73FB3DFD67" box="[129,1202,683,701]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFD73FF78FD67" box="[129,247,683,701]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4th instar</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEBEFD73FE48FD67" box="[339,455,683,701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
8.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE72FD74FE27FD66" bold="true" box="[415,424,684,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDF5FD73FDF3FD67" box="[536,636,683,701]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
37.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDB1FD74FDE8FD66" bold="true" box="[604,615,684,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD20FD73FCCEFD67" box="[717,833,683,701]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
58.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCF4FD74FCACFD66" bold="true" box="[793,803,684,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC7EFD73FC64FD67" box="[915,1003,683,701]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
20.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC3BFD74FC50FD66" bold="true" box="[982,991,684,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBA2FD73FB3DFD67" box="[1103,1202,683,701]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB84FD74FB12FD66" bold="true" box="[1129,1181,684,701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">58.3 a</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF9CFD09FE85FD38" blockId="3.[113,868,721,738]" box="[113,266,721,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">*Averages followed</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFEE3FD09FCEBFD38" blockId="3.[113,868,721,738]" box="[270,868,721,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">by the same letter on the line do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFCD5FEBAFCE2" ID-Table-UUID="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFCD5FEBAFCE2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFCD5FEBAFCE2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,160,781,797]" targetBox="[129,1218,856,1103]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF9CFCD5FEBAFCE2" blockId="3.[113,1247,780,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF9CFCD5FF39FCC4" bold="true" box="[113,182,781,798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Percentage of choice of nymphs and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFDA6FCD4FD35FCC4" box="[587,698,780,798]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDA6FCD4FD35FCC4" bold="true" box="[587,698,780,798]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Doru luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exposed to different food sources during the night with 24 and 48 hours of starvation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<table id="F90AC45F1D5D0031FF6CFC80FB4DFB95" box="[129,1218,856,1103]" gridcols="11" gridrows="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFD77FC80FB19FC4A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD77FC80FCD7FCB3" bold="true" box="[666,856,856,873]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Developmental Stage</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFEA2FCA7FED5FC4A" bold="true" box="[335,346,895,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFEB4FCA7FEEFFC52" bold="true" box="[345,352,895,904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">o</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE88FCA7FD93FC4A" bold="true" box="[357,540,895,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">instar 2</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDF1FCA7FDACFC52" bold="true" box="[540,547,895,904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">o</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDCAFCA7FD50FC4A" bold="true" box="[551,735,895,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">instar 3</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD33FCA7FD6AFC52" bold="true" box="[734,741,895,904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">o</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD07FCA7FC2EFC4A" bold="true" box="[746,929,895,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">instar 4</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC4CFCA7FC27FC52" bold="true" box="[929,936,895,904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">o</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC41FCA7FB19FC4A" bold="true" box="[940,1174,895,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">instar Adult</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF6AFCA7FB30FB95" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF6AFCA7FF72FC4A" bold="true" box="[135,253,895,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Food Sources</emphasis>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFC7EFB4DFC6D" box="[129,1218,934,951]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEDDFC7EFED9FC6D" box="[304,342,934,951]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFEDDFC7EFED9FC6D" bold="true" box="[304,342,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE7CFC7EFE37FC6D" box="[401,440,934,951]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE7CFC7EFE37FC6D" bold="true" box="[401,440,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">48 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE1EFC7EFD96FC6D" box="[499,537,934,951]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE1EFC7EFD96FC6D" bold="true" box="[499,537,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDB9FC7EFDF5FC6D" box="[596,634,934,951]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDB9FC7EFDF5FC6D" bold="true" box="[596,634,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">48 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD58FC7EFD54FC6D" box="[693,731,934,951]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD58FC7EFD54FC6D" bold="true" box="[693,731,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FCFBFC7EFCB2FC6D" box="[790,829,934,951]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCFBFC7EFCB2FC6D" bold="true" box="[790,829,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">48 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC95FC7EFC11FC6D" box="[888,926,934,951]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC95FC7EFC11FC6D" bold="true" box="[888,926,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC34FC7EFC70FC6D" box="[985,1023,934,951]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFC34FC7EFC70FC6D" bold="true" box="[985,1023,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">48 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBD7FC7EFBEFFC6D" box="[1082,1120,934,951]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFBD7FC7EFBEFFC6D" bold="true" box="[1082,1120,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FB76FC7EFB4DFC6D" box="[1179,1218,934,951]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB76FC7EFB4DFC6D" bold="true" box="[1179,1218,934,951]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">48 h</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFC16FB4DFC05" box="[129,1218,974,991]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFC16FF72FC05" box="[129,253,974,991]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Control</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEDDFC16FED9FC05" box="[304,342,974,991]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">19.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE7CFC16FE37FC05" box="[401,440,974,991]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">21.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE1EFC16FD96FC05" box="[499,537,974,991]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">23.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDB9FC16FDF5FC05" box="[596,634,974,991]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD58FC16FD54FC05" box="[693,731,974,991]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FCFBFC16FCB2FC05" box="[790,829,974,991]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">21.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC95FC16FC11FC05" box="[888,926,974,991]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC34FC16FC70FC05" box="[985,1023,974,991]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBD7FC16FBEFFC05" box="[1082,1120,974,991]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">42.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FB76FC16FB4DFC05" box="[1179,1218,974,991]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFC2BFB4DFBDF" box="[129,1218,1011,1029]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFC2BFF72FBDF" box="[129,253,1011,1029]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFF6CFC2BFF55FBDF" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[129,218,1011,1029]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF6CFC2BFF04FBDF" bold="true" box="[129,139,1011,1029]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF79FC2BFF55FBDF" bold="true" box="[148,218,1011,1029]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">polysora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEDDFC2BFED9FBDF" box="[304,342,1011,1029]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE7CFC2BFE37FBDF" box="[401,440,1011,1029]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">20.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE1EFC2BFD96FBDF" box="[499,537,1011,1029]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDB9FC2BFDF5FBDF" box="[596,634,1011,1029]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">32.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD58FC2BFD54FBDF" box="[693,731,1011,1029]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">21.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FCFBFC2BFCB2FBDF" box="[790,829,1011,1029]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC95FC2BFC11FBDF" box="[888,926,1011,1029]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">21.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC34FC2BFC70FBDF" box="[985,1023,1011,1029]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBD7FC2BFBEFFBDF" box="[1082,1120,1011,1029]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">18.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FB76FC2BFB4DFBDF" box="[1179,1218,1011,1029]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">20.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFBC0FB4DFBF0" box="[129,1218,1048,1066]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFBC0FF72FBF0" box="[129,253,1048,1066]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFF6CFBC0FF66FBF0" box="[129,233,1048,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF6CFBC0FF05FBF0" bold="true" box="[129,138,1048,1066]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF7EFBC0FF66FBF0" bold="true" box="[147,233,1048,1066]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEDDFBC0FED9FBF0" box="[304,342,1048,1066]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">18.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE7CFBC0FE37FBF0" box="[401,440,1048,1066]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE1EFBC0FD96FBF0" box="[499,537,1048,1066]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">18.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDB9FBC0FDF5FBF0" box="[596,634,1048,1066]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD58FBC0FD54FBF0" box="[693,731,1048,1066]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">27.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FCFBFBC0FCB2FBF0" box="[790,829,1048,1066]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC95FBC0FC11FBF0" box="[888,926,1048,1066]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC34FBC0FC70FBF0" box="[985,1023,1048,1066]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBD7FBC0FBEFFBF0" box="[1082,1120,1048,1066]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">27.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FB76FBC0FB4DFBF0" box="[1179,1218,1048,1066]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFBE6FB4DFB95" box="[129,1218,1086,1103]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFBE6FF72FB95" box="[129,253,1086,1103]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pollen</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FEDDFBE6FED9FB95" box="[304,342,1086,1103]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE7CFBE6FE37FB95" box="[401,440,1086,1103]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE1EFBE6FD96FB95" box="[499,537,1086,1103]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FDB9FBE6FDF5FB95" box="[596,634,1086,1103]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD58FBE6FD54FB95" box="[693,731,1086,1103]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FCFBFBE6FCB2FB95" box="[790,829,1086,1103]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">28.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC95FBE6FC11FB95" box="[888,926,1086,1103]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FC34FBE6FC70FB95" box="[985,1023,1086,1103]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBD7FBE6FBEFFB95" box="[1082,1120,1086,1103]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FB76FBE6FB4DFB95" box="[1179,1218,1086,1103]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">17.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFB48FCC4FB60" ID-Table-UUID="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFB48FCC4FB60" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFB48FCC4FB60" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,160,1168,1184]" targetBox="[129,1139,1243,1374]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF9CFB48FCC4FB60" blockId="3.[113,1248,1168,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF9CFB48FF3AFB7B" bold="true" box="[113,181,1168,1185]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 3.</emphasis>
|
||
P-values of post hoc of test exact fisher of the comparison between combinations of two food sources in the food preference test performed at night with nymphs and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFDCAFB70FD1AFB60" box="[551,661,1192,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDCAFB70FD1AFB60" bold="true" box="[551,661,1192,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Doru luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
starved for 24 hours.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF29FB03FBE5FA84" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<table id="F90AC45F1D5D0031FF6CFB03FBFCFA84" box="[129,1139,1243,1374]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFB03FBFCFB36" box="[129,1139,1243,1260]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFB03FEB5FB36" box="[129,314,1243,1260]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF29FB03FEB5FB36" bold="true" box="[196,314,1243,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Food Sources</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE07FB03FDC4FB36" box="[490,587,1243,1260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFE07FB03FDC4FB31" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[490,587,1243,1259]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFE07FB03FDC4FB31" bold="true" box="[490,587,1243,1259]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P. polysora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD11FB03FCFFFB36" box="[764,880,1243,1260]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFD11FB03FCFFFB36" authority="Pollen Control" authorityName="Pollen Control" box="[764,880,1243,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFD11FB03FCFFFB36" bold="true" box="[764,880,1243,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBDDFB03FBFCFB36" box="[1072,1139,1243,1260]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFBD8FB03FBE1FB31" bold="true" box="[1077,1134,1243,1259]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pollen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFADAFBFCFACE" box="[129,1139,1282,1300]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFADAFEB5FACE" box="[129,314,1282,1300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Control</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE07FADAFDC4FACE" box="[490,587,1282,1300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.1777</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD11FADAFCFFFACE" box="[764,880,1282,1300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.828</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBDDFADAFBFCFACE" box="[1072,1139,1282,1300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.0054*</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFAFFFBFCFAE3" box="[129,1139,1319,1337]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFAFFFEB5FAE3" box="[129,314,1319,1337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFF6CFAFFFF55FAE3" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[129,218,1319,1337]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF6CFAFFFF04FAE3" bold="true" box="[129,139,1319,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF79FAFFFF55FAE3" bold="true" box="[148,218,1319,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">polysora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE07FAFFFDC4FAE3" box="[490,587,1319,1337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD11FAFFFCFFFAE3" box="[764,880,1319,1337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.8710</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBDDFAFFFBFCFAE3" box="[1072,1139,1319,1337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.2828</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353A34BD1D5D0031FF6CFA94FBFCFA84" box="[129,1139,1356,1374]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FF6CFA94FEB5FA84" box="[129,314,1356,1374]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFF6CFA94FF66FA84" box="[129,233,1356,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF6CFA94FF05FA84" bold="true" box="[129,138,1356,1374]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFF7EFA94FF66FA84" bold="true" box="[147,233,1356,1374]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FE07FA94FDC4FA84" box="[490,587,1356,1374]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFDFAFA96FD90FA84" bold="true" box="[535,543,1358,1374]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FD11FA94FCFFFA84" box="[764,880,1356,1374]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFCDFFA96FCB5FA84" bold="true" box="[818,826,1358,1374]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76EB5DC11D5D0031FBDDFA94FBFCFA84" box="[1072,1139,1356,1374]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">0.2828</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF9CFAABFF32FA5E" blockId="3.[113,189,1395,1412]" box="[113,189,1395,1412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<tableNote id="76EC37711D5DFFCDFF9CFAABFF32FA5E" box="[113,189,1395,1412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[129,1139,1243,1374]" targetPageId="3">*p ≤ 0.05.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF7DFA6EFD18F9FA" blockId="3.[112,663,1462,1857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The exclusive diet with maize pollen by the first and second instars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFEFEFA0AFEFBFA3D" box="[275,372,1490,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFEFEFA0AFEADFA3D" bold="true" box="[275,290,1490,1511]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFEC1FA0AFEFBFA3D" bold="true" box="[300,372,1490,1511]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided survival greater than 80%. However, after the 3rd instar there was a marked reduction of approximately 20% in the insect development.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFF7DF9F2FB83F917" blockId="3.[112,663,1462,1857]" lastBlockId="3.[698,1248,1462,1857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
It was observed an association between food resources and developmental stage (P=0.03), when the individuals were fasted for 24 hours and exposed to the food sources only at night. The contrast between the artificial vs. natural diet features pollen (P = 0.0054) resulted in a higher percentage of choices for both nymphs and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFEA4F90EFE23F931" box="[329,428,1750,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFEA4F90EFE23F931" bold="true" box="[329,428,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D. luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by one of these sources (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68803441D5DFFCDFF97F92CFF42F8DD" box="[122,205,1780,1799]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[113,160,781,797]" captionTargetBox="[129,1218,856,1103]" captionText="Table 2. Percentage of choice of nymphs and adults of Doru luteipes exposed to different food sources during the night with 24 and 48 hours of starvation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFCD5FEBAFCE2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" tableUuid="DF7566771D5DFFCDFF9CFCD5FEBAFCE2">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
and 3). Also, the time spent during feeding was significant for second instar nymphs (P = 0.02604). When contrasting the diet vs. uredospores (P = 0.0223) and diet vs. pollen (0.0292), the nymphs of the second instar ate more time in the diet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A7A1D5DFFCDFBFDFA0BFBFEFA3C" box="[1040,1137,1491,1510]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[112,169,1423,1440]" captionTargetBox="[251,1099,162,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-184@4.[247,1114,151,1398]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Night feeding time of Doru luteipes with different food sources after 24 and 48 hours starvation. (A) first instar nymphs and 24 hour starvation (p = 0.16); (B) first instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.07); (C) second instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.02*); (D) second instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.60); (E) third instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.17); (F) thirdinstar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.25); (G) fourth-instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.84); (H) fourth-instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.67); (I) adult and 24 h starvation (p = 0.14), (J) adult and 48 h starvation (p = 0.02*)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552777/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
), of which they had previous experience. There was no dependence between the chosen food and the stage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5DFFCDFB9AF9D4FB50F9FB" box="[1143,1247,1548,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB9AF9D4FB09F9FB" bold="true" box="[1143,1158,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5DFFCDFB7EF9D4FB50F9FB" bold="true" box="[1171,1247,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(P= 0.25), when the fasting period was 48 h and the food test was performed at night. Thus, there was only a difference in the feeding time of adults in relation to the combination of diet vs. pollen, and they preferred to feed on pollen (P = 0.0083), even without previous experience of feeding (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A7A1D5DFFCDFC48F962FC71F917" box="[933,1022,1722,1741]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[112,169,1423,1440]" captionTargetBox="[251,1099,162,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-184@4.[247,1114,151,1398]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Night feeding time of Doru luteipes with different food sources after 24 and 48 hours starvation. (A) first instar nymphs and 24 hour starvation (p = 0.16); (B) first instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.07); (C) second instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.02*); (D) second instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.60); (E) third instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.17); (F) thirdinstar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.25); (G) fourth-instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.84); (H) fourth-instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.67); (I) adult and 24 h starvation (p = 0.14), (J) adult and 48 h starvation (p = 0.02*)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552777/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5DFFCDFD34F90FFB86F89A" blockId="3.[698,1248,1462,1857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">In the tests performed during the day, the results for fasting for 24 hours (P = 0.66) and 48 hours (0.06), there was no dependence between the food source and stage of development (data not shown).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566771D5AFFCAFF9DFA57FC7EF9DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11552777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11552777/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[112,169,1423,1440]" targetBox="[251,1099,162,1380]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5AFFCAFF9DFA57FC7EF9DC" blockId="4.[112,1248,1423,1542]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFF9DFA57FF32FA7A" bold="true" box="[112,189,1423,1440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Night feeding time of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFE92FA57FE62FA7B" box="[383,493,1423,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFE92FA57FE62FA7B" bold="true" box="[383,493,1423,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Doru luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with different food sources after 24 and 48 hours starvation. (A) first instar nymphs and 24 hour starvation (p = 0.16); (B) first instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.07); (C) second instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.02*); (D) second instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.60); (E) third instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.17); (F) thirdinstar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.25); (G) fourth-instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.84); (H) fourth-instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.67); (I) adult and 24 h starvation (p = 0.14), (J) adult and 48 h starvation (p = 0.02*).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31065741D5AFFCBFF9CF9E5FB6FFA28" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5AFFCAFF9CF9E5FF78F98A" blockId="4.[113,247,1597,1616]" box="[113,247,1597,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading id="D0FD81931D5AFFCAFF9CF9E5FF78F98A" box="[113,247,1597,1616]" fontSize="8" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFF9CF9E5FF78F98A" bold="true" box="[113,247,1597,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4. Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5AFFCAFF7DF9B1FC54F9B5" blockId="4.[113,661,1641,1857]" lastBlockId="4.[698,1248,1597,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Our findings showed that omnivorous habit plays a fundamental role in the survival and maintenance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFF63F978FF79F96F" box="[142,246,1696,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFF63F978FF12F96F" bold="true" box="[142,157,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFF46F978FF79F96F" bold="true" box="[171,246,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, as an omnivorous insect, the consumption of a single food source can influence the duration of both instar and nymphal stages, as demonstrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5AFFCAFECBF92DFE75F8D2" author="Marucci" box="[294,506,1781,1801]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Marucci" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="584 - 588" refId="ref6487" refString="MARUCCI, R. C., SOUZA, I. L., SILVA, L. O., AUAD, A. M. and MENDES, S. M., 2019. Pollen as a component of the diet of Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: forficulidade). Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 584 - 588. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1519 - 6984.184072. PMid: 30365637." type="journal article" year="2019">Marucci et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. These authors observed a low survival of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFE65F8C8FE61F8FF" box="[392,494,1808,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFE65F8C8FE18F8FF" bold="true" box="[392,407,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFE49F8C8FE61F8FF" bold="true" box="[420,494,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under exclusive feeding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFF3AF8F4FEC2F89B" box="[215,333,1836,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFF3AF8F4FF6EF89B" bold="true" box="[215,225,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFF06F8F4FEC2F89B" bold="true" box="[235,333,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs instead of corn pollen, while the dietary combination of pollen plus aphid resulted in twice the insect survival rate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5AFFCBFD34F9A1FECAFE73" blockId="4.[698,1248,1597,1857]" lastBlockId="5.[112,663,153,1857]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Nevertheless,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5AFFCAFC8EF9A1FB96F956" author="Pasini" box="[867,1049,1657,1677]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pasini" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="308 - 311" refId="ref6768" refString="PASINI, A., PARRA, J. R. P. and LOPES, J. M., 2007. Dieta artificial para criacao de Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), predador da lagarta-do-cartucho do milho, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neotropical Entomology, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 308 - 311. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2007000200020. PMid: 17607467." type="journal article" year="2007">Pasini et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a different result demonstrated by the survival rate of 75% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFB6CF94EFB6FF971" box="[1153,1248,1686,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFB6CF94EFB00F971" bold="true" box="[1153,1167,1686,1707]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFB77F94EFB6FF971" bold="true" box="[1178,1248,1686,1707]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fed exclusively with eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFC34F96CFBDDF913" box="[985,1106,1716,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFC34F96CFC6CF913" bold="true" box="[985,995,1716,1737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFC1DF96CFBDDF913" bold="true" box="[1008,1106,1716,1737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Interestingly, the combined diet consisting of eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFBD7F90AFB3EF93D" box="[1082,1201,1746,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFBD7F90AFBCBF93D" bold="true" box="[1082,1092,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFBA2F90AFB3EF93D" bold="true" box="[1103,1201,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFD56F928FC92F8DF" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[699,797,1776,1797]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFD56F928FD49F8DF" bold="true" box="[699,710,1776,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFD22F928FC92F8DF" bold="true" box="[719,797,1776,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">polysora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uredospores increased the survival of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5AFFCAFB6DF928FB50F8DF" box="[1152,1247,1776,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFB6DF928FB00F8DF" bold="true" box="[1152,1167,1776,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5AFFCAFB75F928FB50F8DF" bold="true" box="[1176,1247,1776,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without altering the total duration of its young phase.This result was similar to that of using the artificial diet, which is a food source considered appropriate for maintaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFF9FFF6CFF41FF13" box="[114,206,180,201]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF9FFF6CFFF0FF13" bold="true" box="[114,127,180,201]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF65FF6CFF41FF13" bold="true" box="[136,206,180,201]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the laboratory.This finding highlights the need for a diversified diet and reinforces the omnivorous habit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFF64FF35FF67FED8" box="[137,232,237,258]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF64FF35FF17FED8" bold="true" box="[137,152,237,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF4DFF35FF67FED8" bold="true" box="[160,232,237,258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From this perspective, the known voracity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFF9DFED1FF5BFEC4" box="[112,212,265,286]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF9DFED1FFF0FEC4" bold="true" box="[112,127,265,286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF66FED1FF5BFEC4" bold="true" box="[139,212,265,286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFF0FFED2FE03FEC7" author="SOUZA, C. S. F. & SILVEIRA, L. C. P. & SOUZA, B. H. S. & NASCIMENTO, P. T. & DAMASCENO, N. C. R. & MENDES, S. M." box="[226,396,266,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="154 - 163" refId="ref7817" refString="SOUZA, C. S. F., SILVEIRA, L. C. P., SOUZA, B. H. S., NASCIMENTO, P. T., DAMASCENO, N. C. R. and MENDES, S. M., 2021. Efficiency of biological control for fall armyworm resistant to the protein Cry 1 F. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 154 - 163. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1519 - 6984.224774." type="journal article" year="2021">Souza et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFE77FED2FF2FFEE3" author="Romero-Sueldo and Virla" firstAuthor="Romero-Sueldo" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="359 - 363" refId="ref7085" refString="ROMERO-SUELDO, G. M. and VIRLA, E. G., 2017. Datos biologicos de Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) en plantaciones de cana de azucar y consumo de huevos de Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) en condiciones de laboratorio. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, vol. 68, no. 3 - 4, pp. 359 - 363." type="journal article" year="2017">Romero-Sueldo and Virla, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggests that this predator has a great potential to reduce prey and fungal pathogens in maize fields. Also, in the maize reproductive stage, the pollen functions as an essential factor attracting and maintaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFDDEFEA1FD19FE54" box="[563,662,377,398]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFDDEFEA1FDCDFE54" bold="true" box="[563,578,377,398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFDA0FEA1FD19FE54" bold="true" box="[589,662,377,398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the maize cultures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5BFFCBFF7DFE6BFE0EFD7C" blockId="5.[112,663,153,1857]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
To understand the role of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFE6FFE69FE6BFE1C" box="[386,484,433,454]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFE6FFE69FE1EFE1C" bold="true" box="[386,401,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFE76FE69FE6BFE1C" bold="true" box="[411,484,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a predator with dual function (i.e. entomophagous and mycophagous), we determined the food preference of this insect in a situation of concomitant occurrence of pollen,eggs,and uredospores. As a nocturnal predator, regardless of the fasting time, it was possible to verify an association between the choice of different tested food sources and the development stages only at night, with pollen preference over control, both by nymphs and adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5BFFCBFF7DFD77FE28FC78" blockId="5.[112,663,153,1857]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
In the tests performed during the day, even after 48 h of fasting, it was not possible to determine the feeding preference of nymphs and adults of the predator. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFF63FCDBFE33FCCC" author="Naranjo-Guevara" box="[142,444,771,790]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Naranjo-Guevara" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="497 - 507" refId="ref6680" refString="NARANJO-GUEVARA, N., PENAFLOR, M. F. G. V., CABEZAS-GUERRERO, M. F. andBENTO, J. M. S., 2017. Nocturnal herbivore-induced plant volatiles attract the generalist predatory earwig Doru luteipes Scudder. Naturwissenschaften, vol. 104, no. 9 - 10, pp. 497 - 507. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 017 - 1498 - 9. PMid: 28871442." type="journal article" year="2017">Naranjo-Guevara et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the consumption of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFF9CFCC6FF66FCE9" box="[113,233,798,819]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF9CFCC6FFF4FCE9" bold="true" box="[113,123,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF6AFCC6FF66FCE9" bold="true" box="[135,233,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFE96FCC6FE52FCE9" box="[379,477,798,819]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFE96FCC6FE06FCE9" bold="true" box="[379,393,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFE79FCC6FE52FCE9" bold="true" box="[404,477,798,819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred between 7 pm and 9 pm, and in the daytime, there was no consumption even after 48 hours of fasting. These results indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFEEDFCAAFEE4FC5D" box="[256,363,882,903]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFEEDFCAAFE80FC5D" bold="true" box="[256,271,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFEF3FCAAFEE4FC5D" bold="true" box="[286,363,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forages exclusively at night regardless of the fasting period.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5BFFCBFF7DFC73FEDCFB0D" blockId="5.[112,663,153,1857]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The members of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFE75FC74FD82FC65" authorityName="de Geer" authorityYear="1773" box="[408,525,940,959]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Dermaptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to live in a dark and damp shelter, mainly in aggregation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFF94FC3BFEBEFC2D" author="Hehar" box="[121,305,995,1015]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hehar" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="674 - 681" refId="ref6130" refString="HEHAR, G., GRIES, R. andGRIES, G., 2008. Re-analysis of pheromonemediated aggregation behaviour of European earwigs. Canadian Entomologist, vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 674 - 681. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / n 08 - 026." type="journal article" year="2008">Hehar et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFEADFC3CFD89FC2D" author="Campos" box="[320,518,995,1015]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Campos" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1535 - 1540" refId="ref5555" refString="CAMPOS, M. R., PICANCO, M. C., MARTINS, J. C., TOMAZ, A. C. and GUEDES, R. N. C., 2011. Insecticide selectivity and behavioral response of the earwig Doru luteipes. Crop Protection, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1535 - 1540. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cropro. 2011.08.013." type="journal article" year="2011">Campos et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They have a tigmotactile habit (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFECEFC27FE31FBC8" author="Jarvis" box="[291,446,1023,1043]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jarvis" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="442 - 453" refId="ref6226" refString="JARVIS, K. J., HAAS, F. andWHITING, M. F., 2005. Phylogeny of earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera) based on molecular and morphological evidence: reconsidering the classification of Dermaptera. Systematic Entomology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 442 - 453. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2004.00276. x." type="journal article" year="2005">Jarvis et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) seeking direct contact with cospecific and the maize plants, which provide an ideal shelter for the insect during the day. At night, adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFF64FB8BFF67FBB2" box="[137,232,1107,1128]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF64FB8BFF17FBB2" bold="true" box="[137,152,1107,1128]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFF4DFB8BFF67FBB2" bold="true" box="[160,232,1107,1128]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more active and spend more time feeding on pollen. In this sense, the maize pollen represents a nutritious food source, rich in carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFF94FB1CFEC9FB0D" author="Malerbo-Souza" box="[121,326,1220,1239]" firstAuthor="Malerbo-Souza" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="701 - 704" refId="ref6431" refString="MALERBO-SOUZA, D. T., 2011. The corn pollen as a food source for honeybees. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 701 - 704. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4025 / actasciagron. v 33 i 4.10553." type="journal article" year="2011">Malerbo-Souza, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5BFFCBFF7DFB38FF21F90A" blockId="5.[112,663,153,1857]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Food sources such as pollen, sap, nectar, and fungi are a crucial alternative diet to some predatory insects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFF97FAC0FE58FAF1" author="Pemberton and Vandenberg" box="[122,471,1304,1323]" firstAuthor="Pemberton" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref6990" refString="PEMBERTON, R. W. and VANDENBERG, R. J., 1993. Extrafloral nectar feeding by ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 95," type="book" year="1993">Pemberton and Vandenberg, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFE0AFAC0FD07FAF1" author="Lundgren" box="[487,648,1304,1323]" firstAuthor="Lundgren" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="294 - 305" refId="ref6375" refString="LUNDGREN, J. G., 2009. Nutritional aspects of non-prey foods in the life histories of predaceous Coccinellidae. Biological Control, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 294 - 305. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocontrol. 2009.05.016." type="journal article" year="2009">Lundgren, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the time allocated by omnivorous predators to consume prey vs. plant resources such as pollen, directly influence their effectiveness as biocontrol agents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFF97FA50FE21FA41" author="Schuldiner-Harpaz" box="[122,430,1416,1436]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schuldiner-Harpaz" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="995 - 998" refId="ref7374" refString="SCHULDINER-HARPAZ, T., COLL, M. and WEINTRAUB, P. G., 2016. Prey and pollen food choice depends on previous diet in an omnivorous predatory mite. Environmental Entomology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 995 - 998. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvw 063. PMid: 27271945." type="journal article" year="2016">Schuldiner-Harpaz et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specific benefits resulting from alternative-food consumption will depend on the development stage of the predators, as well as on the nutritional quality of the food eaten and on how the combination of food diets meets their nutritional needs at the specific stage of the development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFDB8F9CDFEADF99E" author="Goeriz Pearson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Goeriz Pearson" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="471 - 479" refId="ref6049" refString="GOERIZ PEARSON, R. E., BEHMER, S. T., GRUNER, D. S. and DENNO, R. F., 2011. Effects of diet quality on performance and nutrient regulation in an omnivorous katydid. Ecological Entomology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 471 - 479. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2011.01290. x." type="journal article" year="2011">Goeriz Pearson et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This observation highlights a complex system with several simultaneous interactions where one action interferes with the performance of the other, along with the direct influencing factors such as age, sex, and environmental conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFE90F979FF2EF90A" author="Simpson and Raubenheimer" firstAuthor="Simpson" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref7635" refString="SIMPSON, S. J. and RAUBENHEIMER, D., 1995. The geometric analysis of feeding and nutrition: a user's guide. Journal of" type="book" year="1995">Simpson and Raubenheimer, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5BFFCBFF7DF902FBF8FCA1" blockId="5.[112,663,153,1857]" lastBlockId="5.[698,1250,153,1523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
In our work, the exposure of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFE72F900FD8DF937" box="[415,514,1752,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFE72F900FE21F937" bold="true" box="[415,430,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFE54F900FD8DF937" bold="true" box="[441,514,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a single food source (i.e. eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFEF2F92CFE1BF8D3" box="[287,404,1780,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frugiperda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFEF2F92CFEA6F8D3" bold="true" box="[287,297,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFED9F92CFE1BF8D3" bold="true" box="[308,404,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">frugiperda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, uredospores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFDC0F92CFD1EF8D3" baseAuthorityName="Underw" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[557,657,1780,1801]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pleosporaceae" genus="Puccinia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polysora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFDC0F92CFDB7F8D3" bold="true" box="[557,568,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFDAFF92CFD1EF8D3" bold="true" box="[578,657,1780,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">polysora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or maize pollen) directly interfered in the nymphal development as reflected in the number of emerged adults. Thus, any nutritional deficiency occurring in the early stages of development significantly increases the mortality and compromises the reproductive parameters of the predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFC8FFF28FB82FED9" author="Hodek" box="[866,1037,240,259]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hodek" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref6188" refString="HODEK, I., VAN EMDEN, H. F., HONEK, A. and SANTOS, C. A., 2012. Ecology of Coccinellidae. Dordrecht: Wiley-Blackwell, 600 p." type="book" year="2012">Hodek et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This result indicates that such foods can act as complementary sources of nutrients but not exclusive, during the active growth phase of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFCE3FE9DFCE0FE80" box="[782,879,325,346]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFCE3FE9DFC92FE80" bold="true" box="[782,797,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFCCAFE9DFCE0FE80" bold="true" box="[807,879,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFC39FE9DFBBBFE80" box="[980,1076,325,346]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFC39FE9DFC6CFE80" bold="true" box="[980,995,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFC01FE9DFBBBFE80" bold="true" box="[1004,1076,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has completed its developmental cycle by feeding exclusively on uredospores, this food should be considered only as a complementary food, since it prolongs the duration of the young phase and reduces the survival rate of nymphs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFBB7FE61FD73FE32" author="Marucci" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Marucci" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="584 - 588" refId="ref6487" refString="MARUCCI, R. C., SOUZA, I. L., SILVA, L. O., AUAD, A. M. and MENDES, S. M., 2019. Pollen as a component of the diet of Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: forficulidade). Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 584 - 588. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1519 - 6984.184072. PMid: 30365637." type="journal article" year="2019">Marucci et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed a similar result when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFBC3FE0CFB1FFE33" box="[1070,1168,468,489]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFBC3FE0CFBB2FE33" bold="true" box="[1070,1085,468,489]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFBAAFE0CFB1FFE33" bold="true" box="[1095,1168,468,489]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was fed exclusively with pollen. Although pollen is an essential nutrient for the reproductive phase of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFBABFDD6FB24FDF9" box="[1094,1195,526,547]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFBABFDD6FBDAFDF9" bold="true" box="[1094,1109,526,547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFB8FFDD6FB24FDF9" bold="true" box="[1122,1195,526,547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is detrimental during the nymph development stage. The gain due to complementary feeding of omnivorous predators can vary according to the development stage, thus justifying different food choices between nymphs and adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFCEAFD46FBD0FD6B" author="VANKOSKY, M. A. & VANLAERHOVEN, S. L." box="[775,1119,670,689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref7923" refString="VANKOSKY, M. A. and VANLAERHOVEN, S. L., 2015. Plant and prey quality interact to influence the foraging behaviour of an omnivorous insect, Dicyphus hesperus. Animal Behaviour, vol. 108, pp. 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2015.07.019." type="journal article" year="2015">Vankosky and VanLaerhoven, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFD56FD62FCF1FD15" authorityName="Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[699,894,698,719]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Forficula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFD56FD62FCF1FD15" bold="true" box="[699,894,698,719]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Forficula senegalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Audinet-Serville, 1838;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFB8BFD64FB53FD15" authorityName="de Geer" authorityYear="1773" box="[1126,1244,700,719]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Dermaptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFD57FD00FCBEFD31" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[698,817,728,747]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Forficulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), for example, require a rich diet composed of pollen or animal prey in order to oviposit. Diets based on pollen or eggs and larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFC1CFCC9FBE9FCFE" box="[1009,1126,785,804]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
constitute a better quality food for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFC75FCF5FBAEFC98" authorityName="Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[920,1057,813,834]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Forficula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFC75FCF5FC2DFC98" bold="true" box="[920,930,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFC40FCF5FBAEFC98" bold="true" box="[941,1057,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">senegalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which guarantee a high percentage of fertile females, and allow some females to continue laying eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFC47FCBFFBE5FCA1" author="Boukary" box="[938,1130,871,891]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Boukary" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="163 - 167" refId="ref5484" refString="BOUKARY, I. B., GINGRAS, J. and TOURNEUR, J. C., 1998. Influence of diet on oviposition and survival of Forficula sengalensis Serville (Dermaptera: forficulidae). Canadian Entomologist, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 163 - 167. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 130163 - 2." type="journal article" year="1998">Boukary et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5BFFCBFD34FC5CFC47FAB9" blockId="5.[698,1250,153,1523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Although the effects of omnivory are still poorly elucidated, they open a new perspective toward understanding the real role of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFC06FC65FBC2FC08" box="[1003,1101,957,978]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFC06FC65FC76FC08" bold="true" box="[1003,1017,957,978]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFBE9FC65FBC2FC08" bold="true" box="[1028,1101,957,978]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a biological control agent and exploring this relationship to minimize the effects of pests and fungal diseases in maize crops.Thus, the omnivorous and mycophagous habit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFBBAFBCBFB35FBF2" box="[1111,1210,1043,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFBBAFBCBFBE9FBF2" bold="true" box="[1111,1126,1043,1064]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFB9CFBCBFB35FBF2" bold="true" box="[1137,1210,1043,1064]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be advantageous in maize production areas since they allow the survival of a biological control agent with a diversified diet based on lepidopteran eggs, fungal structures, and maize pollen.However, some natural features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFB91FB5EFB55FB41" box="[1148,1242,1158,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFB91FB5EFB04FB41" bold="true" box="[1148,1163,1158,1179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFB79FB5EFB55FB41" bold="true" box="[1172,1242,1158,1179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as its subsocial behavior, and the direct contact with plants and cospecifics, may represent a risk for the maize crop. Considering that the uredospores are only partially destroyed in the digestive tract of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFBE4FB20FD78FAF3" authority="(Silva et al., 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Silva" baseAuthorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFBE4FB20FB97FAD7" bold="true" box="[1033,1048,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFBCFFB20FBE4FAD7" bold="true" box="[1058,1131,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B0E1D5BFFCBFB95FB22FD61FAF3" author="Silva" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Silva" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="238763" refId="ref7474" refString="SILVA, D. D., MENDES, S. M., PARREIRA, D. F., PACHECO, R. C., MARUCCI, R. C., COTA, L. V., COSTA, R. V. and FIGUEIREDO, J. E. F., 2022. Fungivory: a new and complex ecological function of Doru luteipes. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 82, pp. e 238763. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1519 - 6984.238763." type="journal article" year="2022">Silva et al., 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus the predator can function as an agent of dispersion of the pathogen spreading fungal diseases throughout the maize crop.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536FF1D5BFFCBFD34FAB5FB6FFA28" blockId="5.[698,1250,153,1523]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Future studies should address the direct contact of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFB26FAB3FC8BFA47" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFB26FAB3FB55FA5A" bold="true" box="[1227,1242,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFD56FA50FC8BFA47" bold="true" box="[699,772,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with plants and conspecifics. Understanding this trophic behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D7C1D5BFFCBFC6EFA7DFC68FA60" box="[899,999,1445,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Forficulidae" genus="Doru" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFC6EFA7DFC1DFA60" bold="true" box="[899,914,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEAED1D5BFFCBFC73FA7DFC68FA60" bold="true" box="[926,999,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">luteipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relevant to determine the real contribution of this important predator in the biological control of pests and diseases in maize culture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |