222 lines
26 KiB
XML
222 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D6FA9AE2216D6164AF9298F4483B3C7C">COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C33E651CFFB12011FCC5FC74A43DFD32" box="[830,1065,1003,1027]" pageId="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFB12011FCC5FC74A43DFD32" blockId="85.[830,1065,1003,1027]" box="[830,1065,1003,1027]" pageId="85">
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<heading id="D0D381FBFFB12011FCC5FC74A43DFD32" box="[830,1065,1003,1027]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="85" reason="4">
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ORDER
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FC68FC74A43DFD32" box="[915,1065,1003,1027]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">ORTHOPTERA</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33E651CFFB12013FD37FB83A1ACFFFB" lastPageId="87" pageId="85" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFB12011FD37FB83A3B2FFB9" blockId="85.[684,1212,1052,1738]" pageId="85">
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Orthopteran anatomy (and some tracheae) has been diagrammed in classic works, but the first proper treatments of respiratory systems were by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FCF4FB1FA38CFDA9" author="Vinal, S. C." box="[783,920,1152,1176]" pageId="85" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref58678" refString="Vinal, S. C. 1919. The respiratory system of the Carolina locust (Dissosteria carolina Linne). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 27 (1): 19 - 32." type="journal article" year="1919">Vinal (1919</bibRefCitation>
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: for
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FC2BFB1FA4B8FDA9" authorityName="D Vinal" authorityYear="1919" box="[976,1196,1152,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Dytiscidae" genus="Dissosteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB12011FC2BFB1FA4B8FDA9" box="[976,1196,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="85">Dissosteria carolina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FD57FB3EA367FD88" author="Carpentier, F." box="[684,883,1185,1209]" pageId="85" pagination="63 - 86" refId="ref53893" refString="Carpentier, F. 1927. Sur les trachees de la base des pattes et des ailes de la sauterelle verte (Phasgonura viridissima, L.). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 47: 63 - 86." type="journal article" year="1927">Carpentier (1927</bibRefCitation>
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: for
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FC56FB3EA4BFFD88" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[941,1195,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phasgonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridissma">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB12011FC56FB3EA4BFFD88" box="[941,1195,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="85">Phasgonura viridissma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FD26FB5DA37AFDEB" author="Ander, K." box="[733,878,1218,1242]" pageId="85" refId="ref53477" refString="Ander, K. 1939. Vergleichend-anatomische und phylogenetische Studien uber die Ensifera (Saltatoria). Opuscula Entomologica (supp. 2). Lund: Entomologiska sallskapet." type="book" year="1939">Ander (1939</bibRefCitation>
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: for
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FC5AFB5DA3E8FDEB" authorityName=", Barnhart" authorityYear="1961" box="[929,1020,1218,1242]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ensifera" pageId="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ensifera</taxonomicName>
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in general). Several tracheal terms were introduced using
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FD57FA9BA339FC2D" box="[684,813,1284,1308]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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, particularly those involving auditory adaptations and saltatorial legs, and the work of these researchers (particularly Ander) was instrumental in mapping the tracheae here. More modern studies have focused on physiology, including ventilation in
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FC1CFA36A4A8FCF0" baseAuthorityName="Forskål" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[999,1212,1449,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" genus="Schistocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gregaria">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB12011FC1CFA36A4A8FCF0" box="[999,1212,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="85">Schistocera gregaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in influential experimental works by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FB8DFA55A2EDFF32" author="Miller, P. L." pageId="85" pagination="224 - 236" refId="ref56537" refString="Miller, P. L. 1960 a. Respiration in the desert locust: I. The control of ventilation. Journal of Experimental Biology 37 (2): 224 - 236." type="journal article" year="1960">Miller (1960a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FCFEFA74A35EFF32" author="Miller, P. L." box="[773,842,1515,1539]" pageId="85" pagination="237 - 263" refId="ref56572" refString="Miller, P. L. 1960 b. Respiration in the desert locust: II. The control of the spiracles. Journal of Experimental Biology 37 (2): 237 - 263." type="journal article" year="1960">1960b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FCAEFA74A38EFF32" author="Miller, P. L." box="[853,922,1515,1539]" pageId="85" pagination="264 - 278" refId="ref56608" refString="Miller, P. L. 1960 c. Respiration in the desert locust: III. Ventilation and the spiracles during flight. Journal of Experimental Biology 37 (2): 264 - 278." type="journal article" year="1960">1960c</bibRefCitation>
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), active tracheal compression in
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FCF2F993A39CFF15" box="[777,904,1548,1572]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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observed via synchrotron imaging by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FCCAF9B1A43CFF74" author="Westneat, M. W." box="[817,1064,1581,1605]" pageId="85" pagination="558 - 560" refId="ref59240" refString="Westneat, M. W., et al. 2003. Tracheal respiration in insects visualized with synchrotron X-ray imaging. Science 299: 558 - 560." type="journal article" year="2003">Westneat et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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, and the distribution of air spaces in
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FC33F9D1A4A8FF57" baseAuthorityName="Drury" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[968,1212,1614,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" genus="Schistocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB12011FC33F9D1A4A8FF57" box="[968,1212,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="85">Schistocera americana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB12011FD35F9F0A3B6FFB9" author="Shaha, R. K. & J. R. Vogt & C. S. Han & M. E. Dillon" box="[718,930,1647,1672]" pageId="85" pagination="437 - 442" refId="ref57669" refString="Shaha, R. K., J. R. Vogt, C. S. Han, and M. E. Dillon. 2013. A micro-CT approach for determination of insect respiratory volume. Arthropod Structure and Development 42 (5): 437 - 442." type="journal article" year="2013">Shaha et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFB12013FD37F90EA17FFB12" blockId="85.[684,1212,1052,1738]" lastBlockId="87.[107,635,226,1738]" lastPageId="87" pageId="85">
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Four orthopteran specimens were scanned:
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12011FD57F92DA3A9FFFB" box="[684,957,1714,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB12011FD57F92DA2E9FFFB" box="[684,765,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="85">Gryllus</emphasis>
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sp. (Gryllidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB12013FC29F92DA116F9CB" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" genus="Romalea" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="87" order="Orthoptera" pageId="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microptera">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB12011FC29F92DA4A8FFF8" box="[978,1212,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="85">Romalea microptera</emphasis>
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(Romaleidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FEEBFF7DA0E7F82A" authorityName="Adelung" authorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" genus="Tachycines" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asynamorous">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FEEBFF7DA208F9C8" box="[272,540,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="87">Tachycines asynamorous</emphasis>
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(Raphidophoridae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, and a
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FEB9FE9CA0F2F80D" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Meconema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thalassinum">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FEB9FE9CA22AF82A" box="[322,574,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="87">Meconema thalassinum</emphasis>
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(Tettigoniidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FF09FEBBA17AF80D" box="[242,366,292,316]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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tracheal morphology is best represented here in the scans of
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FE06FEDAA25EF86C" box="[509,586,325,349]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FE06FEDAA25EF86C" box="[509,586,325,349]" italics="true" pageId="87">Gryllus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FF90FEF8A0F6F84F" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1831" box="[107,226,359,382]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Meconema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FF90FEF8A0F6F84F" box="[107,226,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="87">Meconema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and these are described here in detail. Notable features are described for the remaining specimens, but they are presented in a more basic manner due to the suboptimal quality of the scan of
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FED4FE75A1B5FB33" authorityName="Adelung" authorityYear="1902" box="[303,417,490,514]" class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" genus="Tachycines" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FED4FE75A1B5FB33" box="[303,417,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="87">Tachycines</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the substantial complexity of
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FEFCFD94A171FB12" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1831" box="[263,357,523,547]" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" genus="Romalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FEFCFD94A171FB12" box="[263,357,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="87">Romalea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5B661FFFB22012FF96F923A252FFE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730591" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7730591" box="[109,582,1722,1746]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730591/files/figure.png" pageId="86" startId="86.[109,195,1724,1745]" targetBox="[315,1005,224,1697]" targetPageId="86">
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFB22012FF96F923A252FFE3" blockId="86.[109,582,1722,1746]" box="[109,582,1722,1746]" pageId="86">
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FIGURE 57.
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<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB22012FF0BF925A1E7FFE3" authority="(Plecoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Plecoptera" box="[240,499,1722,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae (Plecoptera)</taxonomicName>
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ventral.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFB32013FF70FDB3A244FCF0" blockId="87.[107,635,226,1738]" pageId="87">
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The most comprehensive work to date on tracheal morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FE9CFDD2A1F1FB54" box="[359,485,589,613]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
is by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB32013FDCFFDD2A0A1FBB6" author="Ander, K." pageId="87" refId="ref53477" refString="Ander, K. 1939. Vergleichend-anatomische und phylogenetische Studien uber die Ensifera (Saltatoria). Opuscula Entomologica (supp. 2). Lund: Entomologiska sallskapet." type="book" year="1939">Ander (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. His work formed the basis for many of the homology statements here, although we reinterpret some of his tracheae, in particular the supraventral (suv) in the prothorax and mesothorax. Ander indicates that the suv is absent in the metathorax in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FE3DFC8BA234FA1D" authorityName=", Barnhart" authorityYear="1961" box="[454,544,788,812]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ensifera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(his
|
||
<figureCitation id="131F2A12FFB32013FDA2FC8BA09CFA7C" captionStart="FIGURE 81" captionStartId="116.[108,194,1624,1645]" captionTargetBox="[189,1130,224,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-8@116.[189,1131,224,1598]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURE 81. Timema cf. californicum (Phasmatodea: Timematidae) anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730298/files/figure.png" pageId="87">fig. 81</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, Ander cites
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B66FFB32013FE4EFCAAA26FFA7C" author="Carpentier, F." box="[437,635,821,845]" pageId="87" pagination="63 - 86" refId="ref53893" refString="Carpentier, F. 1927. Sur les trachees de la base des pattes et des ailes de la sauterelle verte (Phasgonura viridissima, L.). Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 47: 63 - 86." type="journal article" year="1927">Carpentier (1927)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as the source for supraventral, where it does not go into the leg (Carpentier’s
|
||
<figureCitation id="131F2A12FFB32013FE53FCE8A1EAFABE" box="[424,510,887,911]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[107,193,1600,1621]" captionTargetBox="[108,649,224,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-337@7.[108,649,224,1572]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Illustration of the tracheal system of Lepisma saccharina by Šulc (1927). Note dorsal side on left half and venter on right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730167" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730167/files/figure.png" pageId="87">figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, Ander’s
|
||
<figureCitation id="131F2A12FFB32013FF3DFC07A133FA81" box="[198,295,920,944]" captionStart="FIGURE 83" captionStartId="118.[108,194,1644,1665]" captionTargetBox="[204,1115,226,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-8@118.[204,1116,224,1615]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 83. Timema cf. californicum (Phasmatodea: Timematidae) anteroventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730302/files/figure.png" pageId="87">figure 83</figureCitation>
|
||
details
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FE85FC07A1F1FA81" authorityName="Laicharting" authorityYear="1781" box="[382,485,920,944]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gryllidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131F2A12FFB32013FE0FFC07A22EFA81" box="[500,570,920,944]" captionStart="FIGURE 81" captionStartId="116.[108,194,1624,1645]" captionTargetBox="[189,1130,224,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-8@116.[189,1131,224,1598]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURE 81. Timema cf. californicum (Phasmatodea: Timematidae) anterodorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7730298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7730298/files/figure.png" pageId="87">fig. 81</figureCitation>
|
||
is his overall view of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FEEBFC26A178FAE0" authorityName=", Barnhart" authorityYear="1961" box="[272,364,953,977]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ensifera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and identifies three tracheae going into the proleg: pa, pp, and suv (supraventral), an apparent departure from Carpentier’s suv. Herein, T
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FE8CFB82A191FD05" box="[375,389,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="87">n</emphasis>
|
||
-AL refers to Ander’s pa, T
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FF5EFBA1A0A7FD64" box="[165,179,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="87">n</emphasis>
|
||
-PL for pp, and T
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FE82FBA1A193FD64" box="[377,391,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="87">n</emphasis>
|
||
-VL for pve. (Refer to
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A6032CFFB32013FF90FBC1A0D0FD46" box="[107,196,1118,1143]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[609,689,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[117,1174,387,1729]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 1 Insect Trachea Studies Methods: D, dissection; M, micro-CT; LA, lactic acid. Stage: L, larva; N, nymph; P, pupa; A, adult" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5B661FFFEF204FFD9AFF7DA377F853" pageId="87" tableUuid="DF5B661FFFEF204FFD9AFF7DA377F853">
|
||
table S
|
||
<quantity id="4CDC9B72FFB32013FF41FBC0A0D0FD46" box="[186,196,1119,1143]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="87" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
in the online supplement for all reassignments of labels and terms from previous studies.) Ander’s suv, more consistent than Carpentier’s, is likely T1-Cx (and even T1-PL in some taxa), designated here as such. Ander’s suf (suprafurcal), lvl (lateral lateroventral), and pf (postfurcal connective, apparently absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FF90FAD9A0AEFC6F" box="[107,186,1350,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FF90FAD9A0AEFC6F" box="[107,186,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="87">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but present in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FE4BFAD9A219FC6F" authorityName=", Barnhart" authorityYear="1961" box="[432,525,1350,1374]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ensifera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ensifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) tracheae were not found to be homologous outside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FF90FA17A0FAFC91" box="[107,238,1416,1440]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. His terminology is retained for descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FEEDFA36A186FCF0" box="[278,402,1449,1473]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
for convenience.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9B3697FFB32013FF70FA55A1ACFFFB" blockId="87.[107,635,226,1738]" pageId="87">
|
||
The dorsum of the metathorax in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FDD5FA55A0F7FF32" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FDD5FA55A26FFCD3" box="[558,635,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="87">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gryllidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FEE4FA73A22AFF32" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1831" box="[287,574,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Meconema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B950EA85FFB32013FEE4FA73A187FF32" box="[287,403,1516,1539]" italics="true" pageId="87">Meconema</emphasis>
|
||
(Tettigoniidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both possess T3-DB-Vi, paired air sacs reminiscent of a root vegetable, and ending blind (fig. 59, pl. 36). These tracheae are similar in morphology to those found in the ventral thorax of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C244D14FFB32013FE01F9EFA26FFFB9" box="[506,635,1648,1672]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Dictyoptera">Dictyoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
for hearing, and their possible function as such should be investigated further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |