228 lines
30 KiB
XML
228 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237" ID-GBIF-Dataset="41bd81a8-8d16-41cb-950f-8fab1660f845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943081" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="3" checkinTime="1594481635270" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Kenneth Carpenter & D. Bruce Young" docDate="2002" docId="038D8781B56AFF99FE306C3EF808A0C3" docLanguage="en" docName="CarpenterYoung2002ABBYY14.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Rocky Mountain Geology 37" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="245" masterDocId="FFB4FFF9B562FF91FFE46D07FFD6A911" masterDocTitle="Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado" masterLastPageNumber="254" masterPageNumber="237" pageNumber="245" updateTime="1663156125279" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kenneth Carpenter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>D. Bruce Young</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rocky Mountain Geology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2002</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>37</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>237</mods:start>
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<mods:end>254</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">41bd81a8-8d16-41cb-950f-8fab1660f845</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3943081</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4332687" ID-GBIF-Taxon="165074923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4332687" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D8781B56AFF99FE306C3EF808A0C3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D8781B56AFF99FE306C3EF808A0C3" lastPageNumber="245" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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<subSubSection box="[468,1068,313,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[275,1266,313,2966]" box="[468,1068,313,352]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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<heading bold="true" box="[468,1068,313,352]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[468,1068,313,352]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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Family
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" box="[623,1068,313,352]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">TYRANNOSAURIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[576,964,365,401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[275,1266,313,2966]" box="[576,964,365,401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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<heading bold="true" box="[576,964,365,401]" fontSize="14" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" reason="0">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[576,964,365,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[576,964,365,401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[615,920,416,454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[275,1266,313,2966]" box="[615,920,416,454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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<heading bold="true" box="[615,920,416,454]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" reason="6">
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<emphasis box="[615,920,416,454]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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<figureCitation box="[615,787,416,454]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="2.[1303,1427,1221,1253]" captionTargetBox="[1348,2244,325,1175]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 4. The first known specimen of what can now be identified as Tyrannosaurus rex is a tooth collected from Denver Formation at South Table Mountain. It was first mentioned and sketched in a letter from Edward Berthoud to O. C. Marsh dated June 20, 1874. Specimen is now at Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 4192)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943089/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Figures 4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[812,855,416,454]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="6.[266,387,1419,1451]" captionTargetBox="[291,1283,1677,2959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 13, below. Postcrania ofLittleton specimen ofTyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943111/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">13</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[880,920,416,454]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">14</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="245" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[275,1266,313,2966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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<emphasis box="[350,517,466,504]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Material.</emphasis>
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—
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102308" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Denver Formation" location="Littleton, Denver Basin " pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="three teeth, left scapulo-coracoid, ribs, distal caudal, partial left ilium, left femur, right partial tibia, right fibula, right astragalus" specimenCode="DMNH 2827" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode box="[562,794,466,504]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">DMNH 2827</specimenCode>
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three teeth, left scapulocoracoid, ribs, distal caudal, partial left ilium, left femur, right partial tibia, right fibula, right astragalus (Denver Formation, Loc. 36)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102303" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Denver Formation" location="Oak Place, Denver Basin " pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="tooth" specimenCode="DMNH 32825" specimenCount="1">DMNH 32825 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 20)</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102304" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Denver Formation" location="Promontory Pointe, Denver Basin " pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="tooth" specimenCode="DMNH 32825" specimenCount="1">DMNH 32825 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 21)</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102302" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="UCM" formation="Denver Formation" location="Standley Lake, Denver Basin" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="tooth" specimenCode="UCM 36303" specimenCount="1">UCM 36303 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 22)</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102305" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="UCM" formation="Denver Formation" location="Briggsdale, Denver Basin" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="tooth" specimenCode="UCM 38804" specimenCount="1">UCM 38804 tooth (Laramie Formation, Loc. 4)</materialsCitation>
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; and
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102310" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="YPM" formation="Denver Formation" location="Green Mtn., Denver Basin" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="tooth" specimenCode="YPM 4192" specimenCount="1">YPM 4192 tooth (Denver Formation, Loc. 32)</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="245" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[275,1266,313,2966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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Description
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<emphasis box="[574,646,918,956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">and</emphasis>
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discussion.
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<emphasis box="[862,896,918,956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">—</emphasis>
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As discussed above, a large tooth (
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102307" box="[536,731,968,1006]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="YPM" formation="Denver Formation" location="Green Mtn., Denver Basin" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="tooth" specimenCode="YPM 4192" specimenCount="1">YPM 4192</materialsCitation>
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) collected from South Table Mountain is one of the first dinosaur specimens recovered in the Denver Basin. Although originally unnamed, the tooth is now referred to
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn, Hell Creek Fm. & Custer" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[275,1266,313,2966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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The most important specimen of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn, Hell Creek Fm. & Custer" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Denver Basin is the partial skeleton found by Charlie Fickle at a housing development in Littleton. The skeleton was completely disarticulated and scattered, and unfortunately it was damaged by earthmoving equipment. Several large teeth with their roots were found, indicating that the teeth had slipped from their alveoli. The scapula and coracoid are co-ossified (
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<figureCitation box="[826,988,1622,1660]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="6.[266,387,1419,1451]" captionTargetBox="[291,1283,1677,2959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 13, below. Postcrania ofLittleton specimen ofTyran nosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943111/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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Fig. 13
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<emphasis box="[953,988,1622,1660]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">A</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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), although the suture is traced as a ridge. Their combined length is 106 cm, of which 82 cm is scapula. The distal end of the scapular blade is not expanded dorsally as in the holotype,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396420301" box="[597,826,1823,1861]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " pageId="8" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="CM 9380">CMNH 9380</materialsCitation>
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(see
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<figureCitation author="Osborn" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionText="Fig. 6. B Scapula of Tyrannosaurus. A Scapula of Allosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239322/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" year="1906">
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<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[927,1182,1823,1861]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History Bulletin" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" pagination="281 - 296" part="22" refId="ref10953" refString="Osborn, H. F., 1906, Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication): American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, v. 22, p. 281 - 296." title="Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)" type="journal article" year="1906">Osborn, 1906</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 6
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<emphasis box="[301,332,1873,1911]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">B</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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), but more closely resembles that of
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102309" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR 2081</materialsCitation>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter and Smith" box="[469,994,1923,1961]" editor="Tanke, D. & Carpenter, K." firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Bloomington, Indiana University Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" pagination="90 - 116" refId="ref9674" refString="Carpenter, K., and Smith, M., 2001, Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex, in Tanke, D., and Carpenter, K., eds., Mesozoic vertebrate life: Bloomington, Indiana University Press, p. 90 - 116." title="Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic vertebrate life" year="2001">Carpenter and Smith, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 9.2). The coracoid is 39.5 cm tall. The ilium is missing all of its pre-acetabular blade but is estimated to have been 185 cm long (
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<figureCitation box="[658,880,2073,2111]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="6.[266,387,1419,1451]" captionTargetBox="[291,1283,1677,2959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 13, below. Postcrania ofLittleton specimen ofTyran nosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943111/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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Fig. 13
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<emphasis box="[791,822,2073,2111]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">B</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[846,880,2073,2111]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">C</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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). The femur is also damaged, lacking its distal end, but is estimated to have been about 111 cm long (
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<figureCitation box="[842,1052,2175,2213]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="6.[266,387,1419,1451]" captionTargetBox="[291,1283,1677,2959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 13, below. Postcrania ofLittleton specimen ofTyran nosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943111/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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Fig. 13
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<emphasis box="[968,1002,2175,2213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">D</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[1020,1052,2175,2213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">E</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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). The shaft has collapsed into the medullary cavity along most of its length so that no minimal circumference can be measured. Almost half of the proximal part of the tibia is missing, but it is estimated to have been about as long as the femur (
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<figureCitation box="[823,987,2426,2464]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="6.[266,387,1419,1451]" captionTargetBox="[291,1283,1677,2959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 13, below. Postcrania ofLittleton specimen ofTyran nosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943111/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[275,1266,313,2966]" lastBlockId="8.[1315,2302,263,2514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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The fibula of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn, Hell Creek Fm. & Custer" authorityYear="1905" box="[632,984,2476,2514]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[632,984,2476,2514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has not been described before, but it is generally similar to that of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1974" box="[279,687,2577,2615]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baatar">
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<emphasis box="[279,687,2577,2615]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus haatar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Maleev" box="[709,961,2577,2615]" firstAuthor="Maleev" journalOrPublisher="Mesozoic and Cenozoic Faunas and Biostratigraphy of Mongolia Transactions" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" pagination="132 - 190" part="1" refId="ref10724" refString="Maleev, E. A., 1974, Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Faunas and Biostratigraphy of Mongolia Transactions, v. 1, p. 132 - 190." title="Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae" type="journal article" year="1974">Maleev, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102311" box="[992,1223,2577,2615]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Denver Formation" location="Littleton, Denver Basin " pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="three teeth, left scapulo-coracoid, ribs, distal caudal, partial left ilium, left femur, right partial tibia, right fibula, right astragalus" specimenCode="DMNH 2827" specimenCount="1">DMNH 2827</materialsCitation>
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is 87.2 cm long and has a long, slender, straight shaft that is subtriangular in cross-section at mid-shaft. The proximal end is expanded, especially posteriorly (
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<figureCitation box="[388,616,2778,2816]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="6.[266,387,1419,1451]" captionTargetBox="[291,1283,1677,2959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 13, below. Postcrania ofLittleton specimen ofTyran nosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943111/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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Fig. 13
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<emphasis box="[520,554,2778,2816]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[575,616,2778,2816]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">H</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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). The proximal end is crescentic in dorsal view. This dorsal surface is sloped medially to accommodate the distal fibular condyle of the femur. On the medial side of its proximal end is a large oval fossa that has a sharp dorsal rim. The fossa shallows distally and no sharp border is present marking its end. The fossa has a shallow, triangular platform just below its dorso-posterior rim. Most of the medial side of the shaft is rugose for ligaments binding the bone to the tibia. The scar for the M. biceps femoralis on the anterior face just above mid-shaft is very rugose and sub-oval.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[1315,2302,263,2514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
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The most significant element of
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2813102306" box="[2020,2255,667,705]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Colorado" collectionCode="DMNH" formation="Denver Formation" location="Littleton, Denver Basin " pageId="8" pageNumber="245" preparations="three teeth, left scapulo-coracoid, ribs, distal caudal, partial left ilium, left femur, right partial tibia, right fibula, right astragalus" specimenCode="DMNH 2827" specimenCount="1">DMNH 2827</materialsCitation>
|
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is an astragalus found associated with the tibia (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="6.[266,387,1419,1451]" captionTargetBox="[291,1283,1677,2959]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 13, below. Postcrania ofLittleton specimen ofTyran nosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943111/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||
Fig. 13
|
||
<emphasis box="[1361,1388,767,805]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">F</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1418,1467,767,805]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Welles and Long" box="[1507,1979,767,805]" firstAuthor="Welles" journalOrPublisher="South African Museum Annals" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" pagination="191 - 218" part="64" refId="ref11338" refString="Welles, S. P., and Long, R. A., 1974, The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs: South African Museum Annals, v. 64, p. 191 - 218." title="The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1974">Welles and Long (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described what they thought was the astragalus of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn, Hell Creek Fm. & Custer" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but which Carpenter (1992) demonstrated as a right quadrate. The astragalus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn, Hell Creek Fm. & Custer" authorityYear="1905" box="[1953,2298,918,956]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1953,2298,918,956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is illustrated here in detail for the first time (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). It measures 28.8 cm across the anterior surface of the distal condyles, and it has a maximum height of 30.8 cm. The ascending process is not as tall proportional to its width as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[1976,2208,1169,1207]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1976,2208,1169,1207]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lambe" box="[1317,1552,1219,1257]" firstAuthor="Lambe" journalOrPublisher="Geological Survey of Canada Memoir" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" pagination="1 - 84" part="100" refId="ref10375" refString="Lambe, L., 1917, The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, v. 100, p. 1 - 84." title="The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus" type="journal article" year="1917">Lambe 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which has one of the few tyrannosaurid astragali described. The process is almost as tall as it is wide (as measured just above the condyles) and forms an acute, almost right triangle. The process is situated oblique to a vertical plane through the distal condyles. A groove is present along the lateral surface of the process to accommodate the fibula (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1453,1617,1572,1610]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||
Fig. 14
|
||
<emphasis box="[1586,1617,1572,1610]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">E</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A large fossa is present at the base of the process between the dorsal surfaces of the condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1447,1618,1672,1710]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fossa is rugose and probably housed the robust collateral ligament under which the tendons for the foot extensors passed. The distal condyles are asymmetrical, the medial one being considerably larger than the lateral one (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[2109,2276,1873,1911]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the medial condyle extends farther anteriorly than the lateral one (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1922,2081,1973,2011]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||
Fig. 14
|
||
<emphasis box="[2051,2081,1973,2011]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">C</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) as in most theropods. Posteriorly, there is a deep groove at the base of the ascending process to accommodate the distal end of the tibia. The posterior part of the astragalus is tall (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1654,1862,2175,2213]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="6.[1303,1427,2818,2850]" captionTargetBox="[1433,2170,1580,2745]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 14. Astragalus ofthe Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943113/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1743,1874,2175,2213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">14B, E)</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and extends partially onto the posterior side of the tibia, thus ensuring a tight union. Laterally, there is a fossa to accommodate the calcaneum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1315,2302,263,2514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||
The teeth referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1853,2145,2375,2413]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a crown basal width that is almost equivalent to crown basal anteroposterior length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |