367 lines
38 KiB
XML
367 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="973F1B5C07C01A3D6BDCAFD954E0B7E7" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347311" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630203687125" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="PATTON, JAMES L., DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F. & MALCOLM, JAY R." docDate="2000" docId="039E01774B78D870FF7E321BB317FBE4" docLanguage="en" docName="B244.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2000 (244)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0090(2000)244%3C0001%3AMOTRJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFA7790F4B54D840FFB7335EB74EFFCF" masterDocTitle="Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1699183939665" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8648B93E19A50D5A3E817840C642492F">
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<mods:title id="E493D5CA55ED21B07FB623E967198F24">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ECFA1EA495A0B9D7267EEA46CD5E7458">PATTON, JAMES L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62809FB2A54EC82A5AB98FCF887F38AF">DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="621F65F857830F96227576EE47E2475E">MALCOLM, JAY R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="90F1896B40FEAD05795365B5CD13FBAA">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1155485E34E8FC0C5C17CDFE0DE01075">
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<mods:date id="5BFF955F37325185120B8620695D1997">2000</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="816B695BEC1BE7252CA52332263665C4" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039E01774B78D870FF7E321BB317FBE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E01774B78D870FF7E321BB317FBE4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E01774B78D870FF7E321BB317FBE4" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B78D86CFF7E321BB5C2FE94" box="[201,652,324,348]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614B78D86CFF7E321BB5C2FE94" blockId="44.[201,652,324,348]" box="[201,652,324,348]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D0C0070D4B78D86CFF7E321BB5C2FE94" box="[201,652,324,348]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFF7E321BB5C2FE94" ID-CoL="35WKD" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[201,652,324,348]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFF7E321BB683FE93" box="[201,461,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Didelphis marsupialis</emphasis>
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Linnaeus, 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B78D86CFF77322FB6BCFE6A" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614B78D86CFF77322FB6BCFE6A" blockId="44.[163,692,369,1741]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<typeStatus id="548C0EC34B78D86CFF77322FB7B7FE48" box="[192,249,369,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">TYPE</typeStatus>
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LOCALITY: ‘‘America’’; restricted to
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B78D86CFF1432D0B648FE6A" box="[163,262,398,421]" name="Suriname" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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by Thomas (1911).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B78D86DFF7732F2B47CFB59" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614B78D86CFF7732F2B62BFA67" blockId="44.[163,692,369,1741]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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DESCRIPTION: This is the largest species of didelphid marsupial in the region, with weights often over one kg. Individuals of blackcolor phase were present at all localities and were numerically dominant over those of the white phase at the four localities where both color morphs were recorded (the terra firme sites of Sobral, Penedo, Altamira, and Ilhazinha—localities
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFE6431C8B6ACFD61" bold="true" box="[467,482,662,686]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">4</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFE4531C8B54FFD61" bold="true" box="[498,513,662,686]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">7</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFDA531C8B56FFD61" bold="true" box="[530,545,662,686]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">9</emphasis>
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, and
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFDD231C8B5CCFD61" bold="true" box="[613,642,662,686]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">16</emphasis>
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, respectively). As a genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFE7A31EAB570FD04" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1758" box="[461,574,692,715]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFE7A31EAB570FD04" box="[461,574,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Didelphis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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needs no comparison to any other marsupial wherever it occurs in tropical or subtropical forests, as it is readily separable from all other taxa. This is the largest marsupial in the community, lacking spots above the eyes, with long, coarse guard hairs covering dense underfur, and a very characteristic musky odor that marks the animal’s presence even when not seen. However, species identifications can sometimes be problematic, especially in areas of near or actual sympatry between
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFD2030A9B662FBE4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFD2030A9B5E2FBC1" box="[663,684,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFF14374AB662FBE4" box="[163,300,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">marsupialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFEC0374AB6A4FBE4" baseAuthorityName="Wied-Neuwied" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[375,490,1044,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFEC0374AB6C2FBE4" box="[375,396,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFE14374AB6A4FBE4" box="[419,490,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">aurita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B78D86CFF14376FB7A4FB87" box="[163,234,1073,1096]" name="Brazil" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(Cerqueira, 1985) or between
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFDE1376FB7B3FBA9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFDE1376FB525FB87" box="[598,619,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFDCD376FB7B3FBA9" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">marsupialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFE803711B699FBA9" authorityName="Lund" authorityYear="1840" box="[311,471,1102,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">
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||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFE803711B602FBA9" box="[311,332,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFEEC3711B699FBA9" box="[347,471,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">albiventris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Guianan region (Catzeflis et al., 1997; Lavergne et al., 1997). Selected measurements (mean and range) for
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<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B78D86CFE9237F8B6C9FB72" box="[293,391,1190,1213]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="adult">14 adult</specimenCount>
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specimens, separated by sex, are given in table 5. Since only a single adult male was obtained, we are unable to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism present, nor are we able to assess variation due to age. Both sexual dimorphism and age contribute signficiantly to variation among individuals in mensural characters in
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFDF5362AB62FFA67" authority="(Gardner, 1973)" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="1973" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFDF5362AB5FDFA44" box="[578,691,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Didelphis</emphasis>
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(Gardner, 1973)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614B78D86CFF7736F0B3BDF902" blockId="44.[163,692,369,1741]" lastBlockId="44.[739,1268,985,1741]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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MOLECULAR PHYLOGEOGRAPHY: We have examined variation in the mtDNA cytochromeb gene (the initial 660 bp) for 21 individuals from 13 localities within the Rio Juruá basin as well as from other localities throughout Amazonia (fig. 38; table 6). Sequence variation is relatively slight, as
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFDDE3501B783F95C" baseAuthorityName="Wied-Neuwied" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFDDE3501B530F9B9" box="[617,638,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFD3B3501B783F95C" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">aurita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFEF73522B6A0F95C" authority="Atlantica" authorityName="Atlantica" box="[320,494,1660,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Mata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mata Atlântica</taxonomicName>
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of coastal
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B78D86CFDDB3522B5FDF95C" box="[620,691,1660,1683]" name="Brazil" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFF6F35C7B6C7F97F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[216,393,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFF6F35C7B7A3F97F" box="[216,237,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFEB735C7B6C7F97F" box="[256,393,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">marsupialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Central and South America differ by only 2.9%. These species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFCB93087B4C6FC3F" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[782,904,985,1008]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFCB93087B4C6FC3F" box="[782,904,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Didelphis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are, however, reciprocally monophyletic with regard to their mtDNA haplotypes, with bootstrap values of 81 and 79 supporting each, respectively (fig. 39) Moreover, despite the low level of overall sequence divergence within
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B78D86CFB823732B3A2FB4C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1077,1260,1132,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFB823732B304FB4C" box="[1077,1098,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B78D86CFBD43732B3A2FB4C" box="[1123,1260,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">marsupialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, some phylogeographic structure is present within this species across its sampled range All haplotypes from the Rio Juruá form a monophyletic assemblage, with bootstrap support of 81%; these differ among themselves by an average of only 0.304%. Similarly, haplotypes from central Amazonia north of the Rio Solimões (Rio Jaú and left [= east] bank of Rio Negro) are monophyletic, with 82% bootstrap support. These are more different among themselves, with an average Kimura twoparameter distance of 1.112%, but the variation does not separate into differences between samples on opposite sides of the Rio Negro. Finally, there is a series of samples from the upper Rio Negro eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B78D86CFC883500B4EFF9BA" box="[831,929,1630,1653]" name="Ecuador" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B78D86CFC563500B370F9BA" box="[993,1086,1630,1653]" name="Guyana" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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, each of which are monophyletic unto themselves, but for which there is no clear geographic set of hierarchical relationships apparent, even in
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF48E0E94B79D86DFF76309BB52DFBDF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347391" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347391/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[193,231,965,986]" targetBox="[258,1181,188,943]" targetPageId="45">
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<paragraph id="8B88B0614B79D86DFF76309BB52DFBDF" blockId="45.[167,1271,965,1040]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Fig. 38. Map of localities for which 660 bp of cytochromeb gene sequences are available for the common opossums,
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B79D86DFE3630BEB524FC3A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[385,618,992,1013]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
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<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFE3630BEB524FC3A" box="[385,618,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Didelphis marsupialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B79D86DFD1630BEB44CFC3A" baseAuthorityName="Wied-Neuwied" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[673,770,992,1013]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFD1630BEB5FAFC3A" box="[673,692,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFD7530BEB44CFC3A" box="[706,770,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Localities are identified as in the tree, fig. 39 and provenance data are listed in table 6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B79D86DFF10373FB47CFB59" blockId="45.[167,696,1121,1741]" lastBlockId="45.[743,1271,1121,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
comparison to haplotypes from southern Central America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B79D86DFECF3721B6B7FB59" box="[376,505,1151,1174]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Panama´) or from the southeastern Brazilian Amazon (Carajás, Estado do Para´). Consequently, while the level of sequence divergence within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B79D86DFD2C3787B67EFAC1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFD2C3787B5FEFB3F" box="[667,688,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFF1037A9B67EFAC1" box="[167,304,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">marsupialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite minimal, especially in comparison to that in other marsupials (see other accounts, below), there is some phylogeographic structure across its sampled range. It is unclear whether the low level of sequence divergence within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B79D86DFDA436D2B5CAFA6C" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[531,644,1420,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFDA436D2B5CAFA6C" box="[531,644,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Didelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reflects a relative recency in the evolution of its member species, or simply slower rates of molecular evolution. In either case, the relatively high levels of similarity among haplotypes of specific phylogeographic regions cannot be assumed to result from differences in population structure (e.g., higher gene flow rates), despite the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B79D86DFD9E3525B5D4F95D" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[553,666,1659,1682]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFD9E3525B5D4F95D" box="[553,666,1659,1682]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Didelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often characterized as a nearly nomadic small mammal with large home ranges and great individual movement distances (Gardner 1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B79D870FCB337C3B534F9CF" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B79D86DFCB337C3B3B9F902" blockId="45.[743,1271,1121,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: This species was taken at 10 of the 16 primary sample sites and in each of the four regional areas from the headwaters to the mouth of the Rio Juruá (appendix A). At mid and lower river localities, we found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B79D86DFC55366CB3DAFA86" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[994,1172,1330,1353]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFC55366CB4B9FA86" box="[994,1015,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFBBC366CB3DAFA86" box="[1035,1172,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">marsupialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only in mature or second growth terra firme forest in disturbed garden plots, or in traps placed in the ecotone between terra firme and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B79D86DFB0236D2B3B9FA6C" box="[1205,1271,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">igapó</emphasis>
|
||
forest. At the headwaters localities, specimens were taken in both nonflooded and locally inundated riveredge forest. This appears to be primarily an upland, nonflooded forest taxon, that inhabits a wide range of usable microhabitats, including secondary growth indicative of heavy disturbance by humans. Nearly all specimens were taken in traps placed on the ground, although several individuals were seen and shot as they
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B7AD86EFF143608B6ACFA2C" blockId="46.[163,692,1366,1741]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
climbed in trees or vine tangles less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B7AD86EFD133608B7F4FA44" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
off the ground and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B7AD86EFE0B362AB520FA44" box="[444,622,1396,1419]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
were taken in canopy traps at heights above
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B7AD86EFDC136CFB5FDFA67" box="[630,691,1425,1448]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
(Penedo, locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7AD86EFECE36F0B6C6FA09" bold="true" box="[377,392,1454,1478]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">7</emphasis>
|
||
; ViraVolta, locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7AD86EFD3936F0B5E5FA09" bold="true" box="[654,683,1454,1478]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">14</emphasis>
|
||
; and Ilhazinha, locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7AD86EFE033695B69FFA2C" bold="true" box="[436,465,1483,1507]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">16</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B7AD86EFF7736B7B3BAF902" blockId="46.[163,692,1366,1741]" lastBlockId="46.[739,1268,1366,1741]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
REPRODUCTION: Harder (1992) presents a brief summary of the literature on reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B7AD86EFF4C357AB69CF9F4" box="[251,466,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7AD86EFF4C357AB622F9F4" box="[251,364,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Didelphis</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Among our specimens, all females of age class 3 or greater (from Gardner, 1982; age approximately 7– 11 months, see also TyndaleBiscoe and MacKenzie, 1976) were either parous (as judged by the orange color of the pouch re gion) or with pouch young; one of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B7AD86EFB2C3608B469FA44" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
younger than age 3 showed signs of reproductive activity; and all females of age class 2 or less were nulliparous. For males maximal testis size (length>
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B7AD86EFBEE3692B3FFFA2C" box="[1113,1201,1484,1507]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
) was found in all specimens of age class 2 and older. Females with pouch young were taken in all months of our trapping effort, including August, September, October, November, February, March, and June. These data suggest that reproduction can occur in all months of the year, during both wet and dry seasons Yearround reproduction also characterizes
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF48E0E94B7BD86FFF7636F5B546F9B5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347393" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347393" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347393/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[193,231,1451,1472]" targetBox="[412,1026,188,1429]" targetPageId="47">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B7BD86FFF7636F5B546F9B5" blockId="47.[167,1271,1451,1658]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Fig. 39. Majorityrule consensus tree of 605 equally minimal length maximum parsimony trees for cytochromeb haplotypes of the opossums,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B7BD86FFDC83698B424FA14" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[639,874,1478,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7BD86FFDC83698B424FA14" box="[639,874,1478,1499]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Didelphis marsupialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Amazonia and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B7BD86FFBE03698B3F4FA14" baseAuthorityName="Wied-Neuwied" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[1111,1210,1477,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7BD86FFBE03698B324FA14" box="[1111,1130,1478,1499]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7BD86FFBCD3698B3F4FA14" box="[1146,1210,1478,1499]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">aurita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Atlantic Forest. Data are the initial 660 bp of sequence. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of character changes. Haplotypes for specimens from the Rio Juruá are identified by heavy lines and bold type; localities for all specimens are listed in table 6. The tree is rooted by comparison to sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B7BD86FFE8E356EB684F98A" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[313,458,1584,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virginiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7BD86FFE8E356EB602F98A" box="[313,332,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7BD86FFEEA356EB684F98A" box="[349,458,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">virginiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B7BD86FFDB5356EB581F98A" box="[514,719,1584,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B7BD86FFDB5356EB581F98A" box="[514,719,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Philander opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Tree length = 75 steps; CI = 0.800, RI = 0.807 Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 iterations; percentages are average Kimura twoparameter distances.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF48E0E94B64D870FF0A3056B4FDFC9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347395/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[189,227,776,797]" targetBox="[348,1080,198,755]" targetPageId="48">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B64D870FF0A3056B4FDFC9D" blockId="48.[163,1267,776,851]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Fig. 40. Chromosome complements of three species of didelphid marsupials from the Rio Juruá with 2n = 22 karyotypes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE7D307CB693FCF8" bold="true" box="[458,477,802,823]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B64D870FE59307DB43AFCF7" authority=", MNFS 1035" authorityName=", MNFS" authorityYear="1035" box="[494,884,803,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE59307DB594FCF7" box="[494,730,803,824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Didelphis marsupialis</emphasis>
|
||
, MNFS 1035
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FC6B307CB4A7FCF8" bold="true" box="[988,1001,802,823]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">5</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FC4C307CB342FCF8" bold="true" box="[1019,1036,802,823]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B64D870FBA9307DB7A4FC9D" authority=", MNFS" authorityName="MNFS" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FBA9307DB3A2FCF7" box="[1054,1260,803,824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Philander opossum</emphasis>
|
||
, MNFS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
623, locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE363063B6C0FC9D" bold="true" box="[385,398,829,850]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">9</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE293063B6FFFC9D" bold="true" box="[414,433,829,850]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24B64D870FE773060B474FC9D" authority=", MNFS 1435" authorityName=", MNFS" authorityYear="1435" box="[448,826,829,851]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcilhennyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE773060B5EBFC9C" box="[448,677,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Philander mcilhennyi</emphasis>
|
||
, MNFS 1435
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, locality
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FC283063B4E2FC9D" bold="true" box="[927,940,829,850]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">7</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B64D870FF1430DFB7B6FAFC" blockId="48.[163,692,897,1741]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
populations in primary rainforest in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B64D870FDD530DFB7B9FC7A" name="French Guiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Catzeflis et al., 1997), but contrasts with the llanos (‘‘plains’’) of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B64D870FDED30E2B789FC3F" name="Colombia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
that are highly affected by seasonal changes and where reproduction was limited to the dry season (January through August; TyndaleBiscoe and MacKenzie, 1976). Litter size averaged 5.1 (range 4–7, n = 9). This value is within the range of litter sizes reported from other localities in South America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B64D870FF1C37F8B66CFB72" box="[171,290,1190,1213]" name="Colombia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 4.5 [TyndaleBiscoe and Mac Kenzie, 1976]; and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14B64D870FE3D379AB577FB14" box="[394,569,1220,1243]" name="French Guiana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 4.7 to 6.5 [Catzeflis et al., 1997; CharlesDominique, 1983; JulienLaferrière and Atramentowicz, 1990]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B64D870FF773667B534F9CF" blockId="48.[163,692,897,1741]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5FBA3C4B64D870FF773667B538F9CF" collectionCode="MNFS" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" specimenCode="MNFS 372, 396, 437, 1035" specimenCount="1">
|
||
KARYOTYPE: 2n = 22, FN = 20 (fig. 40A). The autosomal complement as well as both X and Ychromosomes are acrocentric and graded by size (see Gardner, 1973; Reig et al., 1977; Palma and Yates, 1996). We karyotyped
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84B64D870FEB83692B688FA2C" box="[271,454,1484,1507]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from two separate localities (
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB91181A4B64D870FEAA36B7B6E8F9CF" box="[285,422,1513,1536]" collectionCode="MNFS" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">MNFS 372</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB91181A4B64D870FE0236B7B6ADF9CF" box="[437,483,1513,1536]" collectionCode="MNFS" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">396</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB91181A4B64D870FE4536B7B56EF9CF" box="[498,544,1513,1536]" collectionCode="MNFS" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">437</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB91181A4B64D870FD9836B7B520F9CF" box="[559,622,1513,1536]" collectionCode="MNFS" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">1035</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4B64D870FF773558B317FBE4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B88B0614B64D870FF773558B317FBE4" blockId="48.[163,692,897,1741]" lastBlockId="48.[739,1267,897,1067]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
SPECIMENS EXAMINED (n = 39): (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FDF33558B51DF9D1" bold="true" box="[580,595,1542,1566]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">1</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FDD23558B5C3F9D2" box="[613,653,1542,1565]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
, 1f — MNFS 1160, 1190; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE55357DB6BFF9F4" bold="true" box="[482,497,1571,1595]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">2</emphasis>
|
||
) 2f — MNFS 1182–1183; (b)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FED2351FB6C4F997" box="[357,394,1601,1624]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
— MNFS 1003; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FDDA351FB534F996" bold="true" box="[621,634,1601,1625]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">c</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FD39351FB5FDF997" box="[654,691,1601,1624]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
— MNFS 1035; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FEC23500B6CAF9B9" bold="true" box="[373,388,1630,1654]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">3</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FE213500B6F0F9BA" box="[406,446,1630,1653]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
, 4f — MNFS 1515– 1517, 1639, JUR 203; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE023525B68AF95C" bold="true" box="[437,452,1659,1683]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">4</emphasis>
|
||
) 1f — MNFS 1452; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FF1B35C7B7F5F97E" bold="true" box="[172,187,1689,1713]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">6</emphasis>
|
||
) 1f — JLP 15654; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FE0C35C7B684F97E" bold="true" box="[443,458,1689,1713]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">7</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FE6835C7B549F97F" box="[479,519,1689,1712]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
|
||
, 5f — MNFS 372, 396, 413, 429, 437–438, JLP 15354; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FD5B30DFB444FC56" bold="true" box="[748,778,897,921]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">9a</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FCA830DFB40AFC57" box="[799,836,897,920]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
— MNFS 931; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FBAA30DFB362FC56" bold="true" box="[1053,1068,897,921]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">9</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FBF730DFB326FC57" box="[1088,1128,897,920]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
|
||
, 7f — JLP 15939, 15990, 15999–16000, 16020, 16044, 16070, 16075–16076; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FBAA30E5B375FC1C" bold="true" box="[1053,1083,955,979]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">11</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FBEE30E2B3CEFC1C" box="[1113,1152,956,979]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
— JLP 15751; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FCF83087B438FC3E" bold="true" box="[847,886,985,1009]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">12)</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FC3F3087B4E1FC3F" box="[904,943,985,1008]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
, 1f — MNFS 683, JLP 15798; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FCF030A8B42AFBC1" bold="true" box="[839,868,1014,1038]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">13</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FCC030A8B4D2FBC2" box="[887,924,1014,1037]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
— JUR 467; (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9436C734B64D870FBF830A8B322FBC1" bold="true" box="[1103,1132,1014,1038]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">15</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF1D844B64D870FBC830A8B3E9FBC2" box="[1151,1191,1014,1037]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
|
||
, 4f — JUR 468, 508, 521, 549, 560);.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |