194 lines
23 KiB
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194 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7B0A267150D4FCD6B51DF5362B2EC3C6">Vernonieae (Asteraceae) of southern Africa: A generic disposition of the species and a study of their pollen</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="513CB3EE8708DD4B8C15AD5642B4D66F">Robinson, Harold</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D402C035985815BCC4B8F2981AAC16C6">Skvarla, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5C9208F97A3E422A30AEE2E35CFF880">Funk, Vicki A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="2A8404FC8E1A474E9F8633070C6B1BD3" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127870788" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A8404FC8E1A474E9F8633070C6B1BD3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A8404FC8E1A474E9F8633070C6B1BD3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="12" pageNumber="61" scope_family="Asteraceae">
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<subSubSection id="9125813E071DCA5200DA7A235104AC81" pageId="12" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D7DD91E43973A6467E989F08FA70D832" pageId="12" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="87D25BD2C5E5EC1D9E98BCC397B7A5AE" ID-CoL="46Z4" LSID="2A8404FC-8E1A-474E-9F86-33070C6B1BD3" authority="Cass., 1817" authorityName="Cass." authorityYear="1817" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="5C1C2F0924B4BA2EB87A3A77B3EE6052" pageId="12" pageNumber="61" start="start">Distephanus</pageBreakToken>
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Cass., 1817
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="8E0EE3E9C3E1781A06F1C395E025823C" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="12" pageNumber="61">
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Figures 4
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<normalizedToken id="00F54DA29A78568C0BBFC8C071671980" originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1521C92A1C44A5955BE4EB8DDAD63441" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Photographs of Distephanus: A-F Distephanus divaricatus (Steetz) H. Rob. & B. Kahn; G-H Distephanus anisochaetoides (Sond.) H. Rob. & B. Kahn. Note the variable flower color in Distephanus divaricatus. Note: trinervate veination, lack of lavender corollas and presence of yellow and orange. See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77478" pageId="12" pageNumber="61">
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; 6
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<normalizedToken id="BC43E9263AADAE218D97F19670803D79" originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D937BE4D40972901567E86CCF9CB13D6" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2689B884AE0299C30A7B8D0D0BBBA1FE" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="D3E68F4E6AEEB20B748340769682A5A3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken id="DDEA00AA1AFC2A155B8D48DF0B6B8116" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" start="start">Distephanus</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 151. 1817.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B3EDEAA2579DE97C76F6FF0D8CC39D84" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="9F75F0776BC3E1454EA5E689F749FBC7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gongrothamnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gongrothamnus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gongrothamnus</taxonomicName>
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Steetz in Peters, Reise Mossamb., Bot.: 336. 1864. - Type:
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<taxonomicName id="0BECA8FA5F273CED780ACD5F6B4B1074" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gongrothamnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gongrothamnus divaricatus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="divaricatus">
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<emphasis id="A0A9E6E018DC93BD796BC94BF51E8EE4" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Gongrothamnus divaricatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Steetz in Peters
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0200CE1BACF82F4B8BBC94C9CE698D2A" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="0486D27759D6CFB2D197DAEEC4238CFA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Newtonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Newtonia" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Newtonia</taxonomicName>
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O. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl,
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<normalizedToken id="A6773C7821022D887FB14397EBBB0BED" originalValue="Natürl">Natuerl</normalizedToken>
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. Pflanzenfam. 4(5): 285. 1892, nom. illeg., non Baill. 1888. - Type:
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<taxonomicName id="ECEF5CC409EC1D3053FB6A892A44A03E" authorityName="O. Hoffm" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="O. Hoffm" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Newtonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Newtonia angolensis" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angolensis">
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<emphasis id="904B722C9AF4EEC0C22BB39DEDF94CA4" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Newtonia angolensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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O. Hoffm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="43349E2147897335984BD8A91215DE65" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="BFA07EE7ADB596C4BAB50ED3B1F566C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Antunesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Antunesia" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Antunesia</taxonomicName>
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O. Hoffm., Bolet. Soc. Brot. 10" 178. 1893 (
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<normalizedToken id="B6DC8E07227CD775E2E9CAC17F175D9F" originalValue="“1892”">"1892"</normalizedToken>
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), nom. nov. for
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<taxonomicName id="ECC3938EF63ED0E954A0B9DCA6CE4BCF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Newtonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Newtonia" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="10C153F51BCE66099A636A1AE6E01B27" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Newtonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="788C10F5FC2A467A859D384AD98D6C67" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" type="resources">
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<paragraph id="629A75D381A32B750A86EB2BA85A93A7" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Resources.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E5D3820BC2C0CDB0D8606154BA081D1A" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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For discussion and numerous transfers of species see treatment by
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<bibRefCitation id="485F54D441BF3A0A4C2DCD99BB1B1173" author="Robinson, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="493 - 501" publicationUrl="10.1098/rspb.1986.0036" refId="B44" refString="Robinson, H, Kahn, B, 1986. Trinervate leaves, yellow flowers, tailed anthers and pollen variation in Distephanus Cassini (Vernonieae: Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 99 (3): 493 - 501, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1986.0036" title="Trinervate leaves, yellow flowers, tailed anthers and pollen variation in Distephanus Cassini (Vernonieae: Asteraceae)." url="10.1098/rspb.1986.0036" volume="99" year="1986">Robinson and Kahn (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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. For a recent treatment of the genus in southern Africa see
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<bibRefCitation id="471564B40DBD42D45F865698E455C2BF" author="Swelankomo, N" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Botany" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="38 - 48" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.007" refId="B52" refString="Swelankomo, N, Manning, JC, 2014. The genus Distephanus (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 94: 38 - 48, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.007" title="The genus Distephanus (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa." url="10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.007" volume="94" year="2014">Swelankomo and Manning (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6341419A49FCE1D5E0758E33BB3297EB" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" type="descriptions">
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<paragraph id="74D74BFA5BD55B8C9635FA912987FE08" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Descriptions.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6200A9E9B049FCBC53D5199CFD4B7857" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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Shrubs or vines; hairs arachnoid, contorted or asymmetrically T-shaped. Leaves alternate; petioles short; blades ovate to rounded, often with truncate to subcordate bases, less often narrow with cuneate bases, margins usually entire or subentire, venation usually with stronger more ascending basal pair or strongly triplinervate, less often irregularly pinnate. Inflorescences terminal on stems or branches, with single heads or usually branching, corymbiform with minute bracts or thyrsoid with foliose bracts; peduncles usually short. Heads with campanulate involucres; bracts 21
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<normalizedToken id="DA7101C11C1862BA3CFBFB069F366BDD" originalValue="–24(–">-24(-</normalizedToken>
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75) in 4
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<normalizedToken id="F5341884A293C331B5F4CB2A97E0B1BF" originalValue="–6(–">-6(-</normalizedToken>
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7) gradate series, without appendaged tips; receptacles epaleaceous. Florets 10
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<normalizedToken id="AA07FAA8D1CE9C1F6B32902E6C2DC341" originalValue="–16(–">-16(-</normalizedToken>
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75) in a head; corollas usually yellow, purplish in a few continental African species; anther thecae with distinct broad often sclerified basal appendages; endothecial cells with simple, broad, non-contiguous, sclerified shields; apical appendages without glands; style base with large abruptly distinct node; style branches with obtuse sweeping hairs. Achenes cylindrical to prismatic, sometimes subtriquetrous or quadrangular, with 5-12 ribs, usually 10, setulae or glands present or absent, raphids elongate; carpopodium turbinate; pappus of many capillary bristles, outer series of squamellae. Chromosome numbers n = 9, 10, 15 (
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<bibRefCitation id="1D0D03444A368B3439BE880921760817" author="Jones, SB" editor="Loeve, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="119 - 128" publicationUrl="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" refId="B22" refString="Jones, SB, 1982. . In: Loeve, A, Ed., IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV. Taxon 31: 119 - 128, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" volume="31" volumeTitle="IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV." year="1982">Jones 1982</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="49D6CDD68A33C2E2A72134E021166516" author="Gill, LS" journalOrPublisher="Compositae Newsletter" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="12 - 16" publicationUrl="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48998page/14/mode/1up" refId="B12" refString="Gill, LS, Omoigui, DI, 1992. Chromosome numbers in some Nigerian Compositae. Compositae Newsletter 20/21: 12 - 16, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48998page/14/mode/1up" title="Chromosome numbers in some Nigerian Compositae." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48998page/14/mode/1up" volume="20 / 21" year="1992">Gill and Omoigui 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2B743283E10A78299C42CA8BC57BC00C" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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Pollen: 30-36
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<normalizedToken id="2477DC455DF2B90035CED2C50B20EC41" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter (dry); tricolporate, sublophate to lophate; lophate forms with muri projecting as spurs into colpus, with echinate or with nearly psilate ridges; tectum continuous in intercolpi and at poles, or in pockets surrounded by ridges, with distinct perforations; with columellae under spines or with muri granular inside, without distinct baculae (Figs
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<figureCitation id="981299801FBD1832F28592774E3F7105" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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4
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<normalizedToken id="E6A3BC25E4DB4EB4403318AF29D52BCB" originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="BB5FD4795DE038758EAEB664E08907B1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="974379" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77478" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
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<paragraph id="0AFA036548F6821EF04F77D19436E99C" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="98DD6384B47AA9E8D747B475A2027A86" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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Photographs of
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<taxonomicName id="507521A43C16EC82EA6D1FD7A81F07EB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="73CECF092F734988D56E782897DBB3EA" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Distephanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis id="E3840EFB9D8EF20CDB57B3EB8469C735" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
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<normalizedToken id="425E67A2AB6C8A99CAA4093244036FB1" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="93146C91033C88C9F7161927781D03D7" authorityName="H. Rob. & B. Kahn" authorityYear="1986" baseAuthorityName="Steetz" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus divaricatus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="divaricatus">
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<emphasis id="D93D71CF83C5060BAC2618475D0FF022" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Distephanus divaricatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Steetz) H. Rob. & B.Kahn;
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A449A7A768365CB2751B7BB367E18B" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E70E6E252631322DB45C483B783B5831" originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A6123ED44D0C7CD2618C4E7ACF0978A" authorityName="H. Rob. & B. Kahn" authorityYear="1986" baseAuthorityName="Sond." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus anisochaetoides" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisochaetoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="947C8E5C546F51C20BCEB0A6323A3126" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Distephanus anisochaetoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sond.) H. Rob. & B.Kahn. Note the variable flower color in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE8C43D685DAA90054D8E2FB3C642E79" authorityName="H. Rob. & B. Kahn" authorityYear="1986" baseAuthorityName="Steetz" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus divaricatus" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="divaricatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="048D572D9257AF063452CEF1AD5DE88F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Distephanus divaricatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note: trinervate veination, lack of lavender corollas and presence of yellow and orange. See Appendix C for citation details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="676A8FF9EB982D541090E9BEA9F089F8" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Notable secondary metabolites: sesquiterenes, elemanolides (Bohlmann and Jakupovic, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="97481A93CBD8EE582EECE4F738F76F52" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gongrothamnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gongrothamnus aurantiaca" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="520039D95BDBE9720F8010E9CAF7644C" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Gongrothamnus aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
N.E. Br.), guaianolide (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D11D4BA3D9F2CC59C22E766270598F6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Gongrothamnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gongrothamnus sublutea" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sublutea">
|
||
<emphasis id="8FF195CEC309C4D670CF6CD227ABD95B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Gongrothamnus sublutea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Elliot., guaianolides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A8CFC5AD7101F2465AADB19D0001CC15" author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A67A83A93954CCF105E01F7DF89DD46A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Vernonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vernonia anisochaetoides" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisochaetoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="4B0612887F1D48975C39624E914C6BBF" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Vernonia anisochaetoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sond., glaucolides/hirsutanolides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B259121CDFB5C957D8EA414B2E9B69AD" author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D9A186CF8DBCA5D236FC5D027F4F236" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Vernonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vernonia angulifolia" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angulifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E932EC67E9E2B15DC9ED044B5848C29" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Vernonia angulifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DC.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="334818A25DCB11954F226169B59E1A9C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Compositae" genus="Vernonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vernonia tufrnellae" order="Asterales" pageId="13" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tufrnellae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9D3269F5DB59D45085259A5E3A9DADAE" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="62">Vernonia tufrnellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
S. Moore).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |