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<document id="7FF64BCD6D4BCAD2711E5C46DE4D10AE" ID-CLB-Dataset="7137" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a680b0d1-c6c7-4352-bc7c-3e86a6553f20" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4700886" ID-ZooBank="C1539A50-36B3-4050-8378-7E309F0053D9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1618839568249" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Penz, Carla M." docDate="2021" docId="03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4963.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4963 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cithaerias bandusia Staudinger 2021, STAT. REV." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="303" masterDocId="FFC5EA56CD48FF9FFF8AFF9255534669" masterDocTitle="Revised species definitions and nomenclature of the blue and purple / rose Cithaerias butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="316" masterPageNumber="293" pageNumber="302" updateTime="1698937210022" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BFC5FCC5AFF2CAA576526D165A392700">Revised species definitions and nomenclature of the blue and purple / rose Cithaerias butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DB28161142CF194CC1215FE37589F2FF">Penz, Carla M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="5E49B5D7D0882A80A98953CE47EEA00A">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700831" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181761500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4700831" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF96FF1DFDF857F244EC" box="[151,673,618,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF1DFDF857F244EC" blockId="9.[151,673,618,681]" box="[151,673,618,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<heading id="D0A29454CD41FF96FF1DFDF857F244EC" bold="true" box="[151,673,618,645]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF1DFDF857F244EC" bold="true" box="[151,673,618,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FF1DFDF8575844ED" ID-CoL="93XHV" authority="Staudinger" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,523,618,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF1DFDF854D344EC" bold="true" box="[151,384,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Cithaerias bandusia</emphasis>
Staudinger
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2124251CD41FF96FD98FDF857F244EC" box="[530,673,618,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">STAT. REV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF96FF1DFD1D54C544C0" box="[151,406,655,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF1DFD1D54C544C0" blockId="9.[151,673,618,681]" box="[151,406,655,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
(
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FF15FD1D544144C0" box="[159,274,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,989,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-398@11.[151,1436,976,1898]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. a–c, C. esmeralda; d–g, C. bandusia; and h–i C. azurina; dorsal view on the left, ventral on the right. Collecting localities and genitalia dissection codes appear below each specimen. Cithaerias azurina specimens were photographed before dissection, collection labels were reduced to 70% of their original size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700897/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Figs 3d–g</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FE94FD1D546F44C0" box="[286,316,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1565,1589]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,498,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-156@16.[151,1436,489,1542]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, phallus in lateral view, and subscaphium in ventral view. Valva setae shown on one side only. Given that the two parts of the subscaphium (subanal plate and adjacent area containing microtrichia) rest on the diaphragma, the variation in the shape of the subanal plate might include slight preparation artifacts. Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-03; b, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós) dissection CMP 19-08; c, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-14." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700907/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">7b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FEC2FD1D543644C0" box="[328,357,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-16@19.[151,1436,181,1676]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Female genitalia in ventral view, including schematic representation of papilla anales and abdomen outline (scale patches, general scaling, and setae excluded). Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. andromeda (British Guiana, Potaro River) dissection CMP 13–32; b, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-04; c, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Santarém) dissection CMP 14-11; d, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-15; e, C. pyropina pyropina (Peru, Tingo María) dissection CMP 13-31; f, C. pyropina julia (Ecuador, Macas) dissection CMP 19-16; g, C. songoana (Bolivia, Rio Songo (sic)) dissection CMP 20-17. The arrow in e shows a separate drawing of the sclerotized post-sterigmal plate (folded behind the sterigma in the prepared specimen, and also in f and g). This structure is present in all species examined, and all have microtrichia, which vary in size between species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700911/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">9c</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FEFAFD1D54DE44C0" box="[368,397,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-273@21.[151,1436,741,1794]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10. Map showing the collecting localities of examined specimens (excluding dubious localities). Circles marked with a white dot represent specimens examined from photographs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700913/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF96FF1DFD4150394563" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF1DFD4150394563" blockId="9.[151,1436,723,778]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FF1DFD4157824482" ID-CoL="93XHV" authority="Staudinger, 1884" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,721,723,747]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="esmeralda" variety="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF1DFD4154224482" box="[151,369,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Cithaerias esmeralda</emphasis>
variety
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FE4BFD41574D4482" box="[449,542,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">bandusia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC45EC9CD41FF96FDA9FD4157824482" author="Staudinger, O." box="[547,721,723,747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" refId="ref17334" refString="Staudinger, O. (1884 - 1888) I. Theil. Exotische Tagfalter in systematischer Reihenfolge mit Berucksichtigung neuer Arten. In: Staudinger, O. &amp; Schatz, E. (Eds.), Exotische Schmetterlinge. Furth, G. Lowensohn. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60853" type="book" year="1884">Staudinger, 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FD50FD46548A4563" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">I. Theil. Exotische Tagfalter in systematischer Reihenfolge mit Berücksichtigung neuer Arten. In:</emphasis>
Staudinger, O. &amp; E. Schatz, 1884–1892,
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FCF7FD6051D64563" box="[893,1157,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Exotische Schmetterlinge.</emphasis>
Fürth, G. Löwensohn.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF96FF1DFCAA540A45F3" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF1DFCAA5770453B" blockId="9.[151,1437,824,2039]" box="[151,547,824,850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD41FF96FF1DFCAA574C453B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321383" box="[151,543,824,850]" country="Brazil" location="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF1DFCAA546A453B" bold="true" box="[151,313,824,850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<typeStatus id="54EE9D9ACD41FF96FF1DFCAA5581453B" box="[151,210,824,850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD41FF96FECAFCAA54D4453B" box="[320,391,824,850]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, (Amazonas)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF4DFCCE540A45F3" blockId="9.[151,1437,824,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF4DFCCE542B451F" bold="true" box="[199,376,860,886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD41FF96FEF5FCCE540645F3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321381" country="Germany" location="Museum Fur Naturkunde" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Berlin" typeStatus="lectotype">
The male
<typeStatus id="54EE9D9ACD41FF96FE7AFCCE5704451F" box="[496,599,860,886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC45EC9CD41FF96FC8BFCCF56CD451F" author="Lamas, G." box="[769,926,860,887]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" pagination="133 - 138" refId="ref16514" refString="Lamas, G. (1998) Lista sinonimica de los generos Cithaerias Hubner y Haetera Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), con la descripcion de dos subespecies nuevas del Peru. Revista peruana de Entomologia, 40, 133 - 138." type="journal article" year="1998">Lamas (1998)</bibRefCitation>
is deposited in the
<location id="8E8A75E3CD41FF96FBF3FCCF50CB451F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD41FF96FBF3FCCF50CB451F" box="[1145,1432,860,887]" country="Germany" name="Museum Fur Naturkunde" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" stateProvince="Berlin">Museum Für Naturkunde</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="4991EDDACD41FF96FF1DFC1255B345F3" box="[151,224,896,922]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Berlin</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD41FF96FF61FC12540645F3" box="[235,341,896,922]" name="Germany" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Germany</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF96FF4DFC3650DD45D7" box="[199,1422,932,959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF4DFC3650DD45D7" blockId="9.[151,1437,824,2039]" box="[199,1422,932,959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF4DFC36543245D7" bold="true" box="[199,353,932,958]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD41FF96FEEDFC3654FD45D7" box="[359,430,932,958]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Amazonas,
<collectingRegion id="4991EDDACD41FF96FDB6FC37578245D7" box="[572,721,932,959]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, Pará. See map (
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FC01FC36568F45D7" box="[907,988,932,958]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-273@21.[151,1436,741,1794]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10. Map showing the collecting localities of examined specimens (excluding dubious localities). Circles marked with a white dot represent specimens examined from photographs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700913/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) for localities of examined specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF96FF4DFC5A54394397" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF4DFC5A54394397" blockId="9.[151,1437,824,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF4DFC5A5411458B" bold="true" box="[199,322,968,994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This species is defined based on the following combination of characters (numbered in
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FA95FC5A50C3458A" box="[1311,1424,968,995]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,989,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-398@11.[151,1436,976,1898]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. a–c, C. esmeralda; d–g, C. bandusia; and h–i C. azurina; dorsal view on the left, ventral on the right. Collecting localities and genitalia dissection codes appear below each specimen. Cithaerias azurina specimens were photographed before dissection, collection labels were reduced to 70% of their original size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700897/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 3d–g</figureCitation>
): (1) male HW submarginal and marginal bands amalgamated and thin; (2) male HW postmedial band proximal to the ocellus below M
<subScript id="17D1217DCD41FF96FEF7FBB054D64259" attach="left" box="[381,389,1058,1072]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">1</subScript>
thin, fragmented, often limited to cell Rs; (3) male HW postmedial band quite broad around tornus, may be absent from cell M
<subScript id="17D1217DCD41FF96FD9FFBD4574E423D" attach="left" box="[533,541,1094,1108]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">3</subScript>
; (4) male HW scale cover blue, glossy, dense and limited to the tornus, covering the postmedial band and enclosing medium-small pink spots; (5) female similar to male but with wider HW brown bands, a continuous postmedial band including the portion outlining the ocellus below M
<subScript id="17D1217DCD41FF96FBF3FB1C51D242F5" attach="left" box="[1145,1153,1166,1180]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">1</subScript>
, (6) less dense midnightblue scaling at tornus enclosing larger pale pink or white spots. Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FB85FB32513742D2" box="[1039,1124,1184,1211]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1565,1589]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,498,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-156@16.[151,1436,489,1542]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, phallus in lateral view, and subscaphium in ventral view. Valva setae shown on one side only. Given that the two parts of the subscaphium (subanal plate and adjacent area containing microtrichia) rest on the diaphragma, the variation in the shape of the subanal plate might include slight preparation artifacts. Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-03; b, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós) dissection CMP 19-08; c, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-14." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700907/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
): in lateral view, uncus bent near base; in dorsal view, the uncus and short tegument form a shallowly sinuous outline. In ventral view, valva relatively thin, sinuous. Saccus broad, triangular-shaped, longer than in
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FC3CFB7A5178436B" authorityName="Penz" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[950,1067,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esmeralda">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FC3CFB7A5178436B" box="[950,1067,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">esmeralda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Phallus long and sharply bent at approximately 2/3 the length from the base; phallus bend narrower than adjacent points of the shaft. Sub-anal plate somewhat rectangular posteriorly and narrowing anteriorly, adjacent area mildly sclerotized with larger microtrichia than
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FF44FAC654104307" authorityName="Penz" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[206,323,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esmeralda">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF44FAC654104307" box="[206,323,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">esmeralda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female genitalia (
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FD90FAC6573F4307" box="[538,620,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-16@19.[151,1436,181,1676]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Female genitalia in ventral view, including schematic representation of papilla anales and abdomen outline (scale patches, general scaling, and setae excluded). Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. andromeda (British Guiana, Potaro River) dissection CMP 13–32; b, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-04; c, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Santarém) dissection CMP 14-11; d, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-15; e, C. pyropina pyropina (Peru, Tingo María) dissection CMP 13-31; f, C. pyropina julia (Ecuador, Macas) dissection CMP 19-16; g, C. songoana (Bolivia, Rio Songo (sic)) dissection CMP 20-17. The arrow in e shows a separate drawing of the sclerotized post-sterigmal plate (folded behind the sterigma in the prepared specimen, and also in f and g). This structure is present in all species examined, and all have microtrichia, which vary in size between species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700911/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9c</figureCitation>
): sterigma short, somewhat rectangular; ostium bursae wide. Post-sterigmal area weakly sclerotized, rounded, bearing minute microtrichia. Antrum long, slightly sclerotized only near the ostium bursae, ductus bursae bulging anteriorly (unique to this species); the bulge in the ductus bursae and length of the antrum plus ductus bursae seem to correspond to the morphology of the male phallus (bend and length). Corpus bursae lacks signa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF96FF4DF99A54C840E6" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF4DF99A54E34003" blockId="9.[151,1437,824,2039]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF4DF99A57D3404B" bold="true" box="[199,640,1544,1570]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
Variation in wing pattern (
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FD8BF99A5721404B" box="[513,626,1544,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,989,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-398@11.[151,1436,976,1898]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. a–c, C. esmeralda; d–g, C. bandusia; and h–i C. azurina; dorsal view on the left, ventral on the right. Collecting localities and genitalia dissection codes appear below each specimen. Cithaerias azurina specimens were photographed before dissection, collection labels were reduced to 70% of their original size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700897/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 3d–g</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Males and females show some variation in the size of the HW pale pink spots enclosed within the blue scaling at tornus. The brown bands in the HW membrane can be markedly reduced in some male specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF96FF4DF9E654C840E6" blockId="9.[151,1437,824,2039]" box="[199,411,1652,1679]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF4DF9E6541C40E7" bold="true" box="[199,335,1652,1678]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Subspecies.</emphasis>
None.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD41FF95FF4DF90A56FB4561" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD41FF95FF4DF90A511E46BC" blockId="9.[151,1437,824,2039]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1235]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FF4DF90A546840DB" bold="true" box="[199,315,1688,1714]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Remarks.</emphasis>
Both male and female
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FDCBF90A579A40DB" box="[577,713,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FDCBF90A579A40DB" box="[577,713,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. bandusia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show remarkable differences in color pattern and genitalia morphology from
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FEB0F92E548840BF" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" box="[314,475,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andromeda">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FEB0F92E548840BF" box="[314,475,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. andromeda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where they had been placed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC45EC9CD41FF96FCC1F92F56BA40BF" author="Lamas, G." box="[843,1001,1724,1751]" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" pagination="133 - 138" refId="ref16514" refString="Lamas, G. (1998) Lista sinonimica de los generos Cithaerias Hubner y Haetera Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), con la descripcion de dos subespecies nuevas del Peru. Revista peruana de Entomologia, 40, 133 - 138." type="journal article" year="1998">Lamas (1998)</bibRefCitation>
These differences include: dense hind wing scaling, elongate and bent phallus, bent uncus, and a short and delicate sterigma (compare
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FB4CF97250614093" box="[1222,1330,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,989,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-398@11.[151,1436,976,1898]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. a–c, C. esmeralda; d–g, C. bandusia; and h–i C. azurina; dorsal view on the left, ventral on the right. Collecting localities and genitalia dissection codes appear below each specimen. Cithaerias azurina specimens were photographed before dissection, collection labels were reduced to 70% of their original size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700897/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 3d–g</figureCitation>
to
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FADEF97250C44093" box="[1364,1431,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,858,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-319@7.[151,1436,849,1776]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. a–m, C. andromeda; composite pictures show dorsal view on the left, ventral on the right. n, C. aurora (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder). Collecting localities and genitalia dissection codes appear below each specimen. Mauro Costa Cicognani provided the photograph of one of the C. andromeda specimens (m), and granted permission for its use here." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700895/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FF1DF89655BB4177" box="[151,232,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1565,1589]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,498,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-156@16.[151,1436,489,1542]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, phallus in lateral view, and subscaphium in ventral view. Valva setae shown on one side only. Given that the two parts of the subscaphium (subanal plate and adjacent area containing microtrichia) rest on the diaphragma, the variation in the shape of the subanal plate might include slight preparation artifacts. Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-03; b, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós) dissection CMP 19-08; c, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-14." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700907/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
to
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FE86F89654034177" box="[268,336,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1408,1432]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,191,1375]" captionTargetId="figure-16@15.[151,1436,181,1384]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, phallus in lateral view, and subscaphium in ventral view. Valva setae shown on one side only. Given that the two parts of the subscaphium (subanal plate and adjacent area containing microtrichia) rest on the diaphragma, the variation in the shape of the subanal plate might include slight preparation artifacts. Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. andromeda (Guyana, Berbice) dissection CMP 13-22; b, C. andromeda (Guyana, Mt. Ayanganna) dissection CMP 19-05; c, C. andromeda (French Guiana, Maroni River) dissection CMP 19-11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700905/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FED6F89654F84177" box="[348,427,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-16@19.[151,1436,181,1676]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Female genitalia in ventral view, including schematic representation of papilla anales and abdomen outline (scale patches, general scaling, and setae excluded). Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. andromeda (British Guiana, Potaro River) dissection CMP 13–32; b, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-04; c, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Santarém) dissection CMP 14-11; d, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-15; e, C. pyropina pyropina (Peru, Tingo María) dissection CMP 13-31; f, C. pyropina julia (Ecuador, Macas) dissection CMP 19-16; g, C. songoana (Bolivia, Rio Songo (sic)) dissection CMP 20-17. The arrow in e shows a separate drawing of the sclerotized post-sterigmal plate (folded behind the sterigma in the prepared specimen, and also in f and g). This structure is present in all species examined, and all have microtrichia, which vary in size between species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700911/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9c</figureCitation>
to 9a). Moreover,
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FDF4F89656554177" box="[638,774,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FDF4F89656554177" box="[638,774,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. bandusia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected at the same locality with
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FB75F89650C64177" authorityName="Penz" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1279,1429,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esmeralda">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FB75F89650C64177" box="[1279,1429,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. esmeralda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; i.e.,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD41FF96FF42F8BA545C412B" box="[200,271,1832,1858]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Pará, Santarém. This species differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FD7FF8BA56DF412B" authorityName="Penz" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[757,908,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esmeralda">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FD7FF8BA56DF412B" box="[757,908,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. esmeralda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having blue hind wing color (compare
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FAFAF8BA559C410F" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1922,1946]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,989,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-398@11.[151,1436,976,1898]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. a–c, C. esmeralda; d–g, C. bandusia; and h–i C. azurina; dorsal view on the left, ventral on the right. Collecting localities and genitalia dissection codes appear below each specimen. Cithaerias azurina specimens were photographed before dissection, collection labels were reduced to 70% of their original size." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700897/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 3d–g</figureCitation>
to 3a–c) and a sharply bent phallus, which is evenly arched in
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FC08F8DE514E410F" box="[898,1053,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FC08F8DE514A410F" authorityName="Penz" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[898,1049,1868,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esmeralda">C. esmeralda</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
(compare
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FB19F8DE51B1410F" box="[1171,1250,1868,1894]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1565,1589]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,498,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-156@16.[151,1436,489,1542]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, phallus in lateral view, and subscaphium in ventral view. Valva setae shown on one side only. Given that the two parts of the subscaphium (subanal plate and adjacent area containing microtrichia) rest on the diaphragma, the variation in the shape of the subanal plate might include slight preparation artifacts. Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-03; b, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós) dissection CMP 19-08; c, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-14." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700907/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
to 7a). Although pairs have not been examined
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FE6FF8E3571F41E3" box="[485,588,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">in copula</emphasis>
, the bend in the phallus (
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FCD5F8E256FC41E2" box="[863,943,1904,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1565,1589]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,498,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-156@16.[151,1436,489,1542]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, phallus in lateral view, and subscaphium in ventral view. Valva setae shown on one side only. Given that the two parts of the subscaphium (subanal plate and adjacent area containing microtrichia) rest on the diaphragma, the variation in the shape of the subanal plate might include slight preparation artifacts. Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-03; b, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós) dissection CMP 19-08; c, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-14." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700907/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
) correlates with a bulge in the female ductus bursae (
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FF65F806541341C7" box="[239,320,1940,1966]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-16@19.[151,1436,181,1676]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Female genitalia in ventral view, including schematic representation of papilla anales and abdomen outline (scale patches, general scaling, and setae excluded). Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. andromeda (British Guiana, Potaro River) dissection CMP 13–32; b, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-04; c, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Santarém) dissection CMP 14-11; d, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-15; e, C. pyropina pyropina (Peru, Tingo María) dissection CMP 13-31; f, C. pyropina julia (Ecuador, Macas) dissection CMP 19-16; g, C. songoana (Bolivia, Rio Songo (sic)) dissection CMP 20-17. The arrow in e shows a separate drawing of the sclerotized post-sterigmal plate (folded behind the sterigma in the prepared specimen, and also in f and g). This structure is present in all species examined, and all have microtrichia, which vary in size between species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700911/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 9c</figureCitation>
), suggesting the concerted evolution of male and female genitalia morphology. These characters are absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FE8AF82A54C741BB" authorityName="Penz" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[256,404,1976,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esmeralda">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FE8AF82A54C741BB" box="[256,404,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. esmeralda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FE28F82A54A241BA" box="[418,497,1976,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1565,1589]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,498,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-156@16.[151,1436,489,1542]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Male genitalia in lateral and ventral views, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, phallus in lateral view, and subscaphium in ventral view. Valva setae shown on one side only. Given that the two parts of the subscaphium (subanal plate and adjacent area containing microtrichia) rest on the diaphragma, the variation in the shape of the subanal plate might include slight preparation artifacts. Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-03; b, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Rio Tapajós) dissection CMP 19-08; c, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-14." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700907/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD41FF96FE76F82A574841BA" box="[508,539,1976,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-16@19.[151,1436,181,1676]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9. Female genitalia in ventral view, including schematic representation of papilla anales and abdomen outline (scale patches, general scaling, and setae excluded). Scale bar 1 mm for all images. a, C. andromeda (British Guiana, Potaro River) dissection CMP 13–32; b, C. esmeralda (Brazil, Pará) dissection CMP 19-04; c, C. bandusia (Brazil, Pará, Santarém) dissection CMP 14-11; d, C. azurina ([Brazil, Amazonas] Rio Papori (sic)) dissection CMP 19-15; e, C. pyropina pyropina (Peru, Tingo María) dissection CMP 13-31; f, C. pyropina julia (Ecuador, Macas) dissection CMP 19-16; g, C. songoana (Bolivia, Rio Songo (sic)) dissection CMP 20-17. The arrow in e shows a separate drawing of the sclerotized post-sterigmal plate (folded behind the sterigma in the prepared specimen, and also in f and g). This structure is present in all species examined, and all have microtrichia, which vary in size between species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700911/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">9b</figureCitation>
). Thus, the species status for
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FCD6F82A56B141BB" box="[860,994,1976,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FCD6F82A56B141BB" box="[860,994,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. bandusia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
proposed here is justified by wing color and genitalia characters plus putative sympatry with
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD41FF96FD67F84E56D7419F" authorityName="Penz" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Doubleday" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[749,900,2012,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esmeralda">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD41FF96FD67F84E56D7419F" box="[749,900,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="302">C. esmeralda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Note that Santarém is the easternmost locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD42FF95FF35FF05541446D8" box="[191,327,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FF35FF05541446D8" box="[191,327,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">C. bandusia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recorded in the collections examined here, and that this species has also been apparently collected in Óbidos (Pará,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FEDFFF2954CD46BF" box="[341,414,187,214]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
), which is located on the northern bank of the Amazon River.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD42FF95FF4DFF4C56FB4561" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FF4DFF4C546A4691" bold="true" box="[199,313,222,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Behavior.</emphasis>
The following field observations were provided by Phil DeVries (pers. comm., written by him and included here with permission). “During
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FDEBFE9057804772" box="[609,723,257,284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="2009-06">June 2009</date>
(dry season) I found that
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD42FF95FC78FE93512A4772" box="[1010,1145,257,283]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FC78FE93512A4772" box="[1010,1145,257,283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">C. bandusia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was moderately abundant in the flood plane forest at Cristalino Lodge (
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FD05FEB6578B4757" box="[655,728,292,318]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
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, Alta Floresta;
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9.8672
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56.0870
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). Based on my experience with other
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD42FF95FE35FED557C24708" box="[447,657,327,353]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FE35FED557664708" box="[447,565,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Cithaerias</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD42FF95FCCBFEDA569A4708" box="[833,969,327,354]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FCCBFEDA569A4708" box="[833,969,327,354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">C. bandusia</emphasis>
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behaved as I had anticipated; throughout the day they glided just above the forest floor through the understory, along trails and in light gaps, perching on low vegetation (
<figureCitation id="136E3FBDCD42FF95FE90FE1C540F47C1" box="[282,348,398,424]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1927,1951]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,633,1903]" captionTargetId="figure-210@12.[160,1427,633,1903]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. A male C. bandusia from Cristalino Lodge (Brazil, Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta; June 2009). Photo by Phil DeVries, used here with permission. A specimen from this locality was included in the phylogeny by Matos-Maraví et al. (2019)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4700899/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) and sometimes interacting as pairs. What was interesting and noticeably different to me was their behavior in the late afternoon about one hour before sunset. When the sunlight was streaming nearly horizontally through the forest I noticed that individual butterflies were, by and large, facing west, slowly and repeatedly elevating and dropping their open hind wings into the light. At certain angles of observation this behavior produced small iridescent blue flashes. This was most evident when lying down on the forest floor on my stomach approximating the level of the butterflies themselves, and looking at a slightly WNW direction down a wide central trail. At times there were multiple individuals producing these flashes. This suggested to me that perhaps
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD42FF95FB2EFDF3507D4412" box="[1188,1326,609,635]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bandusia">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FB2EFDF3507D4412" box="[1188,1326,609,635]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">C. bandusia</emphasis>
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individuals were signaling to each other in a call and answer fashion like ships at sea using signal lamps to communicate. I observed this phenomenon over the course of about a week, always late in the day when the sun was on the horizon. Although I never saw courtship or mating, these simple field observations suggest that some potentially important behaviors of
<taxonomicName id="4C5558BBCD42FF95FEA3FD7C54CC4561" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[297,415,750,776]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cithaerias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FEA3FD7C54CC4561" box="[297,415,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Cithaerias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are confined to very short periods of the day.”
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34F70B3CD42FF95FF4DFC83505542BA" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEA2338CD42FF95FF4DFC83505542BA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FF4DFC8354E74542" bold="true" box="[199,436,785,811]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Material examined:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FE37FC8357424542" bold="true" box="[445,529,785,811]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FE37FC8357424542" box="[445,529,785,811]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">MALE</collectionCode>
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: 2M,
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,
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,
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,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FC00FC8056A84542" box="[906,1019,785,812]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1988-11">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FC00FC8056A84542" box="[906,1019,785,812]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1988-11">Nov 1988</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FB86FC8351304542" box="[1036,1123,785,811]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FBF2FC8357724527" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321394" collectingDate="2009-05-23" collectionCode="PJD" country="Brazil" location="Alta Floresta" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FB24FC8351A64542" box="[1198,1269,785,811]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="4991EDDACD42FF95FA88FC8050CB4542" box="[1282,1432,785,812]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFCA6547E4527" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFCA6547E4527" box="[151,301,820,846]" country="Brazil" name="Alta Floresta" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Alta Floresta</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FEB0FCA654804527" box="[314,467,820,847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="2009-05-23">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FEB0FCA654804527" box="[314,467,820,847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="2009-05-23">23 May 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FE6EFCA6574B4527" box="[484,536,820,846]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">PJD</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FDA4FCA6568E4527" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321377" box="[558,989,820,847]" collectingDate="1987-03" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Lure" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FDEFFCA657FF4527" box="[613,684,820,846]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FD33FCA657A24527" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FD33FCA657A24527" box="[697,753,820,846]" country="Brazil" name="Lure" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Luré</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FD74FCA7563E4527" box="[766,877,820,847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1987-03">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FD74FCA7563E4527" box="[766,877,820,847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1987-03">Mar 1987</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FCF4FCA656864527" box="[894,981,820,846]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FBABFCA6513B4527" box="[1057,1128,820,846]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Pará, Itaituba,
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FA96FCA750614526" box="[1308,1330,821,847]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">R</collectionCode>
. Tapajós, Jul (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FF43FCCA5473451B" box="[201,288,856,882]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
);
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FEBFFCCA56A2451B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321301" box="[309,1009,855,884]" collectingDate="Feb - Mar 1989, Jan 1988" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Obidos" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
3M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FEE6FCC554E04518" box="[364,435,855,881]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FE4BFCCA54A5451B" box="[449,502,856,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FD88FCCB5705451D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FD88FCCB5705451D" box="[514,598,857,884]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Obidos" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Óbidos</location>
,
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FDE9FCC556D2451B" box="[611,897,855,882]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FDE9FCC5565D451B" box="[611,782,855,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1989-02" valueMax="1989-03-31" valueMin="1989-02-00">Feb–Mar 1989</date>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FC91FCCA56D2451B" box="[795,897,856,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1988-01">Jan 1988</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FC18FCCA56BA451B" box="[914,1001,856,882]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FC75FCCA55AD45FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321379" collectingDate="1984-03" collectionCode="LACM" country="Brazil" location="Obidos" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FBBCFCC5512E4518" box="[1078,1149,855,881]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FB00FCCA51EC451B" box="[1162,1215,856,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FB46FCCB5073451D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FB46FCCB5073451D" box="[1228,1312,857,884]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Obidos" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Óbidos</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FAA7FCCA50CF451B" box="[1325,1436,856,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-03">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FAA7FCCA50CF451B" box="[1325,1436,856,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-03">Mar 1984</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FF15FCE955A545FC" box="[159,246,891,917]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FE86FCE956B745FC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321323" box="[268,996,891,917]" collectingDate="1983-08-08" country="Brazil" location="Rio Tapajos" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="9D53E8B1CD42FF95FE86FCE9546345FC" box="[268,304,891,917]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FEB5FCE954D545FC" box="[319,390,891,917]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FE1EFCE9549A45FC" box="[404,457,891,917]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FE5CFCE9573145FC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FE5CFCE9573145FC" box="[470,610,891,917]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Rio Tapajos" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Rio Tapajós</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FDE5FCE957A945FC" box="[623,762,891,917]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1983-08-08">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FDE5FCE957A945FC" box="[623,762,891,917]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1983-08-08">8 Aug 1983</collectingDate>
</date>
, 19-08 Dissected by
</materialsCitation>
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FC64FCE9514945FC" box="[1006,1050,891,917]" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">CM</collectionCode>
Penz (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FBE0FCE9519245FC" box="[1130,1217,891,917]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
);
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FB5DFCE9571945D1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321312" collectionCode="ETHZ" country="Brazil" county="Para" location="Alcobaca" municipality="Rio" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tocantins">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FA85FCE9500545FC" box="[1295,1366,891,917]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCounty id="628B5BB4CD42FF95FAE9FCE950CB45FC" box="[1379,1432,891,917]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FF1DFC0C55EC45D1" box="[151,191,926,952]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Rio</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingRegion id="4991EDDACD42FF95FF4DFC0C546545D1" box="[199,310,926,952]" country="Brazil" name="Tocantins" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FECBFC0C54F845D1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FECBFC0C54F845D1" box="[321,427,926,952]" country="Brazil" county="Para" municipality="Rio" name="Alcobaca" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" stateProvince="Tocantins">Alcobaça</location>
(sic) (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FE7FFC0C571045D1" box="[501,579,926,952]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3kp9-a263" name="Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule-Zentrum" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">ETHZ</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FDDDFC0C505C45D1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321375" box="[599,1295,926,952]" collectingDate="Feb 1984, 10 Oct 1984" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Santarem" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
2M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FD07FC0C578745D1" box="[653,724,926,952]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FD6AFC0C564645D1" box="[736,789,926,952]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FCABFC0C56DD45D1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FCABFC0C56DD45D1" box="[801,910,926,952]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Santarem" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Santarém</location>
,
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FC10FC0C51CC45D1" box="[922,1183,926,952]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FC10FC0C515445D1" box="[922,1031,926,952]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-02">Feb 1984</date>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FB99FC0C51CC45D1" box="[1043,1183,926,952]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-10-10">10 Oct 1984</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FB25FC0C505545D1" box="[1199,1286,926,952]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FA91FC0C57A345B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321331" collectingDate="14 Feb 1984, 11 Feb 1984" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Santarem" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
2M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FADBFC0C50CB45D1" box="[1361,1432,926,952]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FF1DFC53559F45B2" box="[151,204,961,987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF53FC53541545B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF53FC53541545B2" box="[217,326,961,987]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Santarem" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Santarém</location>
,
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FED8FC5357D345B2" box="[338,640,961,987]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FED8FC5354B645B2" box="[338,485,961,987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-02-14">14 Feb 1984</date>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FE78FC5357D345B2" box="[498,640,961,987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-02-11">11 Feb 1984</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FD1BFC5357BB45B2" box="[657,744,961,987]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FD77FC5350CF45B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321321" box="[765,1436,961,988]" collectingDate="1988-11" country="Brazil" location="Santarem" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="9D53E8B1CD42FF95FD77FC53567145B2" box="[765,802,961,987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FCBAFC53562445B2" box="[816,887,961,987]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FC0EFC5356EA45B2" box="[900,953,961,987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FC4CFC53516045B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FC4CFC53516045B2" box="[966,1075,961,987]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Santarem" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Santarém</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FBCAFC5051E745B2" box="[1088,1204,961,988]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1988-11">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FBCAFC5051E745B2" box="[1088,1204,961,988]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1988-11">Nov 1988</collectingDate>
</date>
, 14-10 Dissected by
</materialsCitation>
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FF1DFC7655904597" box="[151,195,996,1022]" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">CM</collectionCode>
Penz (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FE84FC7654364597" box="[270,357,996,1022]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
);
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FEF2FC7656594597" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321327" box="[376,778,996,1022]" collectingDate="1984-07" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FE26FC7654A04597" box="[428,499,996,1022]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FE74FC7657604597" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FE74FC7657604597" box="[510,563,996,1022]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FDB7FC7657CF4597" box="[573,668,996,1022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-07">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FDB7FC7657CF4597" box="[573,668,996,1022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-07">Jul 1984</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FD20FC7656524597" box="[682,769,996,1022]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FC9EFC76542E424B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321359" collectingDate="1998-01" collectionCode="FMNH" country="French Guiana" location="Commune de Roura" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FCC3FC7656A24597" box="[841,1009,996,1022]" name="French Guiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FC71FC76518D4596" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FC71FC76518D4596" box="[1019,1246,996,1023]" country="French Guiana" name="Commune de Roura" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Commune de Roura</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FB63FC77501E4597" box="[1257,1357,996,1023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1998-01">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FB63FC77501E4597" box="[1257,1357,996,1023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1998-01">Jan 1998</collectingDate>
</date>
(likely mislabeled,
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FE95FB9A5426424B" box="[287,373,1032,1058]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FE03FB9A5043424B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321320" box="[393,1296,1031,1058]" collectingDate="1991-03" collectionCode="FMNH" country="French Guiana" location="Commune de Roura" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FE34FB9557344248" box="[446,615,1031,1057]" name="French Guiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FDF9FB9A560B424B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FDF9FB9A560B424B" box="[627,856,1031,1058]" country="French Guiana" name="Commune de Roura" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Commune de Roura</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FCEEFB9A5681424B" box="[868,978,1032,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1991-03">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FCEEFB9A5681424B" box="[868,978,1032,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1991-03">Mar 1991</collectingDate>
</date>
(likely mislabeled,
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FB38FB9A505B424B" box="[1202,1288,1032,1058]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FA91FB9A57B7422C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321310" collectingDate="1986-12-14" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Joinville" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1M,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FADBFB9550CB4248" box="[1361,1432,1031,1057]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFBB955A9422C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFBB955A9422C" box="[151,250,1067,1093]" country="Brazil" name="Joinville" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Joinville</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FE8DFBB954CB422C" box="[263,408,1067,1093]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1986-12-14">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FE8DFBB954CB422C" box="[263,408,1067,1093]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1986-12-14">14 Dec 1986</collectingDate>
</date>
(clearly mislabeled,
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FD0CFBB9578F422C" box="[646,732,1067,1093]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 1M, no locality (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FC27FBB95154422C" box="[941,1031,1067,1093]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/daw7-8h44" name="The Cleveland Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">CMNH</collectionCode>
).
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FB91FBB854834201" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321349" collectingDate="1922-12" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Maues" municipality="Amazonas" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B921FF2ACD42FF95FB91FBB851C0422D" bold="true" box="[1051,1171,1066,1092]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">FEMALE</emphasis>
: 1F,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FB47FBB95047422C" box="[1229,1300,1067,1093]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FA95FBB950CB422C" box="[1311,1432,1067,1093]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Amazonas</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFBDC55B74201" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFBDC55B74201" box="[151,228,1102,1128]" country="Brazil" municipality="Amazonas" name="Maues" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Maués</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FF78FBDC54334201" box="[242,352,1102,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1922-12">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FF78FBDC54334201" box="[242,352,1102,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1922-12">Dec 1922</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FEFBFBDC549B4201" box="[369,456,1102,1128]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FE57FBDC51F64201" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321357" box="[477,1189,1102,1130]" collectingDate="Feb - Mar 1989, 9 Jun 1985" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Obidos" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
5F,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FD82FBDC571C4201" box="[520,591,1102,1128]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FDD7FBDC57C14201" box="[605,658,1102,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FD14FBDD57A14203" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FD14FBDD57A14203" box="[670,754,1103,1130]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Obidos" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Óbidos</location>
,
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FD75FBDC51664200" box="[767,1077,1102,1129]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FD75FBDC56F94201" box="[767,938,1102,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1989-02" valueMax="1989-03-31" valueMin="1989-02-00">Feb–Mar 1989</date>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FC3DFBDC51664200" box="[951,1077,1102,1129]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1985-06-09">9 Jun 1985</date>
</collectingDate>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FBCCFBDC51CE4201" box="[1094,1181,1102,1128]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FB39FBDC54BE42E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321316" collectingDate="1983-08-08" collectionCode="USNM" country="Brazil" location="Rio Tapajos" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1F,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FB54FBDC50764201" box="[1246,1317,1102,1128]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FAB8FBDC50344201" box="[1330,1383,1102,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FAFEFBDC55A242E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FAFEFBDC55A242E2" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Rio Tapajos" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Rio Tapajós</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FF76FBE3542C42E2" box="[252,383,1137,1163]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1983-08-08">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FF76FBE3542C42E2" box="[252,383,1137,1163]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1983-08-08">8 Aug 1983</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FE04FBE354B642E2" box="[398,485,1137,1163]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FE73FBE3513742E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321311" box="[505,1124,1137,1164]" collectionCode="ETHZ" country="Brazil" county="Para" location="Alcobaca" municipality="Rio" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tocantins">
1F,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FDA8FBE3573A42E2" box="[546,617,1137,1163]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCounty id="628B5BB4CD42FF95FDFFFBE357F942E2" box="[629,682,1137,1163]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FD3FFBE3578E42E2" box="[693,733,1137,1163]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Rio</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingRegion id="4991EDDACD42FF95FD6EFBE3560042E2" box="[740,851,1137,1163]" country="Brazil" name="Tocantins" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FCD7FBE3569442E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FCD7FBE3569442E2" box="[861,967,1137,1163]" country="Brazil" county="Para" municipality="Rio" name="Alcobaca" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" stateProvince="Tocantins">Alcobaça</location>
(sic) (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FB84FBE3510F42E2" box="[1038,1116,1137,1163]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3kp9-a263" name="Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule-Zentrum" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">ETHZ</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FBFAFBE354CB42C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321368" collectingDate="1987-05-28" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Brazil" location="Santarem" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1F,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FB13FBE351B342E2" box="[1177,1248,1137,1163]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FB66FBE3507242E2" box="[1260,1313,1137,1163]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FAA1FBE350CB42E2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FAA1FBE350CB42E2" box="[1323,1432,1137,1163]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Santarem" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Santarém</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FF1DFB06547942C7" box="[151,298,1172,1199]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1987-05-28">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FF1DFB06547942C7" box="[151,298,1172,1199]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1987-05-28">28 May 1987</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FEB2FB0654DC42C7" box="[312,399,1172,1198]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FE28FB06511042C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321352" box="[418,1091,1172,1198]" collectingDate="1984-10-14" country="Brazil" location="Santarem" municipality="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="9D53E8B1CD42FF95FE28FB06549642C7" box="[418,453,1172,1198]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FE58FB06574A42C7" box="[466,537,1172,1198]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8EB942CD42FF95FDA9FB06570B42C7" box="[547,600,1172,1198]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FDE8FB06579C42C7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FDE8FB06579C42C7" box="[610,719,1172,1198]" country="Brazil" municipality="Para" name="Santarem" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Santarém</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FD53FB06563742C7" box="[729,868,1172,1198]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-10-14">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FD53FB06563742C7" box="[729,868,1172,1198]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1984-10-14">14 Oct 1984</collectingDate>
</date>
, 14-11 Dissected by
</materialsCitation>
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FBC3FB06512642C7" box="[1097,1141,1172,1198]" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">CM</collectionCode>
Penz (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FB35FB06504542C7" box="[1215,1302,1172,1198]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
);
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FAA2FB0654D342BB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321356" collectionCode="CMNH" country="Brazil" location="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1F,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FADBFB0650CB42C7" box="[1361,1432,1172,1198]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFB2A559F42BB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FF1DFB2A559F42BB" box="[151,204,1208,1234]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Pará</location>
, 1885 (
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FE94FB2A542B42BB" box="[286,376,1208,1234]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/daw7-8h44" name="The Cleveland Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">CMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B3D2965CD42FF95FE01FB2A505142BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3095321392" box="[395,1282,1208,1235]" collectingDate="1996-03" collectionCode="FMNH" country="French Guiana" location="Commune de Roura" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" specimenCount="1">
1F,
<collectingCountry id="F34263A8CD42FF95FE3FFB2A570E42BB" box="[437,605,1208,1234]" name="French Guiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
,
<location id="8E8A75E3CD42FF95FDE2FB2A561F42BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC922ECD41FF95FF1DFDF8505542BA:8E8A75E3CD42FF95FDE2FB2A561F42BA" box="[616,844,1208,1235]" country="French Guiana" name="Commune de Roura" pageId="10" pageNumber="303">Commune de Roura</location>
,
<date id="FFEB05F8CD42FF95FCD2FB2B569542BB" box="[856,966,1208,1235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1996-03">
<collectingDate id="EFAFFC10CD42FF95FCD2FB2B569542BB" box="[856,966,1208,1235]" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" value="1996-03">Mar 1996</collectingDate>
</date>
(likely mislabeled,
<collectionCode id="ED44BBFDCD42FF95FB2EFB2B51A942BA" box="[1188,1274,1209,1235]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="303" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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