686 lines
92 KiB
XML
686 lines
92 KiB
XML
<document id="3EDC2A6E280DE2F52D1128072B502355" ID-CLB-Dataset="32506" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3b9bd2c4-7dee-46a3-a36d-80077b88a78b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="842289" ID-ZooBank="3D557C94-0783-4C39-80C3-9C321DA94800" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1502687522877" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moore, Kirrily M., Alderslade, Philip & Miller, Karen J." docDate="2017" docId="039B87ED3E60FF97FF4BE5157913DB95" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4304.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4304 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Anthothela pacifica" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFA2FF953E41FFB0FFDCE4287D2BDE2A" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="212" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698466576984" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="0980CD8DC726CC40CC0ADB387D0A0C2B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="E4A5A53E48B3FD9B3D29406EC487062E">
|
||
<mods:title id="F00018266C93F73AAC8FA3596D464EB0">A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="E235CEF416DBD3889DD599E522654699" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5A2FC50A83255BD8E834FF977AD7E7F7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="0DEBEDE54FDC256E9147D12C3B1FFE60">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="63F368CAAF7550CB5EB00D4AE7156431">Moore, Kirrily M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="01E3A135FC5215D79E16177FAA8B3EEE" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F6BF41D3025A40B24364D5E2D9FF823D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="8C020F1BEF77A464E555A50E8EB5B62B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="749195C5029051A05099495A2BD71AC9">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="051A18B1BEB4115C62263781EC89C847" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5D7551029E793BF69993EA15F50D580F">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EF0E627C01DA87155C7E7C75C353F8A1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="9886DD695705CD95345B6F2F45A18B1C">Miller, Karen J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A2F3C69C4CF62625683A4CE7502E8EBA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="497D654734BDD65D3452E248A4D82BB2" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="184205C194D6D1788971DE934251A43E">
|
||
<mods:title id="5BBBF77F57F77B06AE89FDBE3A65CFBC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="0E07CBC6EF28572A570F504EE1450925">
|
||
<mods:date id="2BDD41E635242B4BC0DBD05AC1E82755">2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="1F0F5D08DF3DD34134B2364E65F7AADF" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="F8CFD6CFCE4EB869D4C9EB76A9D84A63">4304</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="8A28816BA0786930FCC60B6307BA6BA2" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="056632CC7AB148F09721A096FED3E4CA">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="B754821B1F5BB139B3EEAC2F7E1F96BB" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="9381F7A90D7B26EA5D63136D044E0E2C">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="C30F4EF89237769C1EAD4146F8BE5F03">212</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="21A711916CB2A558F1E925639BA7DA43">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="989120BEE282A399524D3D4BCDD7145C" type="CLB-Dataset">32506</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="942BBB71E93A9A00FFD87F85DAA1EECC" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="64142CDA57D578509A1753FA60E3FD4B" type="GBIF-Dataset">3b9bd2c4-7dee-46a3-a36d-80077b88a78b</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="32DC9786E901288E97D43FEB7242AC08" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="661E3FF83586696449C18F2C0200019E" type="Zenodo-Dep">842289</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A42C5126B451DC0D86710F97C711B4CE" type="ZooBank">3D557C94-0783-4C39-80C3-9C321DA94800</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="039B87ED3E60FF97FF4BE5157913DB95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015363" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132631038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015363" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E60FF97FF4BE5157913DB95" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B87ED3E60FF97FF4BE5157913DB95" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E60FF91FF4BE5157C05DF53" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF4BE5157F44DF7D" blockId="33.[151,623,317,377]" box="[151,623,317,343]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<heading id="D0C581973E60FF91FF4BE5157F44DF7D" bold="true" box="[151,623,317,343]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FF4BE5157F44DF7D" ID-CoL="5VGP9" authority="(Kukenthal, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,623,317,343]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF4BE5157F44DF7D" bold="true" box="[151,623,317,343]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF4BE5157CAEDF7D" bold="true" box="[151,389,317,343]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anthothela pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FE48E5157F4CDF7D" author="Kukenthal" box="[404,615,317,343]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1913) Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 35 (2), 219 - 270." type="journal article" year="1913">Kükenthal, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF4BE5487C05DF53" blockId="33.[151,623,317,377]" box="[151,302,352,377]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FF43E5487C0EDF53" box="[159,293,352,377]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 16" captionStart-1="FIGURE 17" captionStart-2="FIGURE 18" captionStart-3="FIGURE 19" captionStartId-0="34.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionStartId-1="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionStartId-2="36.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionStartId-3="37.[151,250,2007,2029]" captionTargetBox-0="[156,1434,202,1928]" captionTargetBox-1="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetBox-2="[180,1411,193,1896]" captionTargetBox-3="[154,1432,193,1964]" captionTargetId-0="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1942]" captionTargetId-1="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetId-2="figure@36.[176,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetId-3="figure@37.[151,1435,193,1984]" captionTargetPageId-0="34" captionTargetPageId-1="35" captionTargetPageId-2="36" captionTargetPageId-3="37" captionText-0="FIGURE 16. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), lectotype: A – B. Sponge with A. pacifica colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites." captionText-1="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." captionText-2="FIGURE 18. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club)." captionText-3="FIGURE 19. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981, sclerites: A. Pharynx; B. Calyx; C. Cortex." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/842327/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs. 16–19</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E60FF91FF4BE58A7CB1DC18" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF4BE58A7F42DFDF" blockId="33.[151,1435,418,562]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2211D53E60FF91FF4BE58A7F42DFDF" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FF7EE58A7F41DF92" authority="Wright & Studer, 1889" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[162,618,418,440]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF7EE58A7C51DF92" box="[162,378,418,440]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sympodium armatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FE5CE58A7F41DF92" author="Wright" box="[384,618,418,440]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wright, E. P. & Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. " Challenger ", Zoology, 31, 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright & Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FDA8E58A7E05DF92" author="Nutting" box="[628,814,418,440]" page="686" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1909">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FDA8E58A7FD4DF92" author="Nutting" box="[628,767,418,440]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1909) Alcyonaria of the Californian coast. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 35, 681 - 727. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49591" type="journal article" year="1909">Nutting 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 686
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(see
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FCBFE58A7916DF92" author="Kukenthal" box="[867,1085,418,440]" page="221" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1913">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FCBFE58A7922DF92" author="Kukenthal" box="[867,1033,418,440]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1913) Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 35 (2), 219 - 270." type="journal article" year="1913">Kükenthal 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 221
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FF4BE5E87F6BDFFC" authority="Kukenthal, 1913: 221" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="221" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,576,448,470]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF4BE5E87C76DFFC" box="[151,349,448,470]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Clavularia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FEBEE5E87F6BDFFC" author="Kukenthal" box="[354,576,448,470]" page="221" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1913">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FEBEE5E87F24DFFC" author="Kukenthal" box="[354,527,448,470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1913) Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 35 (2), 219 - 270." type="journal article" year="1913">Kükenthal, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 221
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 237–239, Figs. e–g;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FCC6E5E87EF5DFFC" author="Hickson" box="[794,990,448,470]" page="543" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1915">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FCC6E5E87E80DFFC" author="Hickson" box="[794,939,448,470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1915) Some Alcyonaria and a Stylaster from the west coast of North America. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 37, 541 - 557." type="journal article" year="1915">Hickson 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 543
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FC35E5E879EADFFC" author="Kukenthal" box="[1001,1217,448,470]" page="456" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1916">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FC35E5E879A5DFFC" author="Kukenthal" box="[1001,1166,448,470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1916) System und stammesgeschichte der Scleraxioner und der ursprung der Holaxonier. Zooligischer Anzeiger, 47 (6), 170 - 183." type="journal article" year="1916">Kükenthal 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 456
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FB17E5E878BCDFFC" author="Williams" box="[1227,1431,448,470]" page="338" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FB17E5E8784EDFFC" author="Williams" box="[1227,1381,448,470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Williams, G. C. (2000) A new genus and species of stoloniferous octocoral (Anthozoa: Clavulariidae) from the Pacific coast of North America. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 73, 333 - 343." type="journal article" year="2000">Williams 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 338
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FF4BE5F77C24DFDF" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,271,479,501]" class="Octocorallia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleraxonia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FEC7E5F77CA1DFDF" ID-CoL="84JXD" box="[283,394,479,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Briareidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
?)
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FE7CE5F77F4EDFDF" author="Molander" box="[416,613,479,501]" page="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1929">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FE7CE5F77F14DFDF" author="Molander" box="[416,575,479,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Molander, A. R. (1929) Die Octactiniarien. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903, 2 (2), 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1929">Molander 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 18
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF4BE5D57CB1DC18" blockId="33.[151,1435,418,562]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2211D53E60FF91FF4BE5D57CB1DC18" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FF4BE5D57F02DC39" ID-CoL="5VGP9" authority="(Kukenthal, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,553,509,531]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF4BE5D57C4ADC39" box="[151,353,509,531]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anthothela pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FEACE5D57F0ADC39" author="Kukenthal" box="[368,545,509,531]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1913) Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 35 (2), 219 - 270." type="journal article" year="1913">Kükenthal, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: reassignment author unknown;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FCA7E5D67934DC39" author="Bayer" box="[891,1055,509,531]" page="70" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1961">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FCA7E5D67EDDDC39" author="Bayer" box="[891,1014,509,531]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: a manual for biologists. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 373 pp." type="book" year="1961">Bayer 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 70
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E60FF91FBF0E5D578B0DC39" author="Fautin" box="[1068,1435,509,531]" page="70" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1987">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FBF0E5D5785DDC39" author="Fautin" box="[1068,1398,509,531]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Fautin, D. G., Siebert, A. E. & Kozloff, E. N. (1987) Class Anthozoa. In: Kozloff, E. N. (Ed.), Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest. Washington University Press, Seattle and London, pp. 68 - 78." type="book chapter" year="1987">Fautin, Siebert & Kozloff 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 70
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(“shallow subtidal”).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E60FF91FF4BE6707FFEDCF7" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF4BE6707CDBDCBE" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E60FF91FF4BE6707CDBDCBE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203837" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="La Jolla" country="China" elevation="92" location="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="ZMB 6304" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF4BE6707E5DDC5B" bold="true" box="[151,886,600,625]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Material examined.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E60FF91FE52E6707F2FDC5B" box="[398,516,600,625]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(here designated):
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB949E803E60FF91FD28E6707E5DDC5B" box="[756,886,600,625]" collectionCode="ZMB" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum f<>r Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED23AE3E3E60FF91FD28E6707E1FDC5B" box="[756,820,600,625]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum f<>r Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ZMB</collectionCode>
|
||
6304
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26C7532D3E60FF91FC54E6717EC3DC5B" box="[904,1000,600,625]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">La Jolla</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E60FF91FC2BE6707911DC5B" box="[1015,1082,600,625]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Point,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E60FF91FB4DE670782DDC5B" box="[1169,1286,600,625]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, USA, depth
|
||
<elevation id="001FD1C83E60FF91FF4BE6547DF9DCB9" box="[151,210,636,660]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="92.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FF4BE6547DF9DCB9" box="[151,210,636,660]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="92.0">92 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, 1912 (colony remnants).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE6B67FFEDCF7" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E60FF91FF1BE6B67FFEDCF7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203816" collectingDate="14 th August" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Mile NE" country="Canada" elevation="350" location="Strait of Georgia" municipality="Entrance Island" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" specimenCode="USNM 57981" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="British Columbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF1BE6B67CA0DC9D" bold="true" box="[199,395,670,695]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Other material:</emphasis>
|
||
fragment of
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB949E803E60FF91FDEEE6B67FF3DC9D" box="[562,728,670,695]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FDEEE6B67FF3DC9D" bold="true" box="[562,728,670,695]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED23AE3E3E60FF91FDEEE6B67FAFDC9D" box="[562,644,670,695]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
57981
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EED60203E60FF91FD31E6B67E91DC9D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E60FF97FF4BE5157913DB95:8EED60203E60FF91FD31E6B67E91DC9D" box="[749,954,670,695]" country="Canada" municipality="Entrance Island" name="Strait of Georgia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" stateProvince="British Columbia">Strait of Georgia</location>
|
||
, 4
|
||
<collectorName id="26C7532D3E60FF91FC34E6B6797ADC9D" box="[1000,1105,670,695]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mile NE</collectorName>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE9AC813E60FF91FB59E6887816DC9D" box="[1157,1341,670,695]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Entrance Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E60FF91FA8CE6B67C23DCF7" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E60FF91FECFE6EC7C41DCF7" box="[275,362,708,733]" name="Canada" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<elevation id="001FD1C83E60FF91FE66E6EC7F2FDCF7" box="[442,516,708,733]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="350.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FE66E6EC7F2FDCF7" box="[442,516,708,733]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="m" value="350.0">350 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFC8E9D33E60FF91FDD3E6ED7FB9DCF7" box="[527,658,705,733]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<date id="FF8C103B3E60FF91FDD3E6ED7FB9DCF7" box="[527,658,705,733]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">14th August</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
, 1973
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E60FF96FF1BE6C0784BDBCF" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE6C07C70DD2B" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" box="[199,347,744,769]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF1BE6C07C70DD2B" bold="true" box="[199,347,744,769]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE7237C0EDD40" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E60FF91FF1BE7237C0EDD40" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203817" country="Poland" location="Museum of Natural History" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF1BE7237C47DD0E" bold="true" box="[199,364,779,804]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Colony form:</emphasis>
|
||
Unfortunately, there is nothing remaining of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E60FF91FC6EE7247922DD0E" box="[946,1033,780,804]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
lodged at the
|
||
<location id="8EED60203E60FF91FB64E7247DC7DD6D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E60FF97FF4BE5157913DB95:8EED60203E60FF91FB64E7247DC7DD6D" country="Poland" name="Museum of Natural History" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Museum of Natural History</location>
|
||
, Wroclaw University,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E60FF91FE38E7067F19DD6D" box="[484,562,814,839]" name="Poland" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MZW #49), only the sponge on which it grew. No further mention is made of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E60FF91FF1AE77A7C0ADD40" box="[198,289,850,874]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE75C7C24DA14" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E60FF91FF25E75C7C4BDDA7" box="[249,352,884,909]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is a tiny, encrusting colony growing on a small cream sponge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FBC3E75C7944DDA7" box="[1055,1135,884,909]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1942]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), lectotype: A – B. Sponge with A. pacifica colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). The piece of sponge is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FE80E7B07C87DD9A" box="[348,428,920,944]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FDC3E7B07F5BDD9A" box="[543,624,920,945]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide with the octocoral colony growing on only a small part of it. The colony is difficult to discern on the very similar coloured sponge but there are very few remaining polyps and they are quite damaged. Three polyps are grouped close together at one end of the sponge. They appear to be attached to one another via stolons and a spreading membrane as mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FC04E029798CDA30" author="Kukenthal" box="[984,1191,1025,1050]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1913) Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 35 (2), 219 - 270." type="journal article" year="1913">Kükenthal (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with no discernible branching.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE0607E4BDA4B" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" box="[199,864,1096,1121]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF1BE0607C0FDA4B" bold="true" box="[199,292,1096,1121]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Colour:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E60FF91FEF7E0607CDADA4A" author="Kukenthal" box="[299,497,1096,1121]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1913) Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 35 (2), 219 - 270." type="journal article" year="1913">Kükenthal (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states the colour as light yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE0437C42DB50" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF1BE0437C9BDAAE" bold="true" box="[199,432,1131,1156]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Polyps and calyces:</emphasis>
|
||
Calyces are prominent and approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FC4BE0447EF2DAA9" box="[919,985,1132,1156]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall (Kükenthal mentioned
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FACCE043784CDAA9" box="[1296,1383,1131,1156]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall) formed from a thin layer of sclerites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FDEBE0A67FA2DA8D" box="[567,649,1166,1191]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1942]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), lectotype: A – B. Sponge with A. pacifica colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Some appear to have rounded longitudinal furrows but they are not pronounced. In most of the remaining polyps, the polyp body is partly retracted such that the base of the polyp head rests on the lip of the calyx, hiding the polyp neck. The polyp heads are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FB42E0FD7802DAC7" box="[1182,1321,1237,1262]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and polyps are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FE61E0D07F1ADB3A" box="[445,561,1272,1297]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FDB0E0D07FEFDB3A" box="[620,708,1272,1297]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall in Kükenthal’s description). There are some smaller polyps, possibly juveniles (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FEADE1347CE2DB19" box="[369,457,1308,1332]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FDE2E1347FBEDB19" box="[574,661,1308,1332]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall). The tentacles fold over the mouths of the polyps forming eight distinct furrows on the polyp head and a star-liked apex to each polyp. The number of pinnules per tentacle could not be determined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE1AC7F86DBB7" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" box="[199,685,1412,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF1BE1AC7CEADBB7" bold="true" box="[199,449,1412,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Medulla and Cortex:</emphasis>
|
||
No medulla evident.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE1807E57D85B" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF1BE1807C1EDBEB" bold="true" box="[199,309,1448,1473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sclerites:</emphasis>
|
||
All polyps, calyces and colony surface are covered in a dense layer of sclerites, chiefly sticks and spindles. Sclerites on the polyp head are in a clearly defined collaret and points arrangement (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FB08E1E3780CDBCE" box="[1236,1319,1483,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1942]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), lectotype: A – B. Sponge with A. pacifica colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
D). At the collaret, sclerites are basically transverse but grade
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FD38E1C77E4AD82D" box="[740,865,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">en chevron</emphasis>
|
||
up the points to become longitudinal in the distal part. These sclerites are short, straight or only slightly curved rodlets and spindles with fairly sparse, conical tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FECEE21D7C41D864" box="[274,362,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1942]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), lectotype: A – B. Sponge with A. pacifica colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
F). The lengths of the sclerites are
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FCC0E21D7E81D867" box="[796,938,1589,1613]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(mostly
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FBC6E21D7983D867" box="[1050,1192,1589,1613]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.15" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) only, making them significantly smaller than those found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FD7EE2707E36D85B" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[674,797,1624,1649]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FD7EE2707E36D85B" box="[674,797,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE2537FB8D90B" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Distal from the points, sclerites continue longitudinally to obliquely, along the aboral side of the tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FAB3E2537D9FD89D" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1942]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), lectotype: A – B. Sponge with A. pacifica colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
E). They are curved rodlets and spindles, some slightly clavate, with sparse, conical tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FB28E2B6786CD89D" box="[1268,1351,1694,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[156,1434,202,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[152,1435,193,1942]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), lectotype: A – B. Sponge with A. pacifica colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
G), and they grade in size from largest at the proximal end of the tentacle to smallest distally and seem to curve around the sides of the tentacles. Tentacle sclerites are
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FDA7E2CD7E36D8D7" box="[635,797,1765,1789]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4000000000000004" metricValueMax="3.4000000000000004" metricValueMin="1.4000000000000001" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.24" valueMax="0.34" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
long which again is smaller than the range found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FF4BE3207C39D90B" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,274,1800,1825]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FF4BE3207C39D90B" box="[151,274,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species but the ranges do overlap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E60FF91FF1BE3047F38D9D9" blockId="33.[151,1437,600,2036]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
In the pinnules are found very short, almost squat, spatulate clubs, with a narrow handle and a flattened, wide tip, along with numerous short rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FDE2E3667FBAD94D" box="[574,657,1870,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The spatulate tip is oriented distally in the pinnules and some of them have quite well developed ‘teeth’ or jagged edges. Spatulate clubs range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FBBEE359782CD9A3" box="[1122,1287,1905,1930]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.125" valueMax="0.16" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.16 mm</quantity>
|
||
only—much smaller that the equivalent spatulate clubs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E60FF91FD4FE3BD7E18D984" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[659,819,1941,1966]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Lateothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E60FF91FD4FE3BD7E18D984" box="[659,819,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the range is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FBCCE3BD7982D987" box="[1040,1193,1941,1966]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.38" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.26">0.26–0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The rodlets are short and narrow, with simple, small tubercles, and are also crowded longitudinally in the pinnules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E60FF91FB3DE390781ED9FA" box="[1249,1333,1976,2001]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
A). They range in size from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E60FF91FEB5E3F37F24D9D9" box="[361,527,2011,2036]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.12" valueMax="0.18" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E63FF92FF4BE38479BAD9CA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842321/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[156,1434,202,1928]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E63FF92FF4BE38479BAD9CA" blockId="34.[151,1436,1964,2016]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E63FF92FF4BE3847C08D9E8" bold="true" box="[151,291,1964,1986]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E63FF92FEF0E3847FEBD9E8" authority="(Kukenthal, 1913)" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[300,704,1964,1986]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E63FF92FEF0E3847CDCD9E8" box="[300,503,1964,1986]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Anthothela pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(Kükenthal, 1913)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lectotype: A–B. Sponge with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E63FF92FBDBE3847952D9E8" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1031,1145,1964,1986]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E63FF92FBDBE3847952D9E8" box="[1031,1145,1964,1986]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony remnants; C. Partly retracted polyp; D. Polyp head; E. Points arrangement; F. Point sclerites; G. Tentacle rachis sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E62FF93FF4BE39679F0D9D9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E62FF93FF4BE39679F0D9D9" blockId="35.[151,1436,1982,2035]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E62FF93FF4BE3967C34D9FE" bold="true" box="[151,287,1982,2004]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E62FF93FEF9E3967F84D9FE" authority="(Kukenthal, 1913)" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[293,687,1982,2004]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E62FF93FEF9E3967CC6D9FE" box="[293,493,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Anthothela pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(Kükenthal, 1913)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A–D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C– D). Cortex. E–F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E–F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E65FF94FF4BE3BD7EECD9E0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[180,1411,193,1896]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E65FF94FF4BE3BD7EECD9E0" blockId="36.[151,1436,1941,1994]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E65FF94FF4BE3BD7C0AD981" bold="true" box="[151,289,1941,1963]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E65FF94FEF5E3BD7F93D981" authority="(Kukenthal, 1913)" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[297,696,1941,1963]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E65FF94FEF5E3BD7CD8D981" box="[297,499,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Anthothela pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(Kükenthal, 1913)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E64FF95FF4BE3FF782DD9C7" box="[151,1286,2007,2029]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842327/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[154,1432,193,1964]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E64FF95FF4BE3FF782DD9C7" blockId="37.[151,1286,2007,2029]" box="[151,1286,2007,2029]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E64FF95FF4BE3FF7C34D9C7" bold="true" box="[151,287,2007,2029]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E64FF95FEF9E3FF7F84D9C7" authority="(Kukenthal, 1913)" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[293,687,2007,2029]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E64FF95FEF9E3FF7CC6D9C7" box="[293,493,2007,2029]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Anthothela pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(Kükenthal, 1913)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 57981, sclerites: A. Pharynx; B. Calyx; C. Cortex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE4B07E69DF37" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
On the calyx, sclerites are arranged at all angles in a relatively thin but crowded layer. Sclerites again are straight, short rods and spindles with sparse tubercles, ranging in size from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FC39E49479A2DEFE" box="[997,1161,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.34" valueMin="0.16">0.16–0.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FB44E49479C1DEFE" box="[1176,1258,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
B). One straight club with a thickened distal tip was found (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FD41E4F77FDADED2" box="[669,753,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
Ba), which corresponds to a sclerite figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E67FF96FAF4E4F77DC8DF36" author="Kukenthal" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1913) Uber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeographischen Beziehungen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 35 (2), 219 - 270." type="journal article" year="1913">Kükenthal (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, although he states it is from the top part of the polyp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE5007C68DF4F" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">No samples of a pharynx were examined, so the presence, absence or nature of sclerites in the pharynx remains undocumented.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE5477CE4DFDE" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Surface sclerites are a mixture of two sorts: short, straight, tuberculate rods and spindles (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FB69E5587871DFAD" box="[1205,1370,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.125" valueMax="0.18" valueMin="0.07">0.07–0.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FF43E5BC7DDFDF86" box="[159,244,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
C) and longer, straight sticks and spindles, mostly smooth or with minimal tubercles, sometimes with forked ends (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FEF1E5907CFEDFE5" box="[301,469,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.185" valueMax="0.24" valueMin="0.13">0.13–0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FDF6E59F7F55DFFA" box="[554,638,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
D). The latter are reminiscent of the sclerites found in the medulla of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FE91E5F47CE3DFDF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[333,456,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FE91E5F47CE3DFDF" box="[333,456,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE5D7781BDD8E" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FF1BE5D77C7BDC32" bold="true" box="[199,336,511,536]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Variability:</emphasis>
|
||
A small fragment of the specimen USNM 57981 was examined. The largest portion of the colony consists of four narrow branches emanating from a membranous base with some anastomoses evident; it has no main stem and calyces are distributed throughout but also tend to form terminal bunches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FB43E66F79D9DC4A" box="[1183,1266,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
E). There is an additional fragment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FE5DE6447CFBDCAE" box="[385,464,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
F) that has well-defined ridges on the calyces and most of the polyps partly retracted so only the top part of the polyp head is visible in the mouth of the calyx. The fragment examined was a small branch tip with a few polyps crowded together (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FDB9E69C7F9DDCE6" box="[613,694,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[180,1411,193,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[176,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 18. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The tallest polyp is partly extended and is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FB1AE69C783FDCE7" box="[1222,1300,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
tall and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FAA5E69C7DE8DCC5" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FED2E6FF7C75DCDA" box="[270,350,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[180,1411,193,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[176,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 18. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
B) while the calyces are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FCCBE6FF7EB6DCC5" box="[791,925,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FC21E6FF79A8DCC5" box="[1021,1155,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Under a dissecting microscope the sclerites are opaque and white and they are brown under transmitted light, perhaps indicating the specimen was originally fixed in formalin. There is slight damage evident in some of the sclerites. The fragment available for examination is small, and the only medulla portion available is affected by the junction of a polyp, so it is impossible to be definite regarding coelenteric canals penetrating the medulla and even the expected boundary canals are distorted and difficult to discern. Nevertheless it is clear there is an axial medulla and a cortex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE787784BDBCF" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
The pinnules have numerous spatulate clubs, many having a long, narrow handle with a wide, flattened spatulate tip, and they are longer than those of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FD0BE7FC7E16DDC7" box="[727,829,980,1005]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FC91E7FC7EDCDDC6" box="[845,1015,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6999999999999997" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.16999999999999998" valueMax="0.22" valueMin="0.12">0.12–0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
); but there are also some short, squat spatulate clubs similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FE00E7DF7F68DA3A" box="[476,579,1015,1040]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FD8EE7DF7F88DA3A" box="[594,675,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[180,1411,193,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[176,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 18. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The small, narrow rodlets from the pinnules are of similar length in this specimen (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FE83E0347F2CDA1E" box="[351,519,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.11" valueMax="0.18" valueMin="0.04">0.04–0.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
) as in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FDA3E0347FC1DA1F" box="[639,746,1052,1077]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The tentacles have mostly curved, short, narrow tuberculate rods, arranged longitudinally on the aboral side of the rachis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FC8CE0177E89DA72" box="[848,930,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[180,1411,193,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[176,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 18. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
D). These are very similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FAC4E0177854DA72" box="[1304,1407,1087,1112]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in form and length (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FE85E04C7F29DA56" box="[345,514,1124,1149]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.245" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Sclerites in the points are long tuberculate sticks and spindles, slightly curved or straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FF27E0AF7C67DA8A" box="[251,332,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[180,1411,193,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[176,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 18. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
E), plus some straight sclerites with a clubbed, thorny tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FC3EE0AF791ADA8A" box="[994,1073,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1941,1963]" captionTargetBox="[180,1411,193,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[176,1411,193,1920]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 18. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981: A. Terminal polyp bunch; B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Pinnule sclerites; D. Tentacle rachis sclerites; E. Point sclerites (a. straight club)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842325/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
Ea) which are not present in the small sample from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FE40E0847F2CDAEF" box="[412,519,1196,1221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Most point sclerites are significantly larger than those from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FB39E0847867DAEF" box="[1253,1356,1196,1221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FA87E0847DD5DACD" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.435" valueMax="0.68" valueMin="0.19">0.19– 0.68 mm</quantity>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FEF3E0F87CE7DAC2" box="[303,460,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.28" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.28 mm</quantity>
|
||
). This specimen had a low number of sclerites in the pharynx, mostly short, simple spindles varying in length from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FDD1E0DC7F98DB26" box="[525,691,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.13" valueMax="0.19" valueMin="0.07">0.07–0.19 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FD1AE0DC7E31DB26" box="[710,794,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="37.[151,250,2007,2029]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,193,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1435,193,1984]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 19. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981, sclerites: A. Pharynx; B. Calyx; C. Cortex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842327/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Most of the sclerites from the calyx are tuberculate sticks and spindles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FEA0E13F7CE5DB1A" box="[380,462,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="37.[151,250,2007,2029]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,193,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1435,193,1984]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 19. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981, sclerites: A. Pharynx; B. Calyx; C. Cortex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842327/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
B) although there are some clavate sclerites which resemble the clubbed sclerite from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FF1DE1147C03DB7F" box="[193,296,1340,1365]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FEE5E1147CA0DB7E" box="[313,395,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
Ba). These are all a similar size to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FC99E1147E87DB7F" box="[837,940,1340,1365]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FC0DE114795EDB7E" box="[977,1141,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.26" valueMax="0.38" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.38 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. The cortex sclerites are similar to those from the calyx although with fewer clavate sclerites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E67FF96FC14E1777932DB52" box="[968,1049,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="37.[151,250,2007,2029]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,193,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1435,193,1984]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 19. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913), USNM 57981, sclerites: A. Pharynx; B. Calyx; C. Cortex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842327/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Most of the cortex sclerites are
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FF4BE1AC7C12DBB6" box="[151,313,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.18" valueMax="0.24" valueMin="0.12">0.12–0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
long but there are also longer sclerites, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E67FF96FCEFE1AC7EBDDBB6" box="[819,918,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Occasionally, straight clubs are found in both the cortex and the calyx. As mentioned above, there is very little true medulla available in the fragment investigated and no sclerites similar to those found in the medulla of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FC00E1E4797CDBCF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[988,1111,1484,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FC00E1E4797CDBCF" box="[988,1111,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E67FF96FF1BE1C77CE5D8BD" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE1C77C97D807" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FF1BE1C77C49D822" bold="true" box="[199,354,1519,1544]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
In deep water off the west coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E67FF96FD28E1D87E07D822" box="[756,812,1520,1544]" name="United States of America" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E67FF96FCBFE1C77E91D822" box="[867,954,1519,1544]" name="Canada" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, specifically southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E67FF96FB69E1C77801D822" box="[1205,1322,1519,1544]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E67FF96FAE8E1D87847D822" box="[1332,1388,1520,1544]" name="United States of America" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Strait of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E67FF96FF24E23C7C7ED807" box="[248,341,1556,1581]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E67FF96FF24E23C7C7ED807" box="[248,341,1556,1581]" name="Georgia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E67FF96FEBCE23C7C93D807" box="[352,440,1556,1581]" name="Canada" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE21F79D9D85E" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E67FF96FF1BE21F7C55D87A" author="Williams" box="[199,382,1591,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Williams, G. C. (2000) A new genus and species of stoloniferous octocoral (Anthozoa: Clavulariidae) from the Pacific coast of North America. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 73, 333 - 343." type="journal article" year="2000">Williams (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
defines the distribution for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FD6AE21F7EBAD87A" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1913" box="[694,913,1591,1616]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FD6AE21F7EBAD87A" box="[694,913,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Clavularia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as “southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F6F8193E67FF96FBF7E21F79B7D87A" box="[1067,1180,1591,1616]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Monterey Bay to San Diego County)”. This includes the specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FCF7E2747932D85E" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[811,1049,1628,1653]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FCF7E2747932D85E" box="[811,1049,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sympodium armatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E67FF96FB98E27479C5D85E" author="Nutting" box="[1092,1262,1628,1653]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1909) Alcyonaria of the Californian coast. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 35, 681 - 727. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49591" type="journal article" year="1909">Nutting (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE2577CE5D8BD" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,462,1663,1688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FF1BE2577C32D8B2" bold="true" box="[199,281,1663,1688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Depth:</emphasis>
|
||
90–350 metres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E67FF97FF1BE28C7913DB95" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF96FF1BE28C7C61D992" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FF1BE28C7C16D897" bold="true" box="[199,317,1700,1725]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
At this stage, it has not been possible to confirm when and who proposed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FB61E28C78B7D896" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1913" box="[1213,1436,1700,1725]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FB61E28C78B7D896" box="[1213,1436,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Clavularia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be reassigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FE78E2EF7F34D8CA" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[420,543,1735,1760]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FE78E2EF7F34D8CA" box="[420,543,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E67FF96FDF1E2EF7FC7D8CA" author="Molander" box="[557,748,1735,1760]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Molander, A. R. (1929) Die Octactiniarien. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903, 2 (2), 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1929">Molander (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
simply listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FC56E2E0792ED8CA" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1913" box="[906,1029,1736,1760]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FC56E2E0792ED8CA" box="[906,1029,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FBE9E2EF7997D8CA" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1887" box="[1077,1212,1735,1760]" class="Octocorallia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleraxonia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Scleraxonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FB17E2EF786CD8CA" box="[1227,1351,1735,1760]" class="Anthozoa" family="Briareidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Briareidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
?)” with no accompanying reasons or discussions. No further mention has been found in the literature until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E67FF96FADAE2C578B7D92F" author="Bayer" box="[1286,1436,1772,1797]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1961) The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: a manual for biologists. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 373 pp." type="book" year="1961">Bayer (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
where, in the remarks of his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FD57E3277E52D902" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[651,889,1807,1832]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FD57E3277E52D902" box="[651,889,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Anthothela tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, simply stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FB82E3387841D902" authority="(Kukenthal)" authorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1118,1386,1807,1832]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FB82E33879F1D902" box="[1118,1242,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
(Kükenthal)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a sister species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FE8DE31C7CF0D967" authorityName="Bayer" authorityYear="1961" box="[337,475,1844,1869]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tropicalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FE8DE31C7CF0D967" box="[337,475,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. tropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is no discussion regarding why or when Bayer believed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FB6EE31D7805D966" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1202,1326,1844,1868]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FB6EE31D7805D966" box="[1202,1326,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been reassigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FEE7E37F7C9DD95A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[315,438,1879,1904]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FEE7E37F7C9DD95A" box="[315,438,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Currently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FD9CE37F7E0BD95A" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[576,800,1879,1904]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FD9CE37F7E0BD95A" box="[576,800,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Clavularia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still listed as a valid species in some international databases, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E67FF96FEE3E3547CDCD9BE" author="Williams" box="[319,503,1916,1941]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Williams, G. C. (2000) A new genus and species of stoloniferous octocoral (Anthozoa: Clavulariidae) from the Pacific coast of North America. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 73, 333 - 343." type="journal article" year="2000">Williams (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FDB7E3557FCDD9BE" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[619,742,1916,1940]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FDB7E3557FCDD9BE" box="[619,742,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a comparison with the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E67FF96FB49E3547C6DD992" authority="Williams, 2000" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="2000" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Cryptophyton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="goddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E67FF96FB49E35478B0D9BF" box="[1173,1435,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cryptophyton goddardi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E67FF96FF4BE3887C6DD992" author="Williams" box="[151,326,1952,1977]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Williams, G. C. (2000) A new genus and species of stoloniferous octocoral (Anthozoa: Clavulariidae) from the Pacific coast of North America. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 73, 333 - 343." type="journal article" year="2000">Williams, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E67FF97FF1BE3EC797ADFDF" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,151,1472]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
There is so little remaining of the ZMB
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FD44E3EC7FD4D9F7" box="[664,767,1988,2013]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen (and nothing left of the MZW
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E67FF96FB01E3EC781DD9F6" box="[1245,1334,1988,2012]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
) that the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FEEFE4B07C85DE9A" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[307,430,152,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FEEFE4B07C85DE9A" box="[307,430,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is difficult to confirm. At this stage we contend it should be in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FB4CE4BF7827DE9A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1168,1292,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FB4CE4BF7827DE9A" box="[1168,1292,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species, but we do this with some reservation. There are no branches in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E66FF97FBDBE4947946DEFF" box="[1031,1133,188,213]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
to be able to examine the arrangement of coelenteric canals in a medulla and the spatulate clubs in the pinnules are much smaller than those normally observed in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FE0CE52C7F60DF37" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[464,587,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FE0CE52C7F60DF37" box="[464,587,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. However, some of the main defining characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FAFDE52C78B7DF37" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1313,1436,260,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FAFDE52C78B7DF37" box="[1313,1436,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are evident in the lectotype—the presence of (albeit small) spatulate clubs in the pinnules; all other sclerites as tuberculate sticks and spindles with some clavate; sclerites arranged as collaret and points on the polyp head; sclerites arranged longitudinally on the tentacle rachis and in the pinnules; and the presence of a calyx. Although there is no evidence of branches, there are what are traditionally considered medulla sclerites present in the sample taken of the surface sclerites, perhaps indicative of the ability to form a medulla. All these points support the placement of this specimen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FE30E5F47F4CDFDF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[492,615,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FE30E5F47F4CDFDF" box="[492,615,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but do not preclude alternative placements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E66FF97FF1BE5D77EE8DCE7" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The other specimen determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FDB7E6287FC1DC32" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[619,746,512,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FDB7E6287FC1DC32" box="[619,746,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 57981, does have a colony form consistent with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FF4BE60C7C39DC17" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,274,548,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FF4BE60C7C39DC17" box="[151,274,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus it has distinctive long spatulate clubs in the pinnules. This makes the placement of this specimen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FF4BE66F7C39DC4A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,274,583,608]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FF4BE66F7C39DC4A" box="[151,274,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unambiguous. The uncertainty regarding the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FC76E660790FDC4A" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[938,1060,584,608]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FC76E660790FDC4A" box="[938,1060,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thus becomes more a question of whether the USNM specimen and the lectotype are the same species and how they differ from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FAFDE64478B7DCAF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1313,1436,620,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FAFDE64478B7DCAF" box="[1313,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. This decision is hampered by the size of the very small fragment of the USNM 57981 specimen available for examination here and its poor condition (possibly formalin affected).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E66FF97FF1BE6F07FA1DD8E" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E66FF97FED2E6FF7C5CDCDA" box="[270,375,727,752]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the sclerites in the pinnules are spatulate clubs but the handles are markedly shorter than those found in any other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FEB6E6D47CCEDD3F" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[362,485,764,789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FEB6E6D47CCEDD3F" box="[362,485,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species thus far described. In fact, all the sclerites from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E66FF97FBA3E6D479CDDD3F" box="[1151,1254,764,789]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are, on average, shorter than their equivalents in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FDE2E7377F92DD12" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[574,697,799,824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FDE2E7377F92DD12" box="[574,697,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. In Kükenthal’s (1913) drawing (Figure E) he displays the sclerites as very small in relation to the size of the polyp, arranged haphazardly up the calyx and polyp body. The size difference is noticeable, with average calyx sclerite length in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FC68E7407904DDAA" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[948,1071,872,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FC68E7407904DDAA" box="[948,1071,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E66FF97FBE4E74F79B4DDAA" box="[1080,1183,871,896]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E66FF97FB19E74F7801DD55" box="[1221,1322,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
while the average length is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E66FF97FE80E7A47CEBDD8E" box="[348,448,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FE3FE7A47FA8DD8F" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[483,643,908,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Lateothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FE3FE7A47FA8DD8F" box="[483,643,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E66FF97FF1BE7877CFCDA72" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FE38E7987FAEDDE2" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[484,645,943,968]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Lateothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FE38E7987FAEDDE2" box="[484,645,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FD3BE7987E4ADDE2" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[743,865,944,968]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FD3BE7987E4ADDE2" box="[743,865,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lectotype include the average size of the sclerites, especially the spatulate clubs in the pinnules, and the single straight club found in the calyx of the lectotype (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E66FF97FAB3E7FC7D98DA3A" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[172,1412,201,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[169,1412,201,1949]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anthothela pacifica (Kükenthal, 1913). A – D. Lectotype, sclerites: (A). Pinnule; (B). Calyx (a. straight club); (C – D). Cortex. E – F. USNM 57981: (E). Colony; (F). Branch fragment. (E – F. Courtesy of NMNH, Dr R. Ford)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842323/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
Ba). Kükenthal also figures a sclerite like this but states it is from the top part of the polyp. In this study, only one such sclerite was located in the tiny sample taken of the calyx of the lectotype and they are similarly uncommon in the USNM 57981 specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E66FF97FF1BE04D78A9DB27" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
We contend the lectotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FDFFE04C7F89DA56" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[547,674,1124,1148]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FDFFE04C7F89DA56" box="[547,674,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the USNM 57981 specimen are conspecific, and given the relatively similar geographic location of the two specimens, the small sclerites and the presence of the straight clubs, this species can be distinguished from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FD3AE0847E4ADAEF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[742,865,1196,1221]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FD3AE0847E4ADAEF" box="[742,865,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Nevertheless, the validity of this species remains questionable due to the paucity of type material and the condition of the other available material. Further material from the type location may be able to resolve this question, particularly using molecular differentiation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E66FF97FF1BE13F7913DB95" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The specimen which Nutting determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FD0AE13F7EE1DB1A" authorityName="Wright & Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[726,970,1303,1328]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="armatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FD0AE13F7EE1DB1A" box="[726,970,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Sympodium armatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and was synonymised with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FAFFE13F7DDADB7E" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FAFFE13F7DDADB7E" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Clavularia pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Kükenthal, was not available for investigation. However, another specimen, collected from the same station on the same day and placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FD85E1487FFDDB52" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[601,726,1376,1400]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FD85E1487FFDDB52" box="[601,726,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Bayer in the Smithsonian collection (USNM 49519), was found to be too badly affected by formalin to be confidently assigned. It has slightly larger sclerites in the calyx and some curved and bent thorn clubs are present, suggesting it may not be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E66FF97FC64E180791ADBEA" baseAuthorityName="Kukenthal" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[952,1073,1448,1472]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E66FF97FC64E180791ADBEA" box="[952,1073,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |