158 lines
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158 lines
15 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. & Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="DA97F01A28F9534D9CE781A1F4374069" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>341</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-102-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1306325</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182396346" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA97F01A28F9534D9CE781A1F4374069" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA97F01A28F9534D9CE781A1F4374069" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName LSID="DA97F01A-28F9-534D-9CE7-81A1F4374069" authority="(L.) R. Br." authorityName="(L.) R. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Alstonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alstonia scholaris" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scholaris">Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="names">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Myanmar</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">letpan-ga</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">taung-mayo</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">taung-meok</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">English</emphasis>
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: devil tree, dita bark.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">China, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; also Tropical Australia and Africa. In Myanmar, found in Bago, Kachin, Mandalay, Shan, Taninthayi, and Yangon. Grows naturally in the plains and on low hills, particularly in Lower Myanmar.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Conservation status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Lower Risk/least concern [LC] (
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<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" refId="B117" refString="IUCN, 2017. IUCN Red List of threatened species. IUCN, Gland. http://www.iucnredlist.org/" title="IUCN Red List of threatened species. IUCN, Gland." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bark</emphasis>
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: Used to treat asthma, heart disease, for chronic ulcers, and other ailments. The powder mixed with ginger is given to new mothers the first day after birthing to cleanse the blood and promote lactation. Bark paste is applied to boils and other sores to minimize inflammation and hasten healing. A bark extract made with boiling water and then mixed with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nees" authorityYear="1831" baseAuthorityName="Roxb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Cinnamomum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cinnamomum obtusifolium" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cinnamomum obtusifolium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seed powder is sipped to expel intestinal parasites, such as threadworms and roundworms. Reduced to one-third the starting volume, a boiled-water bark extract is consumed to treat lung disease, sour stomach, paralysis, cerebral palsy, heart disease, asthma, fever, shooting pain, and stomachache. Remedies made from the components of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Devil’s">Devil's</normalizedToken>
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tree are known for stimulating the circulatory and respiratory systems, promoting weight gain, and controlling heart disease, asthma, and skin conditions.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Latex</emphasis>
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: Applied locally to ulcers, sores, yaws, the hollow of an aching tooth, to mature abscesses or boils, to kill maggots in wounds of cattle, and to draw out thorns and splinters.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sap</emphasis>
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: Applied to sores to stimulate healing; mixed with sesame oil and swabbed inside the ear to treat earache.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bark</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sap</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leaf</emphasis>
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: Used in treatments for fever, weakness, paralysis, sores, aches, pains, and gastric problems including dysentery.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Leaf</emphasis>
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: Used in poultices; green leaves applied to back or dried leaves burned under beds to induce lacteal secretion; infusion of young leaves taken in the morning helpful in cases of beri-beri; leaf tips are taken with roasted coconut to treat stomatitis. Tender leaves are wilted over heat, crushed, and applied to infected sores to accelerate healing.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Jain, SK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B50" refString="Jain, SK, DeFilipps, RA, 1991. Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." year="1991">Jain and DeFilipps (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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as follows: The bark is a bitter tonic, alterative, anthelmintic, and galactagogue; it is also used for fever, diarrhea, dysentery (powdered and mixed with honey), snakebite and skin diseases, heart disease, leprosy, leucoderma, tumors, rheumatism, cholera, bronchitis, and pneumonia; the juice is used on ulcers and for rheumatic pains; and the root for an enlarged liver. Medicinal use of this species in China is discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B34" refString="Duke, JA, Ayensu, ES, 1985. Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." year="1985">Duke and Ayensu (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Reported constituents include the following alkaloids: echitamine (also called ditain), ditamine, echitenine, alstonamine, echitamidine (
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<bibRefCitation author="Perry, LM" journalOrPublisher="Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B90" refString="Perry, LM, 1980. Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." title="Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." year="1980">Perry 1980</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Investigators have reported activity against the snail vector,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1822" class="Gastropoda" family="Lymnaeidae" genus="Lymnaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lymnaea acuminata" order="Basommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acuminata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lymnaea acuminata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, of the parasitic flukes
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<taxonomicName class="Trematoda" family="Fasciolidae" genus="Fasciola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fasciola hepatica" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="hepatica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fasciola hepatica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="F. gigantica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="gigantica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">F. gigantica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.002" author="Singh, A" journalOrPublisher="Fitoterapia" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" pagination="747 - 751" refId="B105" refString="Singh, A, Singh, SK, 2005. Molluscicidal evaluation of three common plants from India. Fitoterapia 76 (7-8): 747 - 751, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.002" title="Molluscicidal evaluation of three common plants from India." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.002" volume="76" year="2005">Singh and Singh 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), as well as anti-cancer activity in human cancer cell lines (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1810" author="Jagetia, GC" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" pagination="103 - 109" refId="B49" refString="Jagetia, GC, Baliga, MS, 2006. Evaluation of anticancer activity of the alkaloid fraction of Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) in vitro and in vivo. Phytotherapy Research 20 (2): 103 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1810" title="Evaluation of anticancer activity of the alkaloid fraction of Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) in vitro and in vivo." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1810" volume="20" year="2006">Jagetia and Baliga 2006</bibRefCitation>
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) and antibacterial activity (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00192-8" author="Khan, MR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B57" refString="Khan, MR, Omoloso, AD, Kihara, M, 2003. Antibacterial activity of Alstonia scholaris and Leea tetramera. Fitoterapia 74(7/8): 736-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00192-8" title="Antibacterial activity of Alstonia scholaris and Leea tetramera. Fitoterapia 74 (7 / 8): 736 - 740." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00192-8" year="2003">Khan et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="references">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">References.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<bibRefCitation author="Nordal, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B85" refString="Nordal, A, 1963. The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." title="The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." year="1963">Nordal (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Agricultural Corporation" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B3" refString="Agricultural Corporation, 1980. Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" title="Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" year="1980">Agricultural Corporation (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Perry, LM" journalOrPublisher="Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B90" refString="Perry, LM, 1980. Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." title="Medicinal Plants of East and South-East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London." year="1980">Perry (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Forest Department" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B37" refString="Forest Department, 1999. Medicinal Plants of Popa Mountain Park. Ministry of Forestry, Yangon, Myanmar." title="Medicinal Plants of Popa Mountain Park. Ministry of Forestry, Yangon, Myanmar." year="1999">Forest Department (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |