341 lines
33 KiB
XML
341 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.225.3721" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1301ded3-c86d-4e07-aae6-dd84e348cd25" ID-PMC="PMC3487652" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-225-1" ID-PubMed="23166461" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-225-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 225" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the genus Planinasus Cresson (Diptera, Periscelididae)" checkinTime="1451248711591" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N., Rung, Alessandra & Kotrba, Marion" docDate="2012" docId="2FC5C8B04DACBE4F2A31281E07128F0B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 225: 1-83" docOrigin="ZooKeys 225" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.225.3721" docTitle="Planinasus Cresson" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="5C00FF9EFFDAFF805469564E9829FF97" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Planinasus Cresson (Diptera, Periscelididae)" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668154510379" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the genus Planinasus Cresson (Diptera, Periscelididae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rung, Alessandra</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kotrba, Marion</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>225</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>83</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.225.3721</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.225.3721</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-225-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037202" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2FC5C8B04DACBE4F2A31281E07128F0B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2FC5C8B04DACBE4F2A31281E07128F0B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Planinasus" authority="Cresson" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus Cresson</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Cresson, ET Jr" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="241 - 250" title="Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. I." volume="25" year="1914">Cresson 1914</bibRefCitation>
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: 245 [in the family
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<taxonomicName family="Ephydridae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
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; type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus ambiguus" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambiguus">Planinasus ambiguus</taxonomicName>
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Cresson, by original designation];
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<bibRefCitation author="Cresson, ET Jr" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="39 - 68" title="Costa Rican Diptera collected by Philip P. Calvert, Ph. D., 1909 - 1910. Paper 3. A report on the Ephydridae." volume="44" year="1918">Cresson 1918</bibRefCitation>
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: 65 [discussion, genus probably not in
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<taxonomicName family="Ephydridae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="family">Ephydridae</taxonomicName>
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].
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<bibRefCitation author="Malloch, JR" journalOrPublisher="Stylops," pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="52 - 53" title="A remarkable new genus of the family Periscelidae." volume="3" year="1934">Malloch 1934</bibRefCitation>
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: 52 [generic key, in family Perisceli[di]dae].
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<bibRefCitation author="Curran, CH" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" title="The Families and Genera of North American Diptera. 512 pp. New York." url="10.5962/bhl.title.6825" year="1934">Curran 1934</bibRefCitation>
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: 327 [generic key, in family
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<taxonomicName family="Drosophilidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
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].
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<bibRefCitation author="Hennig, W" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="589 - 633" title="Neue Gattungen und Arten der Acalyptratae." url="10.4039/Ent101589-6" volume="101" year="1969">Hennig 1969</bibRefCitation>
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: 614-616 [revision, in family
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<taxonomicName family="Aulacigastridae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="family">Aulacigastridae</taxonomicName>
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].
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<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="55 - 78" title="A new subfamily of Aulacigastridae (Diptera: Schizophora), with a discussion of Aulacigastrid classification." url="10.1071/ZO9820055" volume="31" year="1983">McAlpine 1983</bibRefCitation>
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: 56 [discussion, assigned to family
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<taxonomicName family="Periscelididae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
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].
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mathis and Rung 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: 363 [world catalog].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Schizochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schizochaeta" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schizochaeta</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Malloch, JR" journalOrPublisher="Stylops," pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="52 - 53" title="A remarkable new genus of the family Periscelidae." volume="3" year="1934">Malloch 1934</bibRefCitation>
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: 52 [type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Schizochaeta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schizochaeta shannoni" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shannoni">Schizochaeta shannoni</taxonomicName>
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Malloch, by original designation].
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<bibRefCitation author="Hennig, W" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="589 - 633" title="Neue Gattungen und Arten der Acalyptratae." url="10.4039/Ent101589-6" volume="101" year="1969">Hennig 1969</bibRefCitation>
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: 614 [synonymy].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Head: Frons with 1 pair of interfrontal setae; reclinate fronto-orbital seta usually smaller than and inserted behind proclinate seta; both medial and lateral vert
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">ical</pageBreakToken>
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setae well developed; postvertical setae absent. Interantennal space at least equal to antennal length, much greater in some species; basal flagellomere arising from anterior surface of pedicel; arista bipectinate. Face uniformly sclerotized and usually arched, bearing a prominent, dorsoclinate, sometimes convergent to cruciate pair of setae near or on transverse facial carina, usually with several other facial setae, these usually ventroclinate and sometimes arranged in a transverse row. Eye bare of interfacetal microsetulae. Genal height less than width of pedicel, lacking a genal seta.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Thorax: Dorsocentral setae 2, both postsutural (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus ambiguus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambiguus">Planinasus ambiguus</taxonomicName>
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with a 3rd small, anterior, dorsocentral seta, less than 1/3 length of either posterior 2); supra-alar seta 1; postalar seta 1; postpronotum shiny, lacking a well-developed seta; notopleural setae 2; lateral scutellar setae 1 pair, apical, basal seta lacking; scutellar disc bare; anepisternal setae usually 2, inserted along posterior margin; katepisternal setae 2, anterior seta slightly weaker. Wing: no costal breaks (a weakness in the costa just apicad of the humeral crossvein); costa extended to vein M; subcosta rudimentary, neither reaching costal margin nor fused apically with vein R1; vein R2+3 minutely but densely trichose on ventral surface; crossvein bm-cu present, with distinct discal cell and cell bm; cell cup present; discal cell with a fold running entire length; vein CuA2 well developed. Legs: forefemur with 1-2 posteroventral setae at apical 1/3; midtibia with apicoventral spine-like seta; hindfemur with anterodorsal preapical seta; all tibiae with subapical dorsal seta.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Abdomen: Male: Segments 1-6 with tergites and sternites separate and spiracles 1-6 in membrane; tergite 6 well developed, sternite 6 short and slightly asymmetrical; pregenital segment (sternites 7, 8?) short, immediately adjacent to epandrium, with spiracle 7 within sclerotized portion. Male terminalia as follows: Largely symmetrical; epandrium well developed, bearing numerous setulae; cerci poorly developed, largely unsclerotized, bearing sparse setulae; surstylus usually a long process fused with epandrium, generally, surstyli generally separated from each other (fused medially in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus ambiguus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambiguus">Planinasus ambiguus</taxonomicName>
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); gonostylus relatively simple to complex, often with elaborate processes; pregonite articulated with apex of lateral hypandrial arm; postgonite long, bearing processes and a ventral lobe with setae; subepandrial sclerite rod-like, connecting surstylus with apex of hypandrial arm; aedeagus short; phallapodeme long, narrow; ejaculatory apodeme varying, sometimes dramatically, very large to tiny; hypandrium U or V shaped, often widely so. Female: Spiracle 7 (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“stigma”">"stigma"</normalizedToken>
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) not free in female postabdomen. Spermathecae 2; ventral receptacle one-chambered.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Known only from the New World tropics.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="natural history">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Natural History.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
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are generally rare in collections, and nothing is known about their immature stages, life cycle, or ecology. Their rarity in collections, however, is not necessarily a reflection of their diversity and/or abundance in nature. Specimens are comparatively small, obscure, and could easily be overlooked. We have collected hundreds of specimens of numerous species in the countries of Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico (Chiapas), Peru (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
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, Cuzco, Madre de Dios), and on some islands of the Caribbean (Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Tobago). In all areas, specimens were collected by sweeping dense, understory
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">vegetation-</pageBreakToken>
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-some bearing flowers--that was associated with shaded, damp, habitats. In Ecuador, we found specimens to be relatively common on the exposed sand or mud substrates in shaded, riparian habitats. Here we observed specimens exposed on the surface of stones or large fallen leaves, perhaps posturing to be seen by conspecifics. We captured numerous specimens alive by simply and carefully lowering a vial over them.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Our field work and sampling, regardless of the collecting technique, also indicates that two to four species frequently occur sympatrically at the same microhabitat. We observed that one species at these sites usually predominates in numbers of individuals. How the various species partition the habitat and what their population structure is are basic questions that remain unanswered.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<bibRefCitation author="Grimaldi, DA" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 25" title="Evolution of extreme sexual dimorphisms: structural and behavioral convergence among broad-headed male Drosophilidae (Diptera)." volume="2939" year="1989">Grimaldi and Fenster (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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noted certain preconditions associated with male hypercephaly. Although their list primarily pertains to
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<taxonomicName family="Drosophilidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
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, they may also apply elsewhere in
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Diptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diptera" order="Saxifragales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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, including species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
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that demonstrate hypercephaly. These preconditions, which were manifested at least partially in the few observations we made (see "Mating behavior" under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus kotrbae" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kotrbae">Planinasus kotrbae</taxonomicName>
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), are: territoriality, face-to-face confrontations, head butting and jousting. Perhaps, like
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<taxonomicName family="Drosophilidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
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, there is more aggressiveness among species with hypercephaly than their unmodified relatives. Further observation and comparison are obviously needed, and we hope that this revision will foster such.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Several species exhibit considerable sexual dimorphism, especially in the width and coloration of the face. Males in these species tend to have wider faces (hypercephaly), i.e., larger facial ratios, and frequently there is a distinctive colorational pattern. The facial pattern usually also involves microtomentum or its absence in additional to color. These details are included in descriptions of appropriate species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Within the subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stenomicrinae">Stenomicrinae</taxonomicName>
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the sister group of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
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is apparently either
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Cyamops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamops" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyamops</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Stenomicra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenomicra" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenomicra</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Winkler, IS" journalOrPublisher="" Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="746 - 762" title="Hennig's orphans revisited: Testing morphological hypotheses in the " Opomyzoidea." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.016" volume="54" year="2010">Winkler et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mathis and Rung 2011</bibRefCitation>
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) or perhaps both. The relationship with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Cyamops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamops" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyamops</taxonomicName>
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is based on the following putative synapomorphies:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1. Midtibia with an apical, anteroventral spine-like seta.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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2. Arista bipectinate (
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<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, DK" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="55 - 78" title="A new subfamily of Aulacigastridae (Diptera: Schizophora), with a discussion of Aulacigastrid classification." url="10.1071/ZO9820055" volume="31" year="1983">McAlpine 1983</bibRefCitation>
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: 56).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3. Face bearing a dorsoclinate pair of setae, these usually inserted above other facial setae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
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is distinct from other genera of
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<taxonomicName family="Periscelididae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
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and its monophyly is established by the following putative synapomorphies:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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1. Frons bearing a pair of interfrontal setae that are usually slightly reclinate to dorsoclinate. The interfrontal setae, as described, are unique to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2. Forefemur with 1-3 posteroventral setae on apical half.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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3. Scutellum bearing a single pair of marginal setae, these apical (also in some species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Cyamops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamops" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyamops</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4. Reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted behind proclinate fronto-orbital seta.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5. Each tibia with a dorsoapical seta.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">6</pageBreakToken>
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. Hindfemur with a subapical dorsal seta.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7. Anepisternum with 1-2 setae along posterior margin (relatively common in other taxa of Asteioinea).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">8. Several characters of the male terminalia.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="key to extant species of planinasus cresson">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Key to extant species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
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Cresson
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</paragraph>
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<subSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="">
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<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<table lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus obscuripennis" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuripennis">Planinasus obscuripennis</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus insulanus" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insulanus">Planinasus insulanus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus nigritarsus" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigritarsus">Planinasus nigritarsus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus argentifacies" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentifacies">Planinasus argentifacies</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">ambiguus</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan="1">shannoni</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus kotrbae" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kotrbae">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Planinasus</pageBreakToken>
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kotrbae
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus tobagoensis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobagoensis">Planinasus tobagoensis</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus xanthops" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthops">Planinasus xanthops</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
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|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus miradorus" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miradorus">Planinasus miradorus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
|
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<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus shannoni" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shannoni">Planinasus shannoni</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus venezuelensis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venezuelensis">Planinasus venezuelensis</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus obscuripennis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuripennis">Planinasus obscuripennis</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus mcalpineorum" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcalpineorum">Planinasus mcalpineorum</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus nigrifacies" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrifacies">Planinasus nigrifacies</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus flavicoxalis" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicoxalis">Planinasus flavicoxalis</taxonomicName>
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</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus atrifrons" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrifrons">Planinasus atrifrons</taxonomicName>
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|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus atriclypeus" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atriclypeus">Planinasus atriclypeus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus ambiguus" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambiguus">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">Planinasus</pageBreakToken>
|
|
ambiguus
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Fig. 1</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus aenigmaticus" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenigmaticus">Planinasus aenigmaticus</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">Fig. 15</td>
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus neotropicus" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neotropicus">Planinasus neotropicus</taxonomicName>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
<subSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="the ambiguus group">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">The ambiguus group</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
Included species.
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus aenigmaticus" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenigmaticus">Planinasus aenigmaticus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus ambiguus" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambiguus">Planinasus ambiguus</taxonomicName>
|
|
Cresson, and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus neotropicus" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neotropicus">Planinasus neotropicus</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis. This species group is distinguished by the following combination of characters: Head: Interfrontal seta short, about half length of lateral vertical seta. Antennal coloration variable; pedicel with short ventral projection; basal flagellomere short, about as high as long. Large facial setae arranged in 2-3 transverse rows; face of males and females similar in shape and color. Thorax: Anepisternum with 1 large seta along posterior margin. Wing hyaline to faintly infumate. Forefemur of male lacking subapical, irregular, pale-colored annulus, bearing 2 large seta at apical 1/3 along posteroventral surface. Abdomen: Surstylus generally thumb-like, without posterior processes or lobes, in nearly vertical alignment with anterior margin of epandrium; postgonite with robustly developed lobe bearing numerous setulae apically; phallus mostly sclerotized, large, convoluted; ejaculatory apodeme generally well developed, at least as long as phallapodeme, with expanded apex.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
|
Discussion. There is little if any dimensional or colorational sexual dimorphism in specimens of this species group. Dimensions and ratios of the heads of both males and females are essentially the same or with broad overlap. Species of this group share with species of the nigritarsus group, and only with them, a postgonite with a robustly developed lobe that bears numerous setulae. In other species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Planinasus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the lobe of the postgonite, which is generally less developed, bears fewer than four apical setulae, and fewer than six setulae overall. The ambiguus and nigritarsus groups also share a well-developed ejaculatory apodeme that is at least as long as the phallapodeme (this character state is also present in
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Planinasus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Planinasus mcalpineorum" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mcalpineorum">Planinasus mcalpineorum</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. n. of the nigrifacies group).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSection>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |