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<mods:title id="4A34733645D12E12498FF15015A5E19B">Combination of Chloranthus flavus into C. nervosus based on morphological and molecular evidence</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="57D41872100635A4A5062BACEC0D9FA2">Lu, Yong-Bin</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="F6BEA395FF88A228FF4CE947EF867BB1" box="[136,746,1396,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF88A228FF4CE947EF867BB1" blockId="4.[136,1452,1396,1602]" box="[136,746,1396,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FF4CE947EF8A7BB1" ID-CoL="5XWWH" authority="Collett &amp; Hemsley (1889: 118)" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityPageNumber="118" authorityYear="1889" box="[136,742,1396,1422]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FF4CE947EC137BB1" box="[136,383,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Chloranthus nervosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DA358DEFFF88A228FE42E947EF8A7BB1" author="Collett, H. &amp; Hemsley, W. B." box="[390,742,1396,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" pagination="118" refId="ref4683" refString="Collett, H. &amp; Hemsley, W. B. (1889) On a collection of plants from Upper Burma and the Shan States. The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 28 (190): 118." type="journal article" year="1889">Collett &amp; Hemsley (1889: 118)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF88A228FF4CE9A8EC7B7BE9" blockId="4.[136,1452,1396,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FF4CE9A8EDB57B8F" bold="true" box="[136,217,1435,1456]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Type:—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="0ECCFA43FF88A228FF1DE9A8EE097B8D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3909833302" box="[217,869,1435,1458]" collectionCode="K" collectorName="C. B. Collett" country="Myanmar" location="BURMA" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" specimenCode="K000802671" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FF1DE9A8EC597B8F" bold="true" box="[217,309,1435,1456]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF88A228FF1DE9A8EC597B8F" box="[217,309,1435,1456]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">BURMA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FE84E9AFECB27B8E" box="[320,478,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">
<collectorName id="135195C8FF88A228FE84E9AFECDD7B8E" box="[320,433,1436,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C.B. Collett</collectorName>
s. n.
</emphasis>
[
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:
<specimenCode id="EE025865FF88A228FD8FE9AFEFA47B8D" box="[587,712,1436,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">K000802671</specimenCode>
(digital image!)
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;
<materialsCitation id="0ECCFA43FF88A228FCABE9AFEC607BE9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3909833301" collectionCode="K" collectorName="C. B. Collett" country="Myanmar" location="BURMA" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" specimenCode="K000802672, K000802673" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="isotype">
<typeStatus id="611F4EBCFF88A228FCABE9AFEED47B8D" box="[879,952,1436,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="EE025865FF88A228FC04E9AFE9527B8D" box="[960,1086,1436,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">K000802672</specimenCode>
(digital image!),
<specimenCode id="EE025865FF88A228FB27E9AFE80C7B8D" box="[1251,1376,1436,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">K000802673</specimenCode>
(digital image!)
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].
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F6BEA395FF88A228FF4CE9D7E978787E" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF88A228FF4CE9D7E978787E" blockId="4.[136,1452,1396,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">
=
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FF52E9D7EFF67BC6" ID-CoL="69WX7" authority="D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen (2019: 273)" authorityName="D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen" authorityPageNumber="273" authorityYear="2019" box="[150,666,1508,1530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FF52E9D7EC227BC6" box="[150,334,1508,1529]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Chloranthus flavus</emphasis>
D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen (2019: 273)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FD60E9D7EF957BC6" box="[676,761,1508,1529]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">syn. nov.</emphasis>
Type:—
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF88A228FC89E9D7EEF07BC6" box="[845,924,1508,1529]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">CHINA</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="7C603EFCFF88A228FC62E9D7EE977BC5" box="[934,1019,1508,1530]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
, Baise City, Tianlin County, Zhemiao Town, Baxiang Village, elev. ca.
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,
<geoCoordinate id="DB9096D9FF88A228FDD4EA3BEF187822" box="[528,628,1543,1565]" degrees="24.424" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" precision="55" value="24.424">
24.424
<superScript id="49D15D56FF88A228FD96EA34EF35782C" attach="left" box="[594,601,1543,1555]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">o</superScript>
N
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="DB9096D9FF88A228FD45EA3BEF837822" box="[641,751,1543,1566]" degrees="105.779" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" precision="55" value="105.779">
105.779
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E
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, under forest on hillside (cultivated in Kunming Botanical Garden), in flowering,
<date id="CA1AD6DEFF88A228FEE3EA1FEC8F787E" box="[295,483,1580,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" value="2018-09-29">29 September 2018</date>
, D.T. Liu, 2018LDT001 (
<typeStatus id="611F4EBCFF88A228FD1EEA1FEE5C787D" box="[730,816,1580,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
KUN!, isotype KUN!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F6BEA395FF88A229FF4CEA43E9297FE7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="235" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF88A229FF4CEA43E9297FE7" blockId="4.[136,1452,1648,2071]" lastBlockId="5.[136,1452,158,473]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="235" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FF4CEA43ED8A78B5" bold="true" box="[136,230,1648,1674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Note:—</emphasis>
None morphologies, including those listed comparatively between
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FC1AEA43E92F78B5" authorityName="D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen" authorityYear="2019" box="[990,1091,1648,1674]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FC1AEA43E92F78B5" box="[990,1091,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FBB9EA43E86F78B5" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityYear="1889" box="[1149,1283,1648,1674]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FBB9EA43E86F78B5" box="[1149,1283,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. nervosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the original publication are not discrete according to our continual and extensive observations (
<figureCitation id="269FEC9BFF88A228FB94EAA7E9F47891" box="[1104,1176,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1183,1205]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,200,1151]" captionTargetId="figure-18@4.[151,1436,190,1159]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chloranthus flavus (AF), Chloranthus nervosus (GL). A, G Plants in cultivation; B,H Infructescences; C, I Stems; D, J Scale-like leaves; E, K Stamen connectives; F, L Fruits. Photographs taken by Yong-Bin Lu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7087278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7087278/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). In the previous study, the authors stated that the root of
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FDD6EA8BEFF578ED" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityYear="1889" box="[530,665,1720,1746]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FDD6EA8BEFF578ED" box="[530,665,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. nervosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has no smell but
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FCAFEA8BEEBD78ED" authorityName="D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen" authorityYear="2019" box="[875,977,1720,1746]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FCAFEA8BEEBD78ED" box="[875,977,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has strong smell. We found that the root of both species have smells that are not readily distinguishable and so do the other
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FB9DEAEFE82478C9" box="[1113,1352,1756,1782]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FB9DEAEFE98978C9" box="[1113,1253,1756,1782]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Chloranthus</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
Another stated difference of ovate or rectangular versus ovate-triangular or triangular scale leaves between
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FB37EB33E8167925" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityYear="1889" box="[1267,1402,1792,1818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FB37EB33E8167925" box="[1267,1402,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. nervosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FF4CEB17ED807901" authorityName="D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen" authorityYear="2019" box="[136,236,1828,1854]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FF4CEB17ED807901" box="[136,236,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are factually labile, and we observed ovate-triangular or triangular scale leaves for both as well as for other
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FF4CEB7BEC1F795D" box="[136,371,1864,1890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FF4CEB7BEC78795D" box="[136,276,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">Chloranthus</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The authors stated differences of shrub versus herb, branching versus not branching stems, more than four versus four whorled leaves, and one-four spikes versus four spikes between
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FB92EB5FE9D779B9" authorityName="D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen" authorityYear="2019" box="[1110,1211,1900,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FB92EB5FE9D779B9" box="[1110,1211,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF88A228FB37EB5FE81579B9" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityYear="1889" box="[1267,1401,1900,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF88A228FB37EB5FE81579B9" box="[1267,1401,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="234">C. nervosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but we found that they are factually homogeneous in these characters and the alleged differences might come from partial observation of few individuals at specific growth stage. According to our continual and extensive observations, we found that both of the newly germinating stems are tender, ordinarily not branched, commonly four leaves whorled or nearly so on top of the stems and usually one spike (but sometimes two lateral spikes grow much overlapped in times with the first central spike) when they begin to flower in March; when at later stage after the first inflorescence turns into infructescence or decay, more spikes germinate, and branches begin to stem out from axillae or nodes, which bear leaves and inflorescences, too. So that, these morphological characters may vary largely even for a same individual at different stages in a growth season. Similar morphological plasticity at different growth stages have also been observed in other
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF89A229FE8BED1DEF5E7F77" box="[335,562,302,328]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FE8BED1DECB77F77" box="[335,475,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Chloranthus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="DA358DEFFF89A229FDB4ED1CEE7C7F77" author="Lu, Y. B. &amp; Jiang, Y. L. &amp; Qin, X. M. &amp; Zhang, Q." box="[624,784,302,329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" pagination="31 - 43" refId="ref5484" refString="Lu, Y. B., Jiang, Y. L., Qin, X. M. &amp; Zhang, Q. (2020) Morphological diversity and geographical distribution of Chloranthus in China. Guihaia 40: 31 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.11931 / guihaia. gxzw 201812011" type="journal article" year="2020">
Lu
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FD51ED1CEFA17F77" box="[661,717,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). The most striking diagnostic character, the color of stamen connectives from which the species epithet was derived, is also variable and gradually changing with intermediate yellowish or whitish yellow to occasionally even reddish-orange stamen connectives for some plants (
<figureCitation id="269FEC9BFF89A229FAF6ED45E8177FAF" box="[1330,1403,374,400]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1276,1298]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,503,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-184@5.[151,1436,497,1251]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Inflorescence and floral diversity of Chloranthus nervosus from different places. A Xilin, Guangxi, China; B, E Debao, Guangxi, China; C Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China; D Lingyun, Guangxi, China. Photographs taken by Yong-Bin Lu (AD) and Ying Qin (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7087280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7087280/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). In conclusion, all the stated differential morphological characters are more or less continuously variable between
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF89A229FA56EDA8EDA77FE7" authorityName="D. T. Liu &amp; G. Chen" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FA56EDA8EDA77FE7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">C. flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF89A229FEC5ED8CECEA7FE7" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityYear="1889" box="[257,390,447,473]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FEC5ED8CECEA7FE7" box="[257,390,447,473]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">C. nervosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suggesting they are the same morphologically plastic species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="EADBA096FF89A229FF4CE8CFEDBB7B66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7087280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7087280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7087280/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" startId="5.[136,229,1276,1298]" targetBox="[157,1430,503,1247]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF89A229FF4CE8CFEDBB7B66" blockId="5.[136,1452,1276,1370]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FF4CE8CFEC6C7B2E" bold="true" box="[136,256,1276,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Inflorescence and floral diversity of
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF89A229FDB6E8CFEE247B2D" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityYear="1889" box="[626,840,1276,1298]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FDB6E8CFEE247B2D" box="[626,840,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Chloranthus nervosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from different places.
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FBE9E8CFE9527B2E" bold="true" box="[1069,1086,1276,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">A</emphasis>
Xilin, Guangxi, China;
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FAF4E8CFE82C7B2E" bold="true" box="[1328,1344,1276,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FA8AE8CFE8327B2E" bold="true" box="[1358,1374,1276,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">E</emphasis>
Debao, Guangxi, China;
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FEF4E913EC2D7B09" bold="true" box="[304,321,1312,1334]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">C</emphasis>
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China;
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FD4FE913EFF07B0A" bold="true" box="[651,668,1312,1333]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">D</emphasis>
Lingyun, Guangxi, China. Photographs taken by Yong-Bin Lu (AD) and Ying Qin (E).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F6BEA395FF89A229FF4CE9BBED807935" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" type="description">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF89A229FF4CE9BBEF547B9C" blockId="5.[136,568,1416,1443]" box="[136,568,1416,1443]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
<heading id="E5534772FF89A229FF4CE9BBEF547B9C" bold="true" box="[136,568,1416,1443]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" reason="1">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FF4CE9BBEF547B9C" bold="true" box="[136,568,1416,1443]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
Description of
<taxonomicName id="79A48B9DFF89A229FEFCE9BBEF547B9C" authorityName="Collett &amp; Hemsley" authorityYear="1889" box="[312,568,1416,1443]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Chloranthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Chloranthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nervosus">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FEFCE9BBEF547B9C" bold="true" box="[312,568,1416,1443]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Chloranthus nervosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF89A229FF4CE9E3ED807935" blockId="5.[136,1452,1488,2091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
Herbs perennial,
<quantity id="795C5DFBFF89A229FE83E9E3ECD97BD4" box="[327,437,1488,1515]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" unit="cm" value="40.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="25.0">2555 cm</quantity>
high, glabrous. Rhizomes thick, short, with many fibrous roots. Stems erect, one or several in a fascicle, sometimes branching at late growth stage, 25 nodes, each with a pair opposite scale-like leaves, Ovate to triangular. Leaves opposite, usually 4 (nearly) whorled at the apex of stem or branches; petiole 0.52.0 cm; leaf blade broadly elliptic or ovate, papery, glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin dentate, crenate or serrate, apex acuminate,
<quantity id="795C5DFBFF89A229FF4CEA53ED817844" box="[136,237,1632,1659]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" unit="cm" value="13.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="7.0">719 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="795C5DFBFF89A229FEFFEA53ECCC7844" box="[315,416,1632,1659]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="4.0">413 cm</quantity>
wide. Spikes terminal and axillary, unbranched,
<quantity id="795C5DFBFF89A229FC1AEA53E92F7844" box="[990,1091,1632,1659]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" unit="cm" value="8.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="6.0">610 cm</quantity>
with peduncle. Flowers white, yellow or whitish yellow to occasionally reddish orange. Androecium 1, tripartite; stamen connectives elongated, (nearly) lanceolate to linear, or rodlike,
<quantity id="795C5DFBFF89A229FDFAEA9BEFC678FC" box="[574,682,1704,1731]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="6.0">612 mm</quantity>
, connate at base; central connective with a two-loculed anther; lateral connectives with an one-loculed anther each, anther at base of connective. ovary ovoid. Drupes green, subglobose or obovoid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F6BEA395FF89A229FF79EB27EFC9796C" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF89A229FF79EB27E91D7911" blockId="5.[136,1452,1488,2091]" box="[189,1137,1812,1839]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FF79EB27EC337911" bold="true" box="[189,351,1812,1838]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Phenology:—</emphasis>
Flowering from March to November; fruiting from May to December.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF89A229FF79EB0BEFC9796C" blockId="5.[136,1452,1488,2091]" box="[189,677,1848,1875]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FF79EB0BEC25796D" bold="true" box="[189,329,1848,1874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Habitats:—</emphasis>
Thickets, forests;
<quantity id="795C5DFBFF89A229FDD5EB0BEFCD796C" box="[529,673,1848,1875]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" unit="m" value="1600.0" valueMax="2800.0" valueMin="400.0">4002800 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F6BEA395FF89A229FF79EB6FE9BF7948" box="[189,1235,1884,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF89A229FF79EB6FE9BF7948" blockId="5.[136,1452,1488,2091]" box="[189,1235,1884,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FF79EB6FEC197949" bold="true" box="[189,373,1884,1910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Distribution:—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF89A229FEB1EB6FECD47949" box="[373,440,1884,1910]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="7C603EFCFF89A229FE03EB6FEF407949" box="[455,556,1884,1910]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="7C603EFCFF89A229FDF3EB6FEFF67949" box="[567,666,1884,1910]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="7C603EFCFF89A229FD60EB6EEF917948" box="[676,765,1885,1911]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="7C603EFCFF89A229FCCCEB6FEE0B7949" box="[776,871,1884,1910]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF89A229FCBDEB6FEEB37949" box="[889,991,1884,1910]" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF89A229FC2EEB6FE9257949" box="[1002,1097,1884,1910]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF89A229FBBBEB6EE9A37948" box="[1151,1231,1885,1911]" name="Myanmar" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Burma</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F6BEA395FF89A22AFF79EBB3EC097DB6" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="5" pageNumber="235" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="BE1BF01EFF89A22AFF79EBB3EC097DB6" blockId="5.[136,1452,1488,2091]" lastBlockId="6.[136,1452,158,905]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FF79EBB3EE0779A5" bold="true" box="[189,875,1920,1946]" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">
Additional specimens examined:—
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF89A229FDB4EBB3EFA379A5" box="[624,719,1920,1946]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">CHINA</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="7C603EFCFF89A229FD20EBB3EE0779A5" box="[740,875,1920,1946]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">GUANGXI</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Baise,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FC1DEBB2E9C979A5" box="[985,1189,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Y.Z. Chen 54050</emphasis>
(IBK00015288);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FA45EBB2EC637981" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Y.Z. Chen 4306</emphasis>
(PE01980257);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FE27EB96EFC87981" box="[483,676,1956,1983]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">H.H. Su 67901</emphasis>
(IBK00015289, IBK00015295, IBSC0130997);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FB2EEB96E8C77981" box="[1258,1451,1956,1983]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">H.H. Su 67767</emphasis>
(IBSC0130998);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FE88EBFAEFF179DD" box="[332,669,1992,2019]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">C.F. Liang &amp; D.L. Wu 32581</emphasis>
(IBK00015291, IBK00015293, IBSC0130996).
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FB06EBFAEC977639" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">B.Y. Huang, Y.Y. Xie &amp; J.J. Yao 451031140410001LY</emphasis>
(GXMG0115447);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FD24EBDEE8217639" box="[736,1357,2028,2055]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Y.D. Peng, X.Y. Hu &amp; Z.S. Yang 451031140415012LY</emphasis>
(GXMG 0115448); Hechi,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FE9CE423EF8B7615" box="[344,743,2064,2090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Tianecaijidui 451222130427020LY</emphasis>
(GXMG0160998);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF89A229FC09E423E8C77615" box="[973,1451,2064,2090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="235">Debaoxianpuchadui 451024170404001LY</emphasis>
(IBK00409247);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE8DECACEE9C7E87" box="[329,1008,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">B.Y. Huang, X.Y. Hu, J.J. Yao &amp; W. Liu 451028130425117LY</emphasis>
(GXMG0144698);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFB0AECACEC627EE3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Q. Zhang &amp; Y.B. Lu ZQ0425001</emphasis>
(IBK00441921);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE10ECF0EE247EE3" box="[468,840,194,221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Z.P. Huang &amp; J.H. Li ZQ0515003</emphasis>
(IBK00441922, IBK00441923). Nanning,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFAECECF0EDAC7F3F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">X.C. Huang 7187</emphasis>
(GXMG0008411).
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE65ECD5EF4E7F3F" bold="true" box="[417,546,230,256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">SICHUAN</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFDF6ECD4EFA17F3F" box="[562,717,230,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">G.L. Qu 3116</emphasis>
(IBSC0131002, IBSC0131000);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFB83ECD4E9847F3F" box="[1095,1256,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">D.H. Du 4210</emphasis>
(IBSC0131001);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFF4CED39EF777F1B" box="[136,539,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Sichuanjingjizhiwudiaochadui 5005</emphasis>
(CDBI0010091);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFD23ED39E92B7F1B" box="[743,1095,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Sichuanyaoyuanpuchadui 4533</emphasis>
(CDBI0010092);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFAD7ED38E8C77F1B" box="[1299,1451,266,293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">S.G. Wu 1472</emphasis>
(CDBI0010057);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE95ED1CECD87F77" box="[337,436,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Hu 0067</emphasis>
(SM701400079);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFD4CED1DEE2B7F77" box="[648,839,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Yanbiandui 0245</emphasis>
(SM701400080);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFBDFED1DE98E7F77" box="[1051,1250,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Huidongdui 0224</emphasis>
(SM701400081). Zhaojue,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFEC7ED61ECA07F53" box="[259,460,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Zhibeidui 12737</emphasis>
(CDBI0010088, CDBI0010090);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFCBAED60E92A7F53" box="[894,1094,338,365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">C.J. Xie 40726</emphasis>
(IBSC0131004). Liangshan,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFF4CED45EC9A7FAF" box="[136,502,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Sichuanyaoyuanpuchadui 25754</emphasis>
(NAS00278710). Baoxing,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFCF4ED44EE8A7FAF" box="[816,998,374,401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Z.P. Song 38240</emphasis>
(NAS00278711). Leibo,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFAC6ED44ECF67F8B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Q.S. Zhao, J.B. Shi &amp; D.G. Fan 120789</emphasis>
(CDBI0010095);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFDAEEDA8EE567F8B" box="[618,826,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Y.M. Fang 117796</emphasis>
(CDBI0010096, CDBI0010097).
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFB01EDA9E8527F8B" bold="true" box="[1221,1342,410,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">YUNNAN</emphasis>
: Mengla,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFF4CED8CEC4A7FE7" box="[136,294,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">P.Z. Zhu 8678</emphasis>
(IBSC0130999, HITBC004975);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFD6CED8CEE3A7FE7" box="[680,854,446,473]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">G.D Tao 16768</emphasis>
(HITBC099206);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFBECED8CE9C57FE7" box="[1064,1193,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">J. Li 19402</emphasis>
(HITBC004964);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFABFED8CEC737FC3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">L.C. Yan C090081</emphasis>
(HITBC0030756). Yuanjiang, G.D Tao 38173 (HITBC004974); G.D Tao 38786 (HITBC004968); G.D Tao 38112 (HITBC004969);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE12EE34EF9B7C1F" box="[470,759,518,545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Y.H. Li &amp; Z.L. Dao 3610</emphasis>
(KUN1265433). Lanchang,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFB85EE34E98C7C1F" box="[1089,1248,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">B.X. Wu 6492</emphasis>
(HITBC004967). Jinghong, Y.H. Li 3333 (HITBC004971);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFDB1EE18EE257C7B" box="[629,841,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">J.H. Zhang 18550</emphasis>
(HITBC004966);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFBE7EE19E8C77C7B" box="[1059,1451,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Jinghongshipuchadui 5328010368</emphasis>
(IMDY0002532).
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE9DEE7DEF8D7C57" box="[345,737,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Jinghongshipuchadui 5328010494</emphasis>
(IMDY0002537). Yuxi,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFBC7EE7CED837CB3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">T. Zhang, J. Cai, C. Liu &amp; Y.J. Guo 08CS162</emphasis>
(KUN1234088, KUN1234089, KUN1234090, KUN1234091). Jiangdong,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFB99EE40E98A7CB3" box="[1117,1254,626,653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">S.C. Li 159</emphasis>
(HITBC080860, HITBC080861, HITBC080857, HITBC080858, HITBC080859). Jiangcheng,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFC39EEA5E8C77C8F" box="[1021,1451,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Jiangchengxianpuchadui 5308260559</emphasis>
(IMDY0002530).
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE99EE89EC887CEB" bold="true" box="[349,484,698,724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">GUIZHOU</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFE3FEE88EFB97CEB" box="[507,725,698,725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">S.Z. He 19851209</emphasis>
(GZTM0004288). Xingren,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFBF4EE88E8C77CEB" box="[1072,1451,698,725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Z.S. Zhang &amp; Y.T. Zhang 8759</emphasis>
(NAS00278704, NAS00278709);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFDCCEEEDEFA77CC7" box="[520,715,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Guizhoudui 4509</emphasis>
(NAS00278705). Anlong,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFC38EEECE9DA7CC7" box="[1020,1206,734,761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Z.S. Zhang 4590</emphasis>
(HGAS014483);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFA44EEECECD87D23" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Z.S. Zhang &amp; Y.T. Zhang 5546</emphasis>
(NAS00278706);
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFD4EEF30EE877D23" box="[650,1003,770,797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Z.S. Zhang &amp; Y.T. Zhang 5547</emphasis>
(NAS00278703). Zitong,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFADFEF31EDAC7D7F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Chuangyidui 5586</emphasis>
(SM701400060). Xingyi county,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFD89EF14EEDA7D7F" box="[589,950,806,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Z.S. Zhang &amp; Y.T. Zhang 6389</emphasis>
(NAS00278707).
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFB4AEF15E8497D7F" bold="true" box="[1166,1317,806,832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">
<collectingCountry id="C6B3B08EFF8AA22AFB4AEF15E8497D7F" box="[1166,1317,806,832]" name="Thailand" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">THAILAND</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFAFCEF15EDA47D5B" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">
<collectingRegion id="7C603EFCFF8AA22AFAFCEF15EDAF7D5B" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">CHIANG MAI</collectingRegion>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFF0BEF79ECF77D5B" box="[207,411,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Maxwell JF 10-10</emphasis>
(Naturalis Biodiversity Center L.2058824). Saim,
<emphasis id="8CD02C0CFF8AA22AFC16EF78E9C87D5B" box="[978,1188,842,869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="236">Garrett HBG 1243</emphasis>
(Naturalis Biodiversity Center L.1538693).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>