826 lines
70 KiB
XML
826 lines
70 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="EA3AB165D8613ADB48FD67A9DFE16BDB">Systematics and ecology of Oligodonsublineatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854, an endemic snake of Sri Lanka, including the designation of a lectotype</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7B6E92CDE6178BF7220EFB391F490F7A">Amarasinghe, A. A. Thasun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0D71610AE4BA9D5573E98FF064F76C53">Karunarathna, D. M. S. Suranjan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="07DA6050A4279FDC3C73F58333231EB8">Campbell, Patrick D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="78B0EB0036E9FE871FBE300F8304A975">Ineich, Ivan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2CFAE06866D35FFA3F36D0F5A903BE85">Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8F9DF3DB65763803BB39BBCDD4B2B5ED">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D6419C817E9CD915EDC968BFDDF8C8BE">91</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6E39D517C0E4AEFBADF1E1234F581618">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BD25F8B6E875D083C10F91FFED68368B">71</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="342320AB176E45CD3B696B2449B4B3F2">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4971</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="80DDD5A321A6134E7F79153788B80597">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2EAF83A798ACBC6AA8D6C11504C7B3DC" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4971</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="521A9166A84DCD36FC01614E04A48AA1" type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-0743-1-71</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A8CEB37E965A0C7711CF812B0D4B1E1D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884022" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A8CEB37E965A0C7711CF812B0D4B1E1D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A8CEB37E965A0C7711CF812B0D4B1E1D" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
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<paragraph id="699142DB726946FA5E929BEF416ADA69" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Taxon classification Animalia Squamata Colubridae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8F483CAA7AC4CC57FC07B355D1FB999F" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="95E550581B49D6BF540FC67453FACC09" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName id="FBB377777FA7BE2BB2DE118F9C3074D6" ID-CoL="74L2W" authority="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">
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Oligodon sublineatus
|
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<normalizedToken id="49AAB9F6A4489F9573D6D6B063AEC520" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
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, Bibron &
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<normalizedToken id="28B77A5784D412F0397302BA42545F6A" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
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, 1854
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Figs 1, 2, 3; Tables 1, 2
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="3CF6B6836E600692C9B9D585F7146099" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="remarks">
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||
<paragraph id="161DF43FC39D9B19C434A8359C2F4E2E" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0A5311DEC092F0D946A8B96927C52480" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Standard morphometric and meristic data of the two syntypes are presented in Table 1. We hereby recognise two syntypes: the larger specimen (MNHN 3238) and the smaller specimen (MNHN 3239). Uncertainties still exist in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="218278E0405AB3B0B05EA3F99088F679" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oligodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxonomy and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4128464F153EDC8DB7C78073299D1F89" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
may represent a cryptic species complex in Sri Lanka (see table 2 showing the wide range of subcaudal and ventral counts within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="001779BE5BA49C64112DBCD6A13352CF" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), therefore it is necessary to stabilize the name with a recognised lectotype. There are two main reasons for selecting MNHN 3238 as the lectotype: (1) it was used in the original description and its morphometric data has been provided and (2) it is a fully grown, well-developed and well preserved adult specimen in good shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="389CE8B5ACDCAE0F2F4DC0A07E21A35A" ID-Table-UUID="389CE8B5ACDCAE0F2F4DC0A07E21A35A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/389CE8B5ACDCAE0F2F4DC0A07E21A35A" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<paragraph id="D58FFA94E79042A32ACFC391E1F841D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Table 1. Morphometric and meristic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDC510C74859A04DC3DD4D916BDDF05D" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lectotype (MNHN 3238) and paralectotype (MNHN 3239).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="982CCF84FEF6E8AF631D972E6C084DDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<table id="69D55B1ED1B5790DF1E7067C33E7B39D" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<tr id="0FFB803A945109D6FC49525475E9619B" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th id="680462580442F01D79769267809DB226" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">Character</th>
|
||
<th id="887FEF760FA4450BEF2F3D879AC7A5B2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">MNHN 3238 Lectotype (female)</th>
|
||
<th id="16D684D28EB7C331BCEE35A6778BD4D0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">MNHN 3239 Paralectotype (male)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A798AEFB3B6EBD9E8597B2063CD929FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="lectotype">
|
||
<paragraph id="8202933AFDBA7DB5281CC793F5071B8E" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Lectotype</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9004C31828A3096E712DFBDFC59B7681" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">(here designated). MNHN 3238, adult female collected from the Philippines (mistakenly so in the original description) [from Java (also in error) according to the museum registry] by an unknown collector [by Bosc (in error) according to the museum registry].</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A3D44B15611432F4CEE4D3C9C46EBB2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="paralectotype">
|
||
<paragraph id="7BFA0D7B278212AA8F7B8EBD84004CD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Paralectotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2EEBBA523D404C9774017FA3B01CF538" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
MNHN 3239, sub adult male collected at
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F9D99AE3FEC26CBBBCE115D43E8270C2" originalValue="‘Ceylan’">'Ceylan'</normalizedToken>
|
||
[= Sri Lanka] by Leschenault. This specimen was previously erroneously considered as the holotype by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E71CF57E5EA6C230A018B46953C07CCA" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Florida" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species" year="2014">Wallach et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="18A87C030AFB918B2FB6DD3BA13F591D" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="996A5962531882F3FBE1A45055B1B1F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="44A67E26E7DC45E15781E76D10A53E50" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13334891E15D1E5ACD2384003913BA66" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows sexual dimorphism in scalation (Table 2) and is distinguished from all congeners by the following characters: SVL 152-310 mm; TAL 20.0-42.0 mm; 130-161 ventrals; 23-42 subcaudals (divided); anal plate divided; loreal present; seven supralabials; temporals 1+2; ventral side with three series of dark brown points forming almost continuous stripes, with the middle series of points absent on the tail; dorsal coloration (live or in alcohol) greyish brown, speckled with small elongated spots irregularly placed; posterior part of the jaws has a large, oblique spot extending along the neck posteriorly; dorsally a
|
||
<normalizedToken id="793FE31F5BE8433C72A73029333E998D" originalValue="“˄”">"˄"</normalizedToken>
|
||
shaped marking between the eyes, which continues laterally across them; an irregular, brown, transversal band from the frontal to the post-parietal region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="26A7D8E7E06D7C4B68BCB1B2D830208A" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<paragraph id="8482FBDDF800ECF7A8A6FFF0F7983E4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Table 2. Some sexual dimorphic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBA263CF81C2567F6265A9D89456594A" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on examined material. See Methods for abbreviations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F0C1604DDB325F138CE6F085CB71402" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
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<table id="B7383CC353660BB63DBED3D967FBD09A" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
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<tr id="163D9C172B349EDC5BE4CD4F650CE3D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th id="636BFA9B3F87CD0FCEFFD83E55853179" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">sex</th>
|
||
<th id="5208150D0A9C25F5476A17565ACD9224" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">SVL (mm)</th>
|
||
<th id="6EB312E21608CF1E18276E4E1CB5286A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">TAL (mm)</th>
|
||
<th id="53EC343B027001FB4CAD9B2514AD57F6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">VEN</th>
|
||
<th id="D28084CD22F847783EF434878EF751B1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">SUB</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
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<tr id="477461F21A7A14FE07853BC9A22249DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
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<td id="8877E4E27383EBDB508F739235C398FD" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td id="0FD682026C0F5C0754FBEC25717848C5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td id="50FB6E686E0B8B52148B764D2D2ECDC7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td id="5E649C79ED9F21F705F8EDF43BA5EF1D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
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</tr>
|
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<tr id="4A2960A8A636BD90D0148D51A8401CF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<td id="E9FE0F676F4B4B6ED2F6B9CB4117B6EA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td id="E7C2252C2201EB578A21FB7006460372" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td id="4785C9A248733BA710B6101D578CD8F2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td id="CC21BF028FD32FD650A84B3CF92339E6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E34A0E853649D260A5F0B33948E164D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="english translation of the original french description in duméril, bibron & duméril (1854: 57)">
|
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<paragraph id="022C0302ED909310FECE8D863CA01943" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
English translation of the original French description in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BF15AA8EF7ACEC1D3E6ACF371B9B2FC2" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Bibron &
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5DA2639963E1DFC20D68F54101B9D24F" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9B8542B1EB6402B7C2034A5102E3124A" author="Dumeril, AMC" journalOrPublisher="Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Tome 7 (Premiere partie)" year="1854">1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 57).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1848190A20A81D39041900DE5EC3F86F" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Characters. Ventral side with three series of points forming stripes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7BC341D3D053830FD4A9ED7918214B12" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">This species is mostly characteristic, as its specific name, by having three black stripes along the ventral side, which are made up of a series of points, meeting together. The two stripes outside the ventral plates form a continuous line up to the ventral surface of the tail, but the central one is made up of distinct points in the centre of the ventral plates. These points are quite large, round and wide posteriorly, and are as notched at the front; the median stripe does not prolongate onto the ventral side of the tail.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C48C646FF29431BACA5A21A191B02E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Dorsal coloration grey, speckled with lines or with small elongated spots irregularly placed; however, around the anterior third of the body and laterally, three of those spots appear enlarged with increased width, having a circular border. The spots are constricted centrally and have white borders. The posterior section of the jaws has a large, oblique patch along the neck posteriorly where it forms a tip pointing in the opposite direction to the characteristic collar of the first species [note from the translator:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="195ABD64752B15F146AADAA611C1EE44" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sub-quadratum" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sub-quadratum">Oligodon sub-quadratum</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B11749FE17334D679EF9DAEF2555C562" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Dorsal scales are very smooth, and are close to each other; they are slightly overlapping, like roof tiles, mostly around the tail area, and in this respect, very skink-like in appearance.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C943985089E856446A5754991DC65" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Rostral plate is notched, and crescent shaped; other plates covering the head are large and clearly distinct as in colubrids.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="043B57992F9BE7C1679AF616D5F724FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
We were only able to examine one well preserved specimen, having no clues as to the origin of the specimen [the Philippines] and the name '
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B9D523B820543FACAF2578DB9562A0F" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon torquatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">Oligodon torquatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
' appears along with the letter
|
||
<normalizedToken id="21A116B6ABF8902D10A1F1973BC82407" originalValue="“R”">"R"</normalizedToken>
|
||
on the jar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="70016A1C9B8A22F89AD3522ED75AB954" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Another specimen, younger and obviously added much later, had a median stripe made up of numerous spots which were less distinct, was collected from Ceylan by Mr. Leschenault. This specimen bears all the characters previously described: the large, brown, post-maxillary mark set posteriorly on the neck forming a croissant shape; with a laterally set, black mark extending onto the anterior third of the body.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF08305D864E56E5BD5D613337CFB846" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">We counted 15 scale rows on that specimen, 155 ventrals and 25 subcaudals.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="87199FD86394389A1A01DEF894C9993E" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Total length was 180 cm [sic]; among them 155 for SVL and 25 for the tail.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5C9E6977442B71DB6240DCC8BDBCF4CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="description of the designated lectotype, mnhn 3238">
|
||
<paragraph id="1A6E44C7AED18DF2F3BCDF800199C461" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Description of the designated lectotype, MNHN 3238.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1633D53F7B64B16F6DBF7FCB2B445229" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Adult female, SVL 254 mm; tail length 35 mm; head elongate (HL 4.3% of SVL), twice as long as wide (HW 43.5% of HL), slightly flattened, distinct from neck; snout elongate (ES 31.5% of HL), moderate, blunt in dorsal view, rounded in lateral profile, forming an oval shape, rather depressed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9955B1B116D4F23BF7C5CCFFBB43F1AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Rostral shield large, hemispherical, distinctly visible from above, pointed posteriorly; interorbital width broad (IO 78.7% of HW); internasals semicircular; nostrils rather large; nasals completely divided by nostrils into two scales unequal in size; anterior nasal larger, in anterior contact with rostral, internasal dorsally, 1st SUP ventrally; posterior nasal in contact with internasal and prefrontal dorsally, loreal posteriorly, 1st and 2nd SUP ventrally; prefrontal rather large, broader than long, and subhexagonal; frontal large, subhexagonal, elongate posteriorly and longer than its width; supraoculars narrow, elongated, subrectangular, posteriorly wider; parietals large, butterfly wing-like in shape, bordered by supraoculars, frontal, upper postoculars anteriorly, anterior and upper posterior temporals, and six dorso-nuchal scales posteriorly; loreal large, slightly elongated, subrectangular, in contact with prefrontal dorsally and preoculars posteriorly, ventrally only touching the 2nd SUP; one preocular (both sides), vertically elongated, subrectangular, in contact with prefrontal and loreal anteriorly, supraocular dorsally, and 3rd SUP ventrally; eye moderate (ED 15.7% of HL), elliptical, nearly a half of the size of snout length (ED 50% of ES), pupil rounded; two postoculars, upper postocular smaller, quadrangular, contact with supraocular and parietal broad, in narrow contact with anterior temporal; lower postocular crescent in contact with 4th and 5th SUP ventrally, anterior temporal posteriorly; temporals 1+2, elongated, hexagonal; anterior temporal larger and longer than posterior temporals, in contact with parietal dorsally, 5th and 6th SUP ventrally; posterior temporals smaller, lower one in contact with 6th and 7th supralabials ventrally.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="77655ED4E8DB3123820E639F37BB8270" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Supralabials 7 (on both sides), 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1E11E3C220EAD3508D4ABA312FDE7B2C" originalValue="th–">th-</normalizedToken>
|
||
7th larger in size; 1st SUP in contact with rostral anteriorly, nasals dorsally, 2nd supralabial with posterior nasal and loreal dorsally, 3rd SUP with preocular and orbit dorsally, 4th SUP with orbit and the lower postocular dorsally, 5th SUP with lower postocular and anterior temporal dorsally, 6th supralabial with anterior temporal and lower posterior temporal dorsally, and 7th SUP with lower posterior temporal dorsally and body scales posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B134DFCD47495B789326882ABACFD5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Mental of moderate size, triangular; first infralabial pair larger than mental plate and in broad contact with each other, in contact with anterior chin shield posteriorly; eight infralabials, 1
|
||
<normalizedToken id="809B73B1E91B634B19548DFB55860907" originalValue="st–">st-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5th in contact with first chin shield, 5th infralabial largest in size in narrow contact with the anterior chin shield and in broader contact with the posterior chin shield; 6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="369E6D22E8670D73BA913F17136DC22F" originalValue="th–">th-</normalizedToken>
|
||
8th infralabials in contact with gular scales; two larger anterior chin shields, and two smaller posterior chinshields all in broad contact; posterior chin shield bordered posteriorly by six gular scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="729F30F20C1D0D9325B3D99DAE6F8E2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Body robust, elongate and sub cylindrical; costal scales in 17-15-15 rows, all smooth and bluntly pointed; 150 ventral scales; anal plate divided. Tail comparatively short (TL 13.8% of SVL), robust and thick; subcaudals 28, divided.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="64D433EEB2D8701070A1E56F8C7CF994" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="description of the paralectotype, mnhn 3239, and an additional specimen, nmsl 5161">
|
||
<paragraph id="B786EEB802F3275286323A176A75517E" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Description of the paralectotype, MNHN 3239, and an additional specimen, NMSL 5161.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="10951DECF3907FBEAF6B7D047B6C37FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">The values of NMSL 5161 (when different) included within parenthesis. Sub adult male (adult male), SVL 150.0 (183.3) mm; head elongate, HL 5.4 (5.6)% of SVL, twice as long as wide, HW 50.6 (53.9)% of HL, slightly flattened, distinct from neck; snout elongate, ES 31.4 (33.3)% of HL, moderate, blunt in dorsal view, rounded in lateral profile, forming an oval shape, rather depressed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FA70756495F5FED27BC35C58A37C3249" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Rostral shield large, hemispherical, distinctly visible from above, pointed posteriorly; interorbital width broader, IO 80.5% of HW; internasals semicircular; nostrils rather large; nasals divided into two scales unequal in size; anterior nasal larger, in contact with the rostral plate anteriorly, internasal dorsally, 1st SUP ventrally; posterior nasal in contact with internasal and prefrontal dorsally, loreal posteriorly, 1st and 2nd SUP ventrally; prefrontal rather large, broad, and subhexagonal; frontal large, subhexagonal, elongate posteriorly and longer than its width; supraoculars narrow, elongated, subrectangular, posteriorly wider; parietals large, butterfly-like in shape, bordered by supraoculars, frontal, upper postoculars anteriorly, anterior and upper posterior temporals, and six dorso-nuchal scales posteriorly; loreal large, slightly elongated, subrectangular, in contact with prefrontal dorsally, preoculars posteriorly, posterior nasal anteriorly, ventrally just meets the 2nd SUP; one preocular in both sides, vertically elongated, subrectangular, in contact with prefrontal and loreal anteriorly, supraocular dorsally, and 3rd SUP ventrally; eye moderate, ED 17.3 (17.6)% of HL, elliptical, nearly a quarter of the snout length, ED 51.9 (56.2)% of ES, pupil rounded; two postoculars, upper postocular smaller, quadrangular, in contact with supraocular and parietal broad, in narrow contact with anterior temporal; lower postocular crescent in contact with 4th and 5th SUP ventrally, anterior temporal posteriorly; temporals 1+2, elongated, hexagonal; anterior temporal larger and longer than posterior temporals, in contact with parietal dorsally, 5th and 6th SUP ventrally; posterior temporals smaller, lower one in contact with 6th and 7th SUP ventrally.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="151E1CC0A3A06264D3D3EADB1F97CC7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Supralabials 7 on both sides, 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F93D733F7995AB32F98F1C67B5FD2DE9" originalValue="th–">th-</normalizedToken>
|
||
7th larger in size; 1st SUP in contact with rostral anteriorly, nasals dorsally, 2nd SUP with posterior nasal and loreal dorsally, 3rd SUP with preocular and orbit dorsally, 4th SUP with orbit and the lower postocular dorsally, 5th SUP with lower postocular and anterior temporal dorsally, 6th SUP with anterior temporal and lower posterior temporal, and 7th SUP with lower posterior temporal dorsally and body scales posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DCCFA719F61C29414E0237A80BA38F4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Mental moderate, triangular; first infralabial pair larger than mental and contact with each other broad, in contact with anterior chin shield posteriorly; eight infralabials, 1
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7C4D598A7C06903C519B30426E465C7A" originalValue="st–">st-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5th in contact with first chin shield, 5th infralabial largest in size in narrow contact with anterior chin shield and contact with posterior chin shield broad; 6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="61B619C56A26392EF1D3E1D62E3B4654" originalValue="th–">th-</normalizedToken>
|
||
8th infralabials in contact with gular scales; two larger anterior chin shields, and two smaller posterior chinshields all in broad contact; posterior chin shield bordered posteriorly by six gular scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6EED96D6E19AC6344E3C526BDFD108B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Body robust, elongate and sub cylindrical; costal scales in 17-15-15 rows, all smooth and bluntly pointed; 138 (142) ventral scales; anal plate divided. NMSL 5161 has an everted hemipenis covered by lobes, non-bifurcated, slightly clavate; base naked; sulcus spermaticus single and deep; spinous ornamentation present on each lobe, shorter spines at the apex; apex not divided into segments (Fig. 2E); tail comparatively short, TL 18.0 (20.5)% of SVL, robust and thick; subcaudals 36 in both specimens, divided.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F6ACBEA0AB52DE6EB9A42D4F3E45684A" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<paragraph id="AA2D108394A7345347560D8BA9F470C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Figure 1. A live male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8112AC2A34081FABB7227B94FFD0BF23" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not collected) at Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka (photo: H. Jayasinghe).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="26B1DA04431DC80D7E1F2BBC5974DBEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<paragraph id="5665C09C1EB1536E63C23D1E44994E6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3625D055958842173C8152EAAD901B2E" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, NMSL 5161 collected from Nuwara Eliya (1600 m a.s.l.), Sri Lanka: A dorsal aspect of head B ventral aspect of head C lateral aspect of head D lateral aspect of midbody E dorso-lateral aspect of right hemipenis (scale = 1 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A5638DE02A98F9C9C0DBDBD41AE96903" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="71DC21F032503196C5EB86FBAEBE8FB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="96DC5493B15A87AAA61262ED182A397C" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
This species has never been recorded outside of Sri Lanka, hence we here restrict terra-typica to Sri Lanka.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C3DA6B16D33A3A77C7CB7AEC976461E4" author="Wall, F" journalOrPublisher="Colombo Museum, H. R. Cottle, government printer, Colombo" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon" year="1921">Wall (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B6B2C634107009E4C782FC7713A0D6A" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-Region. Reptilia and Amphibia. 3 (Serpentes)" year="1943">Smith (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="58972F0DF04E6A29A8570E6228B60850" author="Deraniyagala, PEP" journalOrPublisher="Colombo National Museums, Sri Lanka" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="A Colored Atlas of Some Vertebrates from Ceylon. Volume 3 (Serpentoid Reptilia)" year="1955">Deraniyagala (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1BAF148F9DA65D3D5E7C93E298F6495A" author="De Silva, PHDH" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zeylanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 472" title="Snakes Fauna of Sri Lanka, with special reference to skull, dentition and venom in snakes." volume="34" year="1980">De Silva (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17A242A76C1C4F21E9C890778857B96C" author="de Silva, A" journalOrPublisher="Avon, R & A Publishers, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="Colour Guide to the snake fauna of Sri Lanka" year="1990">de Silva (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78DFEBD162531AB21BEB19D08DDB610D" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="New Holland Publishers, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="Photographic guide to the Snakes and other Reptiles of Sri Lanka" year="2005">Das and de Silva (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9EB477F1BE7195377B663E3461D43CCF" author="Somaweera, R" journalOrPublisher="Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="The Snakes of Sri Lanka (in Sinhala)" year="2006">Somaweera (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40369E1959CE429A6997E937F2D83997" author="Karunarathna, DMSS" journalOrPublisher="Taprobanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="86 - 94" title="Reptile diversity of a fragmented lowland rainforest patch in Kukulugala, Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka." volume="2" year="2010">Karunarathna and Amarasinghe (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5A7C0749568CA0819BFAB1AD7F519D3" author="Karunarathna, DMSS" journalOrPublisher="Taprobanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="69 - 76" title="A preliminary survey of the reptile fauna in Nilgala forest and its vicinity, Monaragala District, Sri Lanka." volume="3" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F685B5688140BEBA21553CFF9254485" author="Karunarathna, DMSS" journalOrPublisher="Taprobanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="20 - 26" title="Reptile diversity in Beraliya Mukalana proposed forest reserve, Galle District, Sri Lanka." url="10.4038/tapro.v4i1.4378" volume="4" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="63659872677FFA58AFD6929C8711BF3D" author="Botejue, WMS" journalOrPublisher="Amphibian and Reptile Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="65 - 80" title="Herpetofaunal diversity and distribution in Kalugala proposed forest reserve, Western province of Sri Lanka." volume="5" year="2012">Botejue and Wattavidanage (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A12573264E894D1A7620B679B0ED3F8" author="Karunarathna, DMSS" journalOrPublisher="Taprobanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="48 - 63" title="Current status of faunal diversity in Bellanwila-Attidiya sanctuary, Colombo District - Sri Lanka." volume="2" year="2010">Karunarathna et al. (2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="83DD3B3076A7A875395592A4186023DA" author="Karunarathna, DMSS" journalOrPublisher="Taprobanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="111 - 119" title="Impact of vehicular traffic on herpetofaunal mortality in a savannah forest, Eastern Sri Lanka." url="10.4038/tapro.v5i2.6284" volume="5" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) recorded this species from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1A675D0531A61B8D182FEA273B239527" originalValue="Bellanwila–Attidiya">Bellanwila-Attidiya</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Beraliya, Colombo, Galle, Gammaduwa (Knuckles), Kitulgala, Kotmale, Kukulugala, Matugama, Nilgala, Peradeniya, Ratnapura, Veyangoda, Welimada, and Yatiyantota (Fig. 3). In addition to the above locations, during our fieldwork operations of the last decade we have recorded (not collected)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="803091D9C76E3592B5A280E7A7C727D2" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a 10-1600 m altitude range, including all vegetational zones of Sri Lanka: Ambalangoda (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BA90FEEB7DBD1E400652856F453F3E78" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.245097">
|
||
6°14
|
||
<normalizedToken id="209F81DCA97350FF1A024BD464556267" originalValue="’42.35’’">'42.35''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3A97B0F787AA206F7A068DB63943B478" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.06238">
|
||
80°03
|
||
<normalizedToken id="34AB13BDDC0FE32FCF7F74797DDA5A95" originalValue="’44.56’’">'44.56''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Anuradhapura (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="559A5E77380282F7C9FEBFEDFBC06E5F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.3462305">
|
||
8°20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F9843156F97246C6BB6A55ED0F97B2A4" originalValue="’46.43’’">'46.43''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C7018A219C32A8E1429F7BC89345A3C7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.428825">
|
||
80°25
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4824BC316E979496408072F755E592CB" originalValue="’43.77’’">'43.77''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Atweltota (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D540B17E22A8D881213469268B9B6DDC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.526075">
|
||
6°31
|
||
<normalizedToken id="01F4C57F0A1833920D1072B23ADFF2A8" originalValue="’33.87’’">'33.87''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D38897FE5851E5FBE0BF6816CE7E33F5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.303345">
|
||
80°18
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EC4DF9235CBF2E94A821BB10A0AF638E" originalValue="’12.02’’">'12.02''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Baduraliya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BC03C83942D9D237ABDCD7886DA9B516" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.514917">
|
||
6°30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C18D23E4A3DCB372E0A2E6FD2A2F4CB8" originalValue="’53.70’’">'53.70''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0B8F1C4910B63F293C9B23A1371CAF51" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.22828">
|
||
80°13
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E0A0E5BD3663DC8CA7A3491F9ABFDA61" originalValue="’41.81’’">'41.81''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Bibile (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="48045E5417F0DA8FB366CCAD2CA7660F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.182783">
|
||
7°10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="441FE159ADC625B21E85EC48266920BE" originalValue="’58.02’’">'58.02''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D9F6522F5CB020032DEA57B937BC8839" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="81.22878">
|
||
81°13
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A9E0F9AE439B2D71E23BC27D4B4533DB" originalValue="’43.61’’">'43.61''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Chilaw (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="22FFB92D1893137D2700D9D6B2833747" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.586525">
|
||
7°35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="141E6EBB1D01A3C4DC86F3AE0D203562" originalValue="’11.49’’">'11.49''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F98F2110FBBED530E89C0EF69F343036" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.82126">
|
||
79°49
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0D10EA6F7CCD872A243C7D07AC6B9942" originalValue="’16.54’’">'16.54''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Deniyaya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F3398F1820BE2FD398C32D75A6B2575D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.3365393">
|
||
6°20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5615CEAF1573111DB58D91EC31692235" originalValue="’11.54’’">'11.54''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="268D5843EC228247AA82E742376C2826" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.569565">
|
||
80°34
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EB5E5583F3BEF2F10B4F6F9964A65734" originalValue="’10.44’’">'10.44''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Elpitiya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4D70B7A050DDA5A4BBE949AB5D82C9B2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.294253">
|
||
6°17
|
||
<normalizedToken id="85185467BB45C416E24F94620DAF72CA" originalValue="’39.31’’">'39.31''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="70F8F3D63272B0AF2A0A6CD32D2CC957" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.14577">
|
||
80°08
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FF1EB3BC2DA5C2BAAFA28B99910C0D48" originalValue="’44.78’’">'44.78''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Eluwankulama (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="87D124C6DDD6B9A7E3FE23C8D86ABC0B" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.3365393">
|
||
6°20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5032EB63357F47D392FFBF18468402E1" originalValue="’11.54’’">'11.54''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B01EEA51D229F78645EC1E37C8EF47AD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.569565">
|
||
80°34
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F9B41578EE3C8F8FCE19FF71209F56AC" originalValue="’10.44’’">'10.44''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Gampaha (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EDE8A5495220E39805122CD1575D5533" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.084356">
|
||
7°05
|
||
<normalizedToken id="18DE68336193B7210A01B3BE7E721383" originalValue="’03.68’’">'03.68''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="97060379773F3C7F75DB994BF8B56CC0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.97379">
|
||
79°58
|
||
<normalizedToken id="828A27E8F3D310F8F386E21740A66BCC" originalValue="’25.66’’">'25.66''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Habarana (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D592EFE3BFD30B99B4EAC302FB1C7C9A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.186787">
|
||
8°11
|
||
<normalizedToken id="92746237B7F33058F79E81AE7ACF9924" originalValue="’12.43’’">'12.43''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E9DF381050B10DC67C3A71472AD58C04" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.8383">
|
||
80°50
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9703034F24614D5828D2C78B59FB3CEF" originalValue="’17.89’’">'17.89''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Horana (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="14F0778F63B92097AD348C4CF88A1AFD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.706872">
|
||
6°42
|
||
<normalizedToken id="029B1665E19FE24096B05EEF198E42C9" originalValue="’24.74’’">'24.74''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="54771A979C1C94DFD8CE2DB8F9D02FE6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.05077">
|
||
80°03
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CB694245AB98A352A038BE5A1F5D85DE" originalValue="’02.77’’">'02.77''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Illukkumbura (Knuckles) (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="595888C8396687A84EB539DADCF85403" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.596136">
|
||
7°35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A2BED3097EBE31F10A5A0A359810BA26" originalValue="’46.09’’">'46.09''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="61AAC913624CA28C7C6DF286291FFFEF" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.770584">
|
||
80°46
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ECE3E1F889F22C2BE36F36212CC55A83" originalValue="’14.10’’">'14.10''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Kalutara (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DF462FCA0041E471A5803492637F38E1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.587025">
|
||
6°35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A27B6C859E2779B37CB955E7AAF99CC3" originalValue="’13.29’’">'13.29''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="13D1E7CBE4CA53AC3DB150F7730C5FE8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.97263">
|
||
80°58
|
||
<normalizedToken id="84636B7114CBF72A02E34F0FB7B5AC8B" originalValue="’21.49’’">'21.49''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Kanneliya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0B5167D8319CBA856E27B2995B4D73FC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.210414">
|
||
6°12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4B173B1765FAE0E47E915C1BE6FFAE1C" originalValue="’37.49’’">'37.49''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9E3C250C3C75CF208EADC1AEA77E47FA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.401276">
|
||
80°24
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BA9CE5D3E76C9DFC45E21265D08B4A09" originalValue="’04.60’’">'04.60''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Kegalle (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="641A137B67C567C99BE9B5D11EF56D88" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.236183">
|
||
7°14
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C3EF21976D2FCCD92806DB9FFABBC2C4" originalValue="’10.26’’">'10.26''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BF9CC5EDA90F9CA9F39C47AF9BCCD5D2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.33257">
|
||
80°19
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1CF3119CC51FB213DBCF13FBB4D3D518" originalValue="’57.27’’">'57.27''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Kottawa-Homagama (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6D403DC6B618F7D5DFE873601CC86931" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.785278">
|
||
6°47
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F7EA1D3C46276ABD7A4A3DF43980E485" originalValue="’07.00’’">'07.00''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3D78BC0C11D114CCBA94BC616B9216BE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.964485">
|
||
79°57
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C36E6CECEC43830D0E57FCBEB299347C" originalValue="’52.17’’">'52.17''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Kurunegala (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E3512495720F5054B15AA42EF0221CB6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.507167">
|
||
7°30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1BEDDE5DBA43D275824EC656F7282F85" originalValue="’25.80’’">'25.80''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="00A2C45536FC69B87436448D8A808AD6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.39637">
|
||
80°23
|
||
<normalizedToken id="57AB80C25A5CBE12749F7E371CBAFD45" originalValue="’46.95’’">'46.95''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Kuruwita (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D8BD8BD3ED56366D56BA3E688BBB3F8D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.7747273">
|
||
6°46
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5648EA33366F4285BC7A69B934EBE868" originalValue="’29.02’’">'29.02''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="52A50EC1146BC91EAD646E64272DE11A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.37653">
|
||
80°22
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7CCCF73F81246636A7792F0AD03A5571" originalValue="’35.50’’">'35.50''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Maharagama (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="33C6D9B8A0DDAD1A6FFB1804F4FD9388" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.847928">
|
||
6°50
|
||
<normalizedToken id="072FC599E8BAF4ED3955CFD11F294B6E" originalValue="’52.54’’">'52.54''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BC36EF19F527171F69EF78805EEA6C94" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.92931">
|
||
79°55
|
||
<normalizedToken id="186FFAECECA2A5DEF694D076CA91CF8D" originalValue="’45.54’’">'45.54''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Mahiyanganaya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0D747C0F48EA2C9581BBF23E1054E673" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.3350086">
|
||
7°20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3225A8D30EE30D0D0342FD0CDC469499" originalValue="’06.03’’">'06.03''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="04AC16B8B7F7C225E04D41E5C291D27C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="81.00958">
|
||
81°00
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FC9C5EF65A36F91F9EAE7CDD50FDBF58" originalValue="’34.51’’">'34.51''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Matara (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="71861673722832B301726E22FE7F8CB8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.952397">
|
||
5°57
|
||
<normalizedToken id="88733C4AF5F01E884529259C2C74C0CE" originalValue="’08.63’’">'08.63''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D26CD74DC4F22FC7F6466303AC5B7155" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.533264">
|
||
80°31
|
||
<normalizedToken id="72B91074C0AD312200C83F3F28DB8764" originalValue="’59.74’’">'59.74''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Monaragala (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FF64F997F7C0AC4962A76A058AE3D500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.877847">
|
||
6°52
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9498DE532ABCCD24B22F29735A8987F5" originalValue="’40.25’’">'40.25''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6C5EEE9D341242B0FEABEFB8E6B00118" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.34094">
|
||
80°20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="277A50A9C955D0835A5893C160EF5FBA" originalValue="’27.39’’">'27.39''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Naula (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EC126383F261B78CA51F48102ADFF4D6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.73845">
|
||
7°44
|
||
<normalizedToken id="86BBF1ED5B8B05AFAE653949FDD0101F" originalValue="’18.42’’">'18.42''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1C5D5B44A4C5797A3805625423F7EC4C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.72729">
|
||
80°43
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F7D638423A0D40B97E76512E2BBE157A" originalValue="’38.22’’">'38.22''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Nugegoda (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E52108D8985D3F75E4149DB80E19EE4A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.859794">
|
||
6°51
|
||
<normalizedToken id="221EB6876A9C4FDDB87B249B0CDBD9A4" originalValue="’35.26’’">'35.26''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B2ADBA78468026948C472F97C76CE22F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.885605">
|
||
79°53
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1EF6039DD057607010157B764ADC437C" originalValue="’08.19’’">'08.19''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Panadura (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="54A267118EB1F0236661CC4BBFD5EE91" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.711878">
|
||
6°42
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4B8E28BF31BAB92E9472D0AFC1546447" originalValue="’42.76’’">'42.76''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AA67AECD92514124118183B77EEE21D5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.90679">
|
||
79°54
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4528A80A0D6CEAF2BD317F378B4083F7" originalValue="’24.44’’">'24.44''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Pidurutalagala (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="86155FCA2B1D0439AFB70267D945A5A6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.0189195">
|
||
7°01
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B8D86C2376CED8CDB74C5897CCD30D57" originalValue="’08.11’’">'08.11''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EF0CFF2356E4EE7CB94A8602DD7FE4C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.789856">
|
||
80°47
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EFD23208734B3884FB015634D2931B1C" originalValue="’23.47’’">'23.47''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Polonnaruwa (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="2C5F9CF927376B4612CF268644DA16EF" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.937678">
|
||
7°56
|
||
<normalizedToken id="41373DF991726C7373C2562E5EAAA6D4" originalValue="’15.64’’">'15.64''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="426AA378ACCEE7142EDF93B7A8C51BB9" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="81.02094">
|
||
81°01
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D2646C8FB2CED7CDC32B14E43D869ABF" originalValue="’15.38’’">'15.38''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Puttalam (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C8BB3E374477C925449E2A79929862DE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.045245">
|
||
8°02
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4ECBF0F841840E4A67F4D4207ABA478B" originalValue="’42.88’’">'42.88''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="45241E9011B24E40E3F4205BC274E583" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.86079">
|
||
79°51
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8048514C4AB88032D1F360E8CF22FEF2" originalValue="’38.84’’">'38.84''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Rakwana (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="72A94F00614ECE5B708147EDDD670991" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.467564">
|
||
6°28
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F105721336B383CEAC1768E92148D43E" originalValue="’03.23’’">'03.23''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1E0D30D1973EAB3B4C4C6E66298CBD6A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.60912">
|
||
80°36
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FFD5C1E517CCDD3EE57050953118C3AF" originalValue="’32.84’’">'32.84''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Ritigala (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="80E485F57F36697D4D76A5EBC1642679" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.209919">
|
||
8°12
|
||
<normalizedToken id="101FD634C91825AF4230FAD7C7C9C1C4" originalValue="’35.71’’">'35.71''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C428D7F7390854F947F4ED73977563B3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.58411">
|
||
80°35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BE430A3A55DBB2FE7DBD337405167371" originalValue="’02.78’’">'02.78''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Sinharaja (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9353CD1D39C65194B448E75DE33424F4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.416439">
|
||
6°24
|
||
<normalizedToken id="418BF10462C2E0B346BDAD0CA2B7902A" originalValue="’59.18’’">'59.18''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E8FB3CA41AAAB96DBC448F9BD0281843" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.40787">
|
||
80°24
|
||
<normalizedToken id="649AABAA91D9DB699E2AC3C1471A2EDF" originalValue="’28.33’’">'28.33''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Tanamalwila (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7DF713282EC1697836C7228E88586DF7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.450183">
|
||
6°27
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BD6374A61A4D4F97626C758040667ED5" originalValue="’00.66’’">'00.66''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8401582818565D6F5B8DA57CF2FFF4C5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="81.15213">
|
||
81°09
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0DA5F1510CEC9CBD0F7040F140BFAD66" originalValue="’07.66’’">'07.66''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Tissamaharamaya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="94E3E5B3D72A7C3837F3C1AEC07B8EAC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.281236">
|
||
6°16
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F4E11A81FE6F6DF4FCCCDC06F4D0F9A5" originalValue="’52.45’’">'52.45''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FF20A33B0865759F2DCEE3359C8BFFCA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="81.27817">
|
||
81°16
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5CE4CD4D1081D8E5A2DFF3348D9436E1" originalValue="’41.40’’">'41.40''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Trincomalee (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D92B54855155D27C0535CC4E9FC75814" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.599272">
|
||
8°35
|
||
<normalizedToken id="49C954FA928F6420AFFE6249966B3F17" originalValue="’57.38’’">'57.38''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="84174DC52DEB98415A640E6E596478ED" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="81.171036">
|
||
81°10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F6817EFFB35A95D9F69797F1B06B1638" originalValue="’15.73’’">'15.73''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Udawalawe (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="86D69DD59BFB20E2708C19EC0A3677A9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.4467945">
|
||
6°26
|
||
<normalizedToken id="66E20A3CFC51EC0B7D6914D10BFABF66" originalValue="’48.46’’">'48.46''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EAF17F9C5C480828B2BDD557E9FADDF1" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.87396">
|
||
80°52
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D83B824B8FA65EFD3AB13751B9AC0503" originalValue="’26.25’’">'26.25''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Wasgomuwa (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="83CF238CC2494F656BC2ED6A8FE20904" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.7231555">
|
||
7°43
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B966D7F96230CF294369C5042B60B4AF" originalValue="’23.36’’">'23.36''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C977224C4BBB188F7E0B4EA9D76828E8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.96834">
|
||
80°58
|
||
<normalizedToken id="136147DFEA0DFF8B777AE2B97EA81029" originalValue="’06.01’’">'06.01''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Wilpattu (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="2FDB298478F499BD249A7999DA5DA077" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.514203">
|
||
8°30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8B706028FB08FD50F4056C2969707410" originalValue="’51.13’’">'51.13''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="23A4B3CF9EF52A0305F3A2ABD947C752" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="79.9624">
|
||
79°57
|
||
<normalizedToken id="67BA366FC9C515ECD49EDC51E1EA7589" originalValue="’44.67’’">'44.67''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Yagirala (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1585DCCDAC4A88BF2209CEB72AFB4EB7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.3797584">
|
||
6°22
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3F741ECC4EADBC970C9D3769DAC0F7CD" originalValue="’47.13’’">'47.13''</normalizedToken>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3D12A25A19A7C03D64405D318C7FCA3F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="80.17331">
|
||
80°10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3F8274FC81A30021615FA784AC87FA95" originalValue="’23.93’’">'23.93''</normalizedToken>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) (see Fig. 3 for the distribution map).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="09B5A863837B2179490F215C60986EDC" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<paragraph id="68D0EA4169F1A14538891A7B83CB449D" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Figure 3. Distribution pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0D21CE3235AD3595FB2237A007C942D" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
: blue dots, previous records and red dots, our observations; major towns are displayed on the map (map source:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC5FA3D23730FCD87C4673D480ED5683" author="Cooray, PG" journalOrPublisher="Spolia Zeylanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 324" title="An introduction to the geography of Ceylon." volume="31" year="1967">Cooray 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="932CE207CB85DF48B631C037AD1F3A4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
The result of the application of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C1A2EBA4CEAB8B60AF64F954E9AF576C" author="Guenther, A" journalOrPublisher="UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 10.1. - The Standards and Petitions Subcommittee" year="2013">IUCN (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
B2 a, b (iii) Red List criteria shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED58361F673BEFA8E82621331996F891" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as Least Concern (LC): recorded from an altitude range of 10-1600 m in all vegetation zones of Sri Lanka. Its area of occupancy is 6,000 km2, and its extent of occurrence is 40,000 km2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="69677AD3B0312C4C3D9C8EEF74E26646" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="2768FCDD130525195EBF2806A4A577E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E98FD9A9D0FE1E1FF36A2A61B029E04" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
A nocturnal snake, sometimes active during day time. Temperature, humidity, and light intensities for daytime activity were respectively measured at 24.8-27.2 °C, 67-82%, and 38-365 lux, based on 50 observations in dense forested areas. It usually does not bite, but if this does occur then it will lead to soreness, pain and temporary bleeding in the victim. Biting has been occasionally observed during touching or handling attempts by the victim. When frightened, the snake either coils up and hides its head within its coiled up body; or it quickly tries to escape to a safe hiding place inside the leaf litter. When the snake coils, it enlarges its body and displays its vivid skin colours (white, pink and brown), which is visible between the scales around the mid body. We observed, on a number of occasions, the snake practicing thanatosis (death mimicry) for up to 10-15 minutes after carrying out our own handling attempts. Once the snake had noticed that threat had disappeared, it quickly escaped and hid itself in the leaf litter. We have observed this species living in sympatry with other snakes of several families such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E3263743F5D9C755BCF260A14D995E5" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Aspidura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aspidura guentheri" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guentheri">Aspidura guentheri</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ferguson, 1876 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="601872366724F77E62C3992073414F9B" family="Natricidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="family">Natricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D77BB910795673AFC1B6002E4002517B" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Hypnale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypnale zara" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zara">Hypnale zara</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gray, 1849) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BEC97E0D4CDAA03D6358DF3F12613D6" family="Viperidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="family">Viperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E88B838B86657CA9888CBCEF8D2595BD" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Sibynophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibynophis subpunctatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subpunctatus">Sibynophis subpunctatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="45026E5AFF55BB7BD78FBE8E85544744" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Bibron &
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BD026FE7CB7057B1DAB78114D5D2BF0A" originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1854) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5901533191486BDE4FC964C93558F293" family="Colubridae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EC23B6896F159C52F4CA3245E760F301" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Based on our observations, its diet consists mostly of lizards (saurophagy) and small snakes eggs (oophagy), small spiders, beetles, other insects and the larvae of other invertebrates. More specifically, we observed the snake feeding on ground dwelling skinks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B68C62B14AD6262559B9AD29E4D0073" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lankascincus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lankascincus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lankascincus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) and geckos (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9303891BBEFDC9B86454E5D23F4F0D" class="Squamata" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Hemidactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hemidactylus frenatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenatus">Hemidactylus frenatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="67C2CF947CC59830DF98A07156DD851B" class="Squamata" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnemaspis" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cnemaspis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.). If the prey is large, the snake wraps itself around it and squeezes it until it suffocates. In captivity, it was fed with jumping spiders, small wild cockroaches, annelid worms, meal-worms, small frogs, and the freshly detached tail tips of geckos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9CE3D279A6715B53B68DBE4019178A42" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
During the breeding season (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4B8217B9B215620969A745673967E94E" originalValue="May–June">May-June</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 3-5 individuals can be observed close by and we observed several copulations in the evenings just after dark (18.0-19.0 hrs). The species lays 3-5 eggs at a time on dry, cool, loose soil or under decaying logs on the ground (soil temperature 26.2-27.9 °C; humidity 58-73%; light intensity 0-27 lux, based on observations of 10 ovipositions). Eggs are cream in colour and oval in shape (12-14 mm long and 4-5 mm wide, n = 40). The lectotype MNHN 3238 is a gravid female with three eggs in its genital tract. The incubation period is 38-45 days (based on observations of 10 incubating clutches). We did not see the parents close by during the incubation nor shortly afterwards, indicating the lack of parental care of the eggs or hatchlings. The new born juveniles were 4-5 cm in total length and their body colour varied from dark brown to black. We noticed that ants were their main egg predators on about ten occasions. We also observed on several occasions, this snake attempting to avoid ant-nests when moving or resting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CBF6F918C85CBE254EFBCBECC59766B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
We have found this species inside termite mounds on many occasions, an observation also made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3BEFEDD1BA0B5A344ED406B9BBB30E6B" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" title="The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-Region. Reptilia and Amphibia. 3 (Serpentes)" year="1943">Smith (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This may indicate either a strategy used by the snake to avoid ants (because we never observed ant nests in or around termite mounts) or a neat way for the snake to have instant access to food (may be feeding on termite eggs). Further studies on habitat ecology would be interesting. Even though this is a ground dwelling species, we observed it climbing on rock boulders which have crevices, indicating that this snake may be searching for geckos or their eggs for food. During floods, the snake is usually found off the floor, in trees at 1-2 m above ground level. It is also found deep inside forests, and has been observed under old coconut harnesses, decaying logs on the ground, and inside termite mounds (as mentioned earlier) set in well maintained home gardens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1CFE6E641FC14D1707A3DE48D447847B" pageId="0" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Road kills are identified as a major growing threat in addition to forest fragmentation and habitat loss. People are also a threat, killing the snake out of fear, believing that it to be venomous, especially because as it displays such vivid head and body colours. We observed natural predators including birds: the yellow-billed babbler [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FD237FAAF44F4F79FEBBEDA6E65165" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Turdoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turdoides affinis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">Turdoides affinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Jerdon, 1845)], southern coucal (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0BE25308C405A8BDA76BACACA8469A98" class="Aves" family="Cuculidae" genus="Centropus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Centropus parroti" order="Cuculiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parroti">Centropus parroti</taxonomicName>
|
||
Stresemann, 1913), common mynah [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9947929F0F58A094250591877C744E6" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Acridotheres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acridotheres tristis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tristis">Acridotheres tristis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1766)], white-throated kingfisher [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA622C71992BDA3A9A42B9F321474983" class="Aves" family="Alcedinidae" genus="Halcyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halcyon smyrnensis" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smyrnensis">Halcyon smyrnensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)], and the Sri Lankan grey hornbill (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E6806EE6E3E7774B61137ECC0430107" class="Aves" family="Bucerotidae" genus="Ocyceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ocyceros gingalensis" order="Bucerotiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gingalensis">Ocyceros gingalensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Shaw, 1811); ophiophagous snakes including: two elapids, the Sri Lankan krait (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8DA661A534F7C611BD36BC3995B766E" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bungarus ceylonicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ceylonicus">Bungarus ceylonicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EF231815B2A72170A4AE44CCE3F97C15" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1864), and the Indian krait (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC32874C5E80A668B163C76BEE6DAF5F" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Bungarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bungarus caeruleus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeruleus">Bungarus caeruleus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schneider, 1801); and amphibians including forest toads (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="99433BA52797C79F1831C335205D34BD" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Duttaphrynus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.). In addition,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46E52261B0EA5FCB05709F0B1F111DEC" author="Karunarathna, DMSS" journalOrPublisher="Tigerpaper" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="6 - 7" title="Ophiophagus habit of common rat snake Ptyasmucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) of Sri Lanka." volume="34" year="2007">Karunarathna and Asela (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D433AE8DD6BC6F87278569FFF17C6674" author="Karunarathna, DMSS" journalOrPublisher="Sauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" pagination="51 - 52" title="Predation of Oligodoncalamarius (Linnaeus, 1758) by Ptyasmucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) observed at Atweltota in Sri Lanka." volume="31" year="2009">Karunarathna (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have observed the common rat snake (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C10F38087C191F556C46CB5D69FC3B0" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Ptyas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptyas mucosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mucosus">Ptyas mucosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758) feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F7F756ADA58031FC19195454C31959B" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon sublineatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublineatus">Oligodon sublineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E85385F694F283BE7C732217704277A" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligodon calamarius" pageId="0" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamarius">Oligodon calamarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758) in Sri Lanka
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |