197 lines
30 KiB
XML
197 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="4D0195F9991197D8BDAA708608F9CF4F" ID-DOI="10.1666/06-024.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3ab5370c-156f-45ae-a6f2-db99ee44fdd9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3747786" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586543755777" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Christine Lipkin, Paul C. Sereno & John R. Horner" docDate="2007" docId="465B87A2FFCCFFB7FC96FD92FB7BFA2F" docLanguage="en" docName="Lipkinetal2007.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Journal of Paleontology 81, No. 6" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="1525" masterDocId="BA62FFDAFFCCFFB5FFFFFFA2FFDFFFD2" masterDocTitle="The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae)" masterLastPageNumber="1527" masterPageNumber="1523" pageNumber="1523" updateTime="1698737113119" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2634CAC31632BF14C59C51B19CEDC8FF">
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<mods:title id="EB553231AC4EE325852C059929013B58">The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="117A47B4C263944A74C54FEB688E1E3C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="388848C19F1B5F8211DFD19E3CF0D056">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="75ED3001D14AB672EFF001B2830E6879">Christine Lipkin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="72DDED3E1C31184C1351124011FC39D6">Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57 th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, Institut fu ¨ r Pala ¨ ontologie, Universita ¨ t Bonn, Nussallee 8, D- 53115 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B95F97B970BAAF5C44B8CBED6EFD6597" type="email">christinelipkin@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C78C4B981BC5E0E774215AD8167D26CE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2F732E75EDAEE3755C90961D1D00EB76">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="20FE0FD1FA31CC58083A7D61C4BC7609">Paul C. Sereno</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9CEF9C3A4F821A2C7371713A42899206">Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57 th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="98589B33BD99B7C3E506E3C882829AF1" type="email">dinosaur@uchicago.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="8DFC89F5BE35CB906D307A3CEC1D78D6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ADCF5AA9A646C3ABAD8EED1D781EF9C4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="74C1770910C31299FDD51BB3EF8F2DEA">John R. Horner</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4ADF0BFF3F83935011112077407CF3DD">Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CD89481120055818CA1A5BFD2A42EDEA" type="email">jhorner@montana.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A666315B21635E5E332BC2DACAB85049">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5BBEA550B9FCE21A1DC76AE03B255773">Journal of Paleontology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="92ADE19929469C16D143B34F9D9C0BA3">
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<mods:date id="93A58568A1BCBC6C516F322351CDE02A">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="377EF1226FA9BC4CEBD43B4F00E78D6F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="124EB1282985E6C921B76921ACEC7C4D">81</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B1B9DD82864C691752C60098AA466911">6</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="01CCEF85D057E8D1FC7A033EB5E85EEA">1523</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="1408FF5AB1DFB41E6AC96875075AEAF0">1527</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="2B275D583834684906F76D9942F2DD11">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="208F1D103B3D53A7CADEBD46898D8377" type="DOI">10.1666/06-024.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="465B87A2FFCCFFB7FC96FD92FB7BFA2F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3809070" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163546172" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3809070" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:465B87A2FFCCFFB7FC96FD92FB7BFA2F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/465B87A2FFCCFFB7FC96FD92FB7BFA2F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1525" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">
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<subSubSection id="86E8653FFFCCFFB5FC96FD92FB5CFCEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CE4D36B4FFCCFFB5FC96FD92FB5CFCEA" blockId="0.[848,1521,479,1987]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">
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<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FC96FD92FBF0FD94" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[873,1071,560,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
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.—The only undisputed furcula of
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<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FA54FD92FC01FDB3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FA54FD92FC01FDB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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belongs to an articulated postcranial skeleton (
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<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCCFFB5FCA8FDC4FC19FDAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530695" box="[855,966,614,636]" collectionCode="ICRC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" specimenCode="UCRC V1">UCRC V1</materialsCitation>
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) preserved in a large sandstone concretion from the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of eastern Wyoming (Lipkin and Sereno, 2004). The bones of the trunk are preserved in articulation with little transverse or dorsoventral distortion. The furcula is preserved in situ between the right and left coracoids with each clavicular ramus laying near the acrominal process of the scapula (
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<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCCFFB5FCA7FCA5FC48FCCF" box="[856,919,775,797]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[133,197,1005,1024]" captionTargetBox="[115,1486,172,987]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[115,1486,172,987]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3—Photograph (1) and matching line drawing (2) of the furcula and pectoral girdle of Tyrannosaurus rex (UCRC V1) in anterior view. Crosshatching indicates broken bone. Dashed lines indicate missing or hidden bone. Abbreviations: ac, acromion; co, coracoid; f, furcula; hu, humerus; sc, scapula. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4029113" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4029113/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). The distal ends of both clavicular rami are broken away at the edge of the concretion.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86E8653FFFCCFFB7FC96FC9FFB7BFA2F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1525" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CE4D36B4FFCCFFB5FC96FC9FFA82FB35" blockId="0.[848,1521,479,1987]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">
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The furcula is U-shaped or, more precisely, lyre-shaped in anterior view with an intrafurcular angle of 71
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FAD6FCF5FAEEFCBC" box="[1321,1329,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">°</emphasis>
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(
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<tableCitation id="8370030FFFCCFFB5FABDFCFAFA4DFCBC" box="[1346,1426,856,878]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[144,202,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[147,1518,174,1110]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[147,1518,174,1110]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1—Measurements (mm) of the furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GAD513) and furculae from Tyrannosaurus rex (UCRC V1, MOR 980, and MOR 1125). The length of the clavicular process was taken from the more complete right side of each specimen. Parentheses indicate ap- proximation. Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; NE, not exposed." pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). Unlike other theropod furculae, there is a transversely oriented central body from which extend the clavicular rami (
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<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCCFFB5FAE1FC2CFAAFFC76" box="[1310,1392,910,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[837,901,1899,1918]" captionTargetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4—Line drawing of the morphologic variation in the five Tyrannosaurus rex furculae. 1, UCRC V1; 2, MOR 980; 3, FMNH PR 2081; 4, CMI 2001.90.1; 5, MOR 1125. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviation: p, pit. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4020322/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" targetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" targetPageId="3">Fig. 4.1</figureCitation>
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). Dorsal and ventral margins of the central body are rounded with no development of a hypocleideal process. The anterior surface has a shallow transverse fossa, whereas the posterior surface is flat. The laterally deflected epicleideal process is preserved on the right side near the acromion of the right scapula. The internal bone texture of the furcula is dense without any development of marrow or pneumatic cavities. This furcula (
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<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCCFFB5FB0CFBE9FABEFBB3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530693" box="[1267,1377,1099,1121]" collectionCode="ICRC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" specimenCode="UCRC V1">UCRC V1</materialsCitation>
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) most closely resembles that of
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<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FBE8FBC4FB42FBAE" box="[1047,1181,1126,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FBE8FBC4FB42FBAE" box="[1047,1181,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Makovicky and Currie, 1998, figs. 1, 2), which also lacks any development of a hypocleideum, A rudimentary hypocleideum, in contrast, was reported in specimens referred to the tyrannosaurids
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<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FB29FB15FAB9FB1F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1238,1382,1207,1229]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FB29FB15FAB9FB1F" box="[1238,1382,1207,1229]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FA5FFB15FC78FB3A" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FA5FFB15FC78FB3A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Makovicky and Currie, 1998, figs. 1, 2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE4D36B4FFCCFFB5FC96FB4EFC05F9B3" blockId="0.[848,1521,479,1987]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">
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Another nearly complete furcula (
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<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCCFFB5FB28FB4EFA99FAD0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530698" box="[1239,1350,1260,1282]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" specimenCode="MOR 980">MOR 980</materialsCitation>
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) was recovered with a partial skeleton of
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<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FB9AFAA5FB7BFACF" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1125,1188,1287,1309]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FB9AFAA5FB7BFACF" box="[1125,1188,1287,1309]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">T. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCCFFB5FB4BFAA5FAC1FACF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530696" box="[1204,1310,1287,1309]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" specimenCode="MOR 980">MOR 980</materialsCitation>
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was collected from the upper Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), east of Fort Peck Lake in Montana (
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<bibRefCitation id="AA634B45FFCCFFB5FB6BFA9FFAF5FA81" author="DERSTLER, K. L." bookContentInfo="19 p." box="[1172,1322,1341,1363]" journalOrPublisher="Abstracts from the '' 100 Years of Tyrannosaurus rex '' Symposium, Hill City, SD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" refId="ref2985" refString="DERSTLER, K. L. 2005. Taphonomy of the Tyrannosaurus rex '' Peck's rexo '' from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Abstracts from the '' 100 Years of Tyrannosaurus rex '' Symposium, Hill City, SD, 19 p." title="Taphonomy of the Tyrannosaurus rex '' Peck's rexo '' from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="proceedings" year="2005">Derstler, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). This furcula is Ushaped with an intrafurcular angle of 87
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FB10FAF5FB28FABC" box="[1263,1271,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">°</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCCFFB5FAF8FAFAFA84FABC" box="[1287,1371,1368,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[837,901,1899,1918]" captionTargetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4—Line drawing of the morphologic variation in the five Tyrannosaurus rex furculae. 1, UCRC V1; 2, MOR 980; 3, FMNH PR 2081; 4, CMI 2001.90.1; 5, MOR 1125. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviation: p, pit. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4020322/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" targetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" targetPageId="3">Fig. 4.2</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="8370030FFFCCFFB5FA99FAFAFA6DFABC" box="[1382,1458,1368,1390]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[144,202,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[147,1518,174,1110]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[147,1518,174,1110]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1—Measurements (mm) of the furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GAD513) and furculae from Tyrannosaurus rex (UCRC V1, MOR 980, and MOR 1125). The length of the clavicular process was taken from the more complete right side of each specimen. Parentheses indicate ap- proximation. Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; NE, not exposed." pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). The central body has a maximum anteroposterior thickness of 19 mm, which is thicker than the others described herein. The unusual thickness is due to pathology on the left posterior-side of the central body. The pathology may have extended all the way up to the dorsal tip of the left epicleideal process. However, the anterior-side of the furcula is missing the outer portion of the clavicular ramus but the epicleideal process is preserved, and it is also pathologic. The right side of the furcula appears to be free of pathology.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="CE4D36B4FFCCFFB5FC96F9C4FBFAF811" blockId="0.[848,1521,479,1987]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA634B45FFCCFFB5FC96F9C4FBC1F9AE" author="BROCHU, C. A" box="[873,1054,1638,1660]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" pagination="1 - 138" part="22" refId="ref2636" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu (2003:95</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 84) tentatively identified an elongated shaft with a broken end as a ‘‘partial furcula’’ from a well preserved skeleton of
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<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FBE7F93FFB8AF961" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1048,1109,1693,1715]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FBE7F93FFB8AF961" box="[1048,1109,1693,1715]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">T. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCCFFB5FB99F93FFAD1F961" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530694" box="[1126,1294,1693,1715]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCCFFB5FAE4F93FFA85F961" box="[1307,1370,1693,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="4.[165,229,321,340]" captionTargetBox="[185,776,173,302]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[185,776,173,302]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 5—Line drawing of the mounted furcula of Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) in anterior view. Dashed lines indicate missing portions. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3747796" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3747796/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). He noted its similarity to elements from the gastral basket, which we suggest here, is the correct identification. A bone from the same specimen was tentatively regarded as the proximal portion of a posteriormost dorsal rib (
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<bibRefCitation id="AA634B45FFCCFFB5FC04F8ABFB55F8CD" author="BROCHU, C. A" box="[1019,1162,1801,1823]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" pagination="1 - 138" part="22" refId="ref2636" refString="BROCHU, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2003">Brochu, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCCFFB5FB69F8ABFB02F8CD" box="[1174,1245,1801,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 77" captionStartId="88.[175,305,957,989]" captionTargetBox="[568,1936,290,924]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="FIGURE 77. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Isolated bone possibly representing a rib for the last presacral vertebra (p17). Scale = 5 cm. Photograph by J. Weinstein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740013/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">fig. 77</figureCitation>
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). The bone, however, does not match the form of more anterior dorsal ribs or the articular facets on the posteriormost dorsal vertebra. We concur with Larson and Rigby (2005, page 253) that this bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCCFFB5FA9EF8F9FA69F8A3" box="[1377,1462,1883,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[837,901,1899,1918]" captionTargetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4—Line drawing of the morphologic variation in the five Tyrannosaurus rex furculae. 1, UCRC V1; 2, MOR 980; 3, FMNH PR 2081; 4, CMI 2001.90.1; 5, MOR 1125. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviation: p, pit. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4020322/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" targetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" targetPageId="3">Fig. 4.3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a partial furcula, which is very similar in size and form to a fourth furcula found in association with another skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCCFFB5FA8AF830FA6EF87A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1397,1457,1938,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCCFFB5FA8AF830FA6EF87A" box="[1397,1457,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCCFFB5FA40F833FC66F811" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530697" collectionCode="CMI" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" specimenCode="CMI 2001.90.1">CMI 2001.90.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCCFFB5FC3AF80FFBC5F811" box="[965,1050,1965,1987]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[837,901,1899,1918]" captionTargetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4—Line drawing of the morphologic variation in the five Tyrannosaurus rex furculae. 1, UCRC V1; 2, MOR 980; 3, FMNH PR 2081; 4, CMI 2001.90.1; 5, MOR 1125. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviation: p, pit. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4020322/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1523" targetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" targetPageId="3">Fig. 4.4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9A8D663CFFCDFFB4FF7AF833FBA0F800" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4029103" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4029103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4029103/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="1524" startId="1.[133,197,1937,1956]" targetBox="[308,1293,172,1920]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE4D36B4FFCDFFB4FF7AF833FBA0F800" blockId="1.[112,1488,1937,2002]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1524">
|
||
FIGURE
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCDFFB4FF33F830FF08F877" box="[204,215,1938,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1524">1</emphasis>
|
||
—Stereopairs and line drawings of the furcula in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCDFFB4FD78F830FC8FF877" authority="Sereno et al., 1998" box="[647,848,1938,1957]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenerensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCDFFB4FD78F830FC8FF877" box="[647,848,1938,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1524">Suchomimus tenerensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNN GAD513).
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCDFFB4FC08F830FBDDF877" box="[1015,1026,1938,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1524">1</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view and cross-sectional views;
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCDFFB4FA91F830FAA1F877" box="[1390,1406,1938,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1524">2,</emphasis>
|
||
posterior view. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone or a cross-sectional surface. Dashed lines indicate missing portions. Abbreviations: cb, central body; ep, epicleideum; hc, hypocleideum; la, ligament attachment scars. Scale bar equals 10 cm in Stereopairs; 5 cm in line drawings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9A8D663CFFCEFFB7FF5AFBC5FEDEFB7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4029109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4029109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4029109/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" startId="2.[165,229,1127,1146]" targetBox="[147,1518,174,1110]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE4D36B4FFCEFFB7FF5AFBC5FEDEFB7A" blockId="2.[144,1520,1127,1192]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">
|
||
FIGURE
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FF11FBC5FF26FBA8" box="[238,249,1127,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">2</emphasis>
|
||
—Photographs and line drawings of the furcula in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCEFFB7FD37FBC5FC4BFBA8" authority="Sereno et al., 1998" box="[712,916,1127,1146]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenerensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FD37FBC5FC4BFBA8" box="[712,916,1127,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">Suchomimus tenerensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNN GAD513).
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FBBDFBC5FB92FBA8" box="[1090,1101,1127,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">1</emphasis>
|
||
, hypocleideum in anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FA84FBC5FA59FBA8" box="[1403,1414,1127,1146]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">2</emphasis>
|
||
, epicleideal process in posterior view. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviations: ep, epicleideum; hc, hypocleideum; la, ligament attachment scars. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE4D36B4FFCEFFB7FC96FB7FFB7BFA2F" blockId="2.[848,1520,1245,1533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">
|
||
The fifth furcula known for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCEFFB7FB76FB7FFB1BFB21" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1161,1220,1245,1267]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FB76FB7FFB1BFB21" box="[1161,1220,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, comes from a skeleton from northeast Montana (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCEFFB7FBDCFB55FB40FADF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530692" box="[1059,1183,1271,1293]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="56C92A31FFCEFFB7FB52FB55FADCFADF" box="[1197,1283,1271,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[837,901,1899,1918]" captionTargetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[149,746,1131,1948]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 4—Line drawing of the morphologic variation in the five Tyrannosaurus rex furculae. 1, UCRC V1; 2, MOR 980; 3, FMNH PR 2081; 4, CMI 2001.90.1; 5, MOR 1125. Cross-hatching indicates broken bone. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviation: p, pit. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4020322/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" targetBox="[149,746,1131,1948]" targetPageId="3">Fig. 4.5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The specimen is approximately three-fourths the size of the large adult
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7E9A3CE9FFCEFFB7FA58FAB0FC7EFA91" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597530691" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
(Horner and Padian, 2004), is approximately 18 years old (Horner and Padian, 2004), and is hypothesized to be a female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA634B45FFCEFFB7FCA8FAC0FB98FAAA" author="SCHWEITZER, M. H. & J. L. WITTMEYER & J. R. HORNER" box="[855,1095,1378,1400]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" pagination="1457 - 1460" part="308" refId="ref3507" refString="SCHWEITZER, M. H., J. L. WITTMEYER, AND J. R. HORNER. 2005. Genderspecific reproductive tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science, 308: 1457 - 1460." title="Genderspecific reproductive tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="2005">Schweitzer et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The furcula is broad and U-shaped with an intrafurcular angle of 113
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FB8DFAD9FBA5FA40" box="[1138,1146,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">°</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="8370030FFFCEFFB7FB78FADFFB0CFA41" box="[1159,1235,1405,1427]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[144,202,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[147,1518,174,1110]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[147,1518,174,1110]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1—Measurements (mm) of the furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GAD513) and furculae from Tyrannosaurus rex (UCRC V1, MOR 980, and MOR 1125). The length of the clavicular process was taken from the more complete right side of each specimen. Parentheses indicate ap- proximation. Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; NE, not exposed." pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Articular scars are present on the posterior side of the rami. It most clearly resembles the furcula in the tyrannosaurid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCEFFB7FB8EFA10FACFFA1A" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[1137,1296,1458,1480]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FB8EFA10FACFFA1A" box="[1137,1296,1458,1480]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Makovicky and Currie, 1998, figs. 1, 2). However, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09F24D37FFCEFFB7FB26FA6FFAA7FA31" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[1241,1400,1485,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC86EAA6FFCEFFB7FB26FA6FFAA7FA31" box="[1241,1400,1485,1507]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1525">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is no development of a hypocleideum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |