373 lines
36 KiB
XML
373 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-200-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" ModsDocID="1314-2003-200-1" checkinTime="1655292389427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. & Scaldaferro, Marisel" docDate="2022" docId="D95B12277AC40D908CD8F85CA1FB5367" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 200: 1-423" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 200" docPubDate="2022-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" docTitle="Capsicum parvifolium Sendtn., Fl. Bras. [Martius] 10 (6): 145. 1846." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" masterDocTitle="Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1655292389427" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gbarboza@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Garcia, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ccarrizo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia), PqEB Parque Estacao Biologica, Av. W / 5 final, Brasilia-DF, CEP 70770 - 917, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Romero, Maria V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-06-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>200</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>423</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-200-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D95B12277AC40D908CD8F85CA1FB5367" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D95B12277AC40D908CD8F85CA1FB5367" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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33.
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<taxonomicName authority="Sendtn., Fl. Bras. [Martius] 10 (6): 145. 1846." authorityName="Sendtn., Fl. Bras. [Martius] 10 (6): 145. 1846." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">Capsicum parvifolium Sendtn., Fl. Bras. [Martius] 10(6): 145. 1846.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 96" captionStartId="F96" captionText="Figure 96. Capsicum parvifolium A fruiting branch B branched trichome of the leaf C flower D calyx E opened corolla F, G anthers, dorsal and ventral views, respectively H gynoecium I fruits A, C, E-I from Agra & Barboza 7075 B, D from Pickersgill 72 - 366. Drawn by L. Ribulgo. Published in Barboza et al. (2011), reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695511" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 96</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 97" captionStartId="F97" captionText="Figure 97. Capsicum parvifolium A habitat (Caatinga) B plant C reproductive branch D flower bud and flower on pendent pedicels E flower, in front view F fruiting calyces and immature fruit G mature fruits H fruiting calyx, inside view. From Agra & Barboza 7075. Photos by G. E. Barboza. Modified from Barboza et al. (2011), reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure97" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695512" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 97</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Fregirardia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fregirardia leptoclada" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leptoclada">Fregirardia leptoclada</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 505. 1852. Type. Brazil. Bahia: "le bas des montagnes. Certam du Rio Fco [Rio San Francisco]", 1838,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.S. Blanchet 2823</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designate here, G-DC [G00200561]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001016675, BM000617948], CORD [CORD00087945, CORD00087948], F [v0043297F, acc. # 646814], G [G00390274], K [K000585899, K000585900], LE, MPU [MPU026995 fragment ex G-DC, MPU023035 fragment ex G, MPU023036 fragment ex G], P [P00410185], W [acc. # 0001348, acc. # 1889-0118245]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1891" baseAuthorityName="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum leptocladum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leptocladum">Capsicum leptocladum</taxonomicName>
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(Dunal) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 450.1891. Type. Based on
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Fregirardia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fregirardia leptoclada" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leptoclada">Fregirardia leptoclada</taxonomicName>
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Dunal.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Bassovia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bassovia ciliata" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">Bassovia ciliata</taxonomicName>
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J.R.Johnst., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 40: 694. 1905. Type. Venezuela. Nueva Esparta: Isla Margarita El Valle, 30 Aug 1903,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.R. Johnston 75</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="768 - 781" refId="B37" refString="Barboza, GE, Agra, MF, Romero, MV, Scaldaferro, MA, Moscone, EA, 2011. New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium. Systematic Botany 36 (3): 768 - 781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" title="New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" volume="36" year="2011">Barboza et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 773: GH [00936715]; isolectotype: US [00027416, acc. # 531916)].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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[
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="J. S. Blanchet" country="Brazil" location="Rio San Francisco" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<collectingCountry name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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].
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<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Bahia">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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: Serra
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Açuruá">Acurua</normalizedToken>
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,
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D95B12277AC40D908CD8F85CA1FB5367:C1511E327AE3F349AD4CADEADB086EB5" country="Brazil" name="Rio San Francisco" stateProvince="Bahia">Rio San Francisco</location>
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, 1838,
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<collectorName>J.S. Blanchet</collectorName>
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||
2823
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||
</emphasis>
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||
(
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<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="768 - 781" refId="B37" refString="Barboza, GE, Agra, MF, Romero, MV, Scaldaferro, MA, Moscone, EA, 2011. New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium. Systematic Botany 36 (3): 768 - 781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" title="New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" volume="36" year="2011">Barboza et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pg. 773: W [acc. # 1889-0118245]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001016675, BM000617948], CORD [CORD00087945, CORD00087948], F [v0043297F, acc. # 646814], G-DC [G00200561], G [G00390274], K [K000585899, K000585900], LE, MPU [MPU026995 fragment from G-DC, MPU023035 fragment from G, MPU023036 fragment from G], P [P00410185], W [acc. # 0001348])
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erect shrubs 1-4 (-5) m tall, with an almost fastigiate habit, much branched above. Young stems angled, slender, fragile, greyish-brown, moderately pubescent with antrorse, simple, uniseriate, 4-6-celled, eglandular trichomes 0.3-1.1 mm long; nodes light brown; bark of old stems grey or brown, glabrous; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate; leaf pair unequal in size, similar in shape. Leaves membranous, slightly discolorous, dark green above, paler beneath, sparsely to moderately pubescent on both surfaces, the trichomes similar to those of the stems, rarely few dendritic trichomes on the veins; blades of major leaves 3-8 (-9) cm long, 1-4.2 cm wide, ovate, the major veins 5-7 on each side of mid-vein, the base short-attenuate and unequal, the margins entire, the apex acuminate; petioles 0.5-2.4 cm, moderately to densely pubescent; blades of minor leaves 1.5-2.5 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, ovate, the major veins 3-4 on each side of mid-vein, the base short-attenuate, the margins entire, the apex acute; petioles 0.3-0.5 cm, moderately to densely pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, 3-6 (-8) flowers per axil; flowering pedicels 9-18 (-20) mm long, angled, pendent, non-geniculate at anthesis, green, densely pubescent, with short antrorse eglandular trichomes; pedicels scars conspicuous, corky. Buds subglobose, pale violet at the apex and cream near the base. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx (1.2-) 1.5-2.4 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, cup-shaped, thick, strongly 5-nerved, green, densely pubescent like the pedicels, the calyx appendages five or, exceptionally, up to seven, 0.7-2 (-2.2) mm long, subequal, erect or spreading, green. Corolla 4.5-7.3 (-8) mm long, 1-2 cm in diameter, purple with a narrow white margin and a yellowish-green centre outside and within, stellate with interpetalar membrane, lobed nearly halfway to the base, pubescent adaxially with small glandular trichomes (stalk 2-celled; head unicellular) in the throat and base of the lobes, glabrous abaxially, the tube (2.4-) 3-4 (-4.5) mm long, the lobes (2.1-) 2.9-3.5 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide, broadly triangular, spreading, the margins involute, papillate or with long simple trichomes, the tips cucullate, densely papillate. Stamens five, equal; filaments 1.5-2.5 mm long, greenish-white, inserted on the corolla 1.3-1.5 mm from the base, with auricles fused to the corolla at the point of insertion; anthers 1.7-2.3 mm long, ellipsoid, yellow or violet, not connivent at anthesis. Gynoecium with ovary 1-1.4 mm long, 1 mm in diameter, greenish-white, ovoid; ovules more than two per locule; nectary 0.3-0.4 mm tall; styles homomorphic, 3.5-5.1 mm long, exserted ca. 1.5 mm beyond the anthers, whitish-green, clavate; stigma ca. 0.3 mm long, ca. 1-1.1 mm wide, somewhat discoid, green. Berry 8.5-9.5 mm in diameter, globose, slightly flattened at the apex, dark green when immature, greenish-golden yellow at maturity, deciduous, pungent, the pericarp thin, translucent, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels 10-18 mm long, angled, pendent, curved, widened distally, green; fruiting calyx 4-6 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, strongly 5(-10)-nerved, green, the appendages spreading or reflexed. Seeds (2-) 4-13 per fruit, 3-3.8 mm long, 2.7-3 mm wide, C-shaped, brownish-black, the seed coat reticulate and slightly tuberculate at margins (SM), reticulate-cerebelloid (SEM), the cells irregular in shape, the lateral walls sinuate in the seed body, straight and wavy at margins; embryo imbricate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a disjunct distribution in South America (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 92" captionStartId="F92" captionText="Figure 92. Distribution of C. mirum, C. muticum, C. neei and C. parvifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure92" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695507" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">92</figureCitation>
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). It is found in the Brazilian Caatinga (Bahia,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ceará">Ceara</normalizedToken>
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, Minas Gerais,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraíba">Paraiba</normalizedToken>
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, Pernambuco,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Piauí">Piaui</normalizedToken>
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and Rio Grande do Norte States), as well as along the coast of Venezuela (Distrito Federal, Aragua, Carabobo, Lara, Sucre, Nueva Esparta States) and Colombia (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlántico">Atlantico</normalizedToken>
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and Magdalena Departments).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a common element in seasonally dry tropical forest, mainly in the outcrops (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘inselbergs’">'inselbergs'</normalizedToken>
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) of the arborescent-shrubby Caatinga, at 500-1,200 m. In Venezuela and Colombia, it is found in coastal areas with higher humidity at lower elevations (0-350 m).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering from August to April and fruiting from February to June in the Caatinga; flowering from April to October and fruiting from May to October in Venezuela and Colombia.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
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= 2x = 24 (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="768 - 781" refId="B37" refString="Barboza, GE, Agra, MF, Romero, MV, Scaldaferro, MA, Moscone, EA, 2011. New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium. Systematic Botany 36 (3): 768 - 781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" title="New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" volume="36" year="2011">Barboza et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brazil</emphasis>
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: Alecrim-quebrado (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Piauí">Piaui</normalizedToken>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mendes et al. 509</emphasis>
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), Jiriquiti (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Piauí">Piaui</normalizedToken>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mendes et al. 539</emphasis>
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), Murta (Sergipe,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oliveira et al. 552</emphasis>
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), Pimentinha (Pernambuco,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lucena 91</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
EOO (4,493,957.435 km2); AOO (228 km2).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is under threat in its fragmented habitat. Although in Brazil it is common, its habitat is restricted to the Caatinga, the least protected of all the major ecoregions in the country (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68339-3_17" author="Fonseca, CR" editor="Silva, JMC" journalOrPublisher="Springer, Cham" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="429 - 444" refId="B155" refString="Fonseca, CR, Antongiovanni, M, Matsumoto, M, Bernard, E, Venticinque, EM, 2017. Conservation opportunities in the Caatinga. In: Silva, JMC, Leal, IR, Tabarelli, M, Eds., Caatinga - the largest tropical dry forest region in South America. Springer, Cham: 429 - 444, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68339-3_17" title="Conservation opportunities in the Caatinga." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68339-3_17" volumeTitle="Caatinga - the largest tropical dry forest region in South America." year="2017">Fonseca et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217028" author="Silva, JLS" journalOrPublisher="Chromosoma" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B439" refString="Silva, JLS, Cruz-Neto, O, Peres, CA, Tabarelli, M, Lopes, AV, 2019. Climate change will reduce suitable Caatinga dry forest habitat for endemic plants with disproportionate impacts on specialized reproductive strategies. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0217028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217028" title="Climate change will reduce suitable Caatinga dry forest habitat for endemic plants with disproportionate impacts on specialized reproductive strategies. PLoS ONE 14 (5): e 0217028." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217028" year="2019">Silva et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is more seriously threatened along the coast of Colombia, since only four records, which all date from the early 1900s, exist from areas that are currently highly urbanised (the cities of Santa Marta and Barranquillas). Few collections are known (13) in Venezuela and none of them is from protected areas. Considering the severely-fragmented habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0672-6" author="Antongiovanni, M" journalOrPublisher="Landscape Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1353 - 1367" refId="B19" refString="Antongiovanni, M, Venticinque, EM, Fonseca, CR, 2018. Fragmentation patterns of the Caatinga drylands. Landscape Ecology 33: 1353 - 1367, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0672-6" title="Fragmentation patterns of the Caatinga drylands." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0672-6" volume="33" year="2018">Antongiovanni et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the projected decline of the area of occupancy by the impact of climate change (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217028" author="Silva, JLS" journalOrPublisher="Chromosoma" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B439" refString="Silva, JLS, Cruz-Neto, O, Peres, CA, Tabarelli, M, Lopes, AV, 2019. Climate change will reduce suitable Caatinga dry forest habitat for endemic plants with disproportionate impacts on specialized reproductive strategies. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0217028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217028" title="Climate change will reduce suitable Caatinga dry forest habitat for endemic plants with disproportionate impacts on specialized reproductive strategies. PLoS ONE 14 (5): e 0217028." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217028" year="2019">Silva et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we assign a threat status of Vulnerable (VU; B2ab(iii) for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. parvifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the Caatinga clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
|
||
Carrizo
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Together with
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. longidentatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="longidentatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. longidentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. caatingae" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caatingae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. caatingae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these are the only
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species growing in the arid Brazilian Caatinga (although
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. parvifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also extends into northernmost Venezuela and Colombia). The close affinity between
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. parvifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. caatingae" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caatingae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. caatingae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discussed and supported by morphological and karyological data by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="768 - 781" refId="B37" refString="Barboza, GE, Agra, MF, Romero, MV, Scaldaferro, MA, Moscone, EA, 2011. New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium. Systematic Botany 36 (3): 768 - 781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" title="New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" volume="36" year="2011">Barboza et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. caatingae" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caatingae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. caatingae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; nevertheless, it is clearly distinguishable by the five calyx appendages (vs. absence of appendages in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. caatingae" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caatingae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. caatingae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the few-flowered (vs. multi-flowered) inflorescences, the greenish-golden yellow (vs. red) fruits and the brownish-black (vs. yellow) seeds. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. parvifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Venezuela have been confused in herbaria with
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rhomboideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rhomboideum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rhomboideum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, due to their similarities in calyx structure. However, they can be easily differentiated by corolla shape and colour (campanulate and yellow in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rhomboideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rhomboideum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rhomboideum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and fruit colour at maturity (red in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rhomboideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rhomboideum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rhomboideum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B132" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Fregirardia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fregirardia leptoclada" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leptoclada">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fregirardia leptoclada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on three
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Blanchet 2823</emphasis>
|
||
collections kept at G (G-DC and general collection). We found two specimens at G and duplicates of the three G collections at MPU. We select the more complete specimen housed at G-DC [G00200561] as the lectotype. Duplicates are widely distributed in other herbaria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure96" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695511" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 96" startId="F96">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 96.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
fruiting branch
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
branched trichome of the leaf
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
flower
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
calyx
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
opened corolla
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
|
||
anthers, dorsal and ventral views, respectively
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
||
gynoecium
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
|
||
fruits
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C, E-I</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Agra & Barboza 7075</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, D</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pickersgill 72-366</emphasis>
|
||
. Drawn by L. Ribulgo. Published in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="768 - 781" refId="B37" refString="Barboza, GE, Agra, MF, Romero, MV, Scaldaferro, MA, Moscone, EA, 2011. New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium. Systematic Botany 36 (3): 768 - 781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" title="New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" volume="36" year="2011">Barboza et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, reproduced with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure97" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695512" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 97" startId="F97">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 97.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum parvifolium" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parvifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum parvifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
habitat (Caatinga)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
plant
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
reproductive branch
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
flower bud and flower on pendent pedicels
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
flower, in front view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
fruiting calyces and immature fruit
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
||
mature fruits
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
||
fruiting calyx, inside view. From
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Agra & Barboza 7075.</emphasis>
|
||
Photos by G.E. Barboza. Modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="768 - 781" refId="B37" refString="Barboza, GE, Agra, MF, Romero, MV, Scaldaferro, MA, Moscone, EA, 2011. New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium. Systematic Botany 36 (3): 768 - 781, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" title="New endemic species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian caatinga: comparison with the re-circumscribed C. parvifolium." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X583718" volume="36" year="2011">Barboza et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, reproduced with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. material 4: Appendix 4.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |