3448 lines
468 KiB
XML
3448 lines
468 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="330460C93E196EE7E71587C83206C937">Urocitellus parryii (Rodentia: Sciuridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="63F44AC0F270FB76464A5D7FCEDD4C08">University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="43FFFA054AC6EA3DABB630857B2D4EE6" type="email">bryansmclean@gmail. com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="6BA8C3800D4BA3B538D3497B55CDC1FE">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2C6CB3DDED033B07A0648535C36A40AC">
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<mods:date id="CB1CB2F88E1544F76679A889A00AAA21">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="402987DDFFB0FF858CB6FBF3FCEDC0CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4592397" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180302041" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4592397" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:402987DDFFB0FF858CB6FBF3FCEDC0CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/402987DDFFB0FF858CB6FBF3FCEDC0CF" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
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<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB0FF898CB6FBF3FD4AC11A" box="[223,688,1075,1102]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898CB6FBF3FD4AC11A" blockId="0.[223,688,1075,1102]" box="[223,688,1075,1102]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
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<heading id="937781A7FFB0FF898CB6FBF3FD4AC11A" box="[223,688,1075,1102]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898CB6FBF3FD4AC11A" ID-CoL="7DTS9" authority="(Richardson, 1825)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[223,688,1075,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898CB6FBF3FE40C119" box="[223,442,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898DABFBF4FD4AC11A" bold="true" box="[450,688,1075,1101]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898DA2FBF4FD5CC11A" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[459,678,1075,1101]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB0FF898D08FBB0FDA2C1D9" box="[353,600,1143,1166]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898D08FBB0FDA2C1D9" blockId="0.[353,600,1143,1166]" box="[353,600,1143,1166]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Arctic Ground Squirrel</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB0FF8B8C1BFB08FE91C0B5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898C1BFB08FEE8C011" blockId="0.[114,798,1231,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898C1BFB08FDE7C1B1" authority="Richardson, 1825: 316" authorityName="Richardson" authorityPageNumber="316" authorityYear="1825" box="[114,541,1231,1254]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C1BFB08FEDDC1B1" box="[114,295,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898D47FB08FDE7C1B1" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[302,541,1231,1254]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825:316</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB0FF898E26FB08FD87C1B1" box="[591,637,1231,1254]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality designated, restricted to
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB0FF898D1BFB28FD5BC071" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
“Five Hawser Bay, Lyon Inlet, Melville Peninsula, [Hudson Bay,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB0FF898DA2FAC8FDD6C071" box="[459,556,1295,1318]" country="Canada" name="Nunavut" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Nunavut</collectingRegion>
|
||
,]
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB0FF898E2CFAC8FD6DC071" box="[581,663,1295,1318]" name="Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898EB1FAC8FEF4C011" author="PREBLE, E. A." pageId="0" pageNumber="84" refId="ref18195" refString="PREBLE, E. A. 1902. A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. North American Fauna 22. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1902">Preble (1902:46)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898C1BFA88FCF8C031" blockId="0.[114,798,1231,1830]" box="[114,770,1359,1382]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898C1BFA88FDDEC031" ID-CoL="6Z999" authority=": Lesson, 1827: 244" authorityName="Lesson" authorityPageNumber="244" authorityYear="1827" box="[114,548,1359,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C1BFA88FEAFC031" box="[114,341,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Spermophilus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898D0AFA88FDDEC031" author="LESSON, R. - P." box="[355,548,1359,1382]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" refId="ref16921" refString="LESSON, R. - P. 1827. Manuel de Mammalogie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes. Roret, Paris, France." type="book" year="1827">Lesson, 1827:244</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898C1BFAA8FD62C091" blockId="0.[114,798,1231,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898C1BFAA8FD26C0D1" authority="Richardson, 1829: 161" authorityName="Richardson" authorityPageNumber="161" authorityYear="1829" box="[114,732,1391,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="parryi" variety="phaeognatha">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C1BFAA8FEDBC0D1" box="[114,289,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Arctomys parryi</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898D33FAA8FE1FC0D1" box="[346,485,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">phaeognatha</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898D85FAA8FD26C0D1" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[492,732,1391,1414]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" refId="ref18605" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana, or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1829">Richardson, 1829:161</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB0FF898E81FAA8FCE7C0D1" box="[744,797,1391,1414]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB0FF898D6DFA48FE45C0F1" box="[260,447,1423,1446]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">“Hudson’s Bay,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB0FF898DA6FA48FDD8C0F1" box="[463,546,1423,1446]" name="Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898D73FA68FD6BC091" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" box="[282,657,1455,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898D73FA68FE34C091" box="[282,462,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898DBCFA68FD6BC091" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[469,657,1455,1478]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898C1BFA08FCEBC311" blockId="0.[114,798,1231,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898C1BFA08FDC9C0B1" authority="Brandt, 1844: 379" authorityName="Brandt" authorityPageNumber="379" authorityYear="1844" box="[114,563,1487,1510]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C1BFA08FE81C0B1" box="[114,379,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Spermophilus leucostictus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898D16FA08FDC9C0B1" author="BRANDT, J. F." box="[383,563,1487,1510]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" pagination="357 - 382" refId="ref14592" refString="BRANDT, J. F. 1844. Observations sur les differentes especes de sousliks de Russie, suivies de remarques sur l'arrangement et la distribution geographique du genre Spermophilus, anse que sur la classification de la familie des ecureuils (Sciurina) en general. Bulletin Scientifique l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 1 - 2: 357 - 382." type="journal article" year="1844">Brandt, 1844:379</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB0FF898E50FA08FD96C0B1" box="[569,620,1487,1510]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB0FF898EA8FA08FD02C351" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">“regionibus versus Ochotam et Uth fluvium valde aestimatae.”</quote>
|
||
(=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB0FF898CCBF9C8FE88C371" box="[162,370,1551,1574]" country="Russia" name="Khabarovsk" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Khabarovsk Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Okhotsk District, Ohota River), Eastern Siberia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB0FF898C9FF9E8FEC0C311" box="[246,314,1583,1606]" name="Russia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(translated by Pavlinov and Rossolimo 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898C1BF988FE1DC3D1" blockId="0.[114,798,1231,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898C1BF988FD78C331" authority="von Kittlitz, 1858: 337" authorityName="von Kittlitz" authorityPageNumber="337" authorityYear="1858" box="[114,642,1615,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunniceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C1BF988FE7FC331" box="[114,389,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Spermophilus brunniceps</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898DE7F988FD78C331" author="VON KITTLITZ, F. H." box="[398,642,1615,1638]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" refId="ref19272" refString="VON KITTLITZ, F. H. 1858. Denkwurdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen Amerika, nach Mikronesien und durch Kamtschatka. Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, Germany." type="book" year="1858">von Kittlitz, 1858:337</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB0FF898EE7F988FD39C331" box="[654,707,1615,1638]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB0FF898CCDF9A8FEC0C3D1" box="[164,314,1647,1670]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB0FF898CC7F9A8FED4C3D1" box="[174,302,1647,1670]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
Nomen nudum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898C1BF948FCFAC391" blockId="0.[114,798,1231,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C1BF948FF78C3F1" box="[114,130,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">A</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="5505510AFFB0FF898CEBF948FF12C3F1" box="[130,232,1679,1702]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898CE2F948FF24C3F1" box="[139,222,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">rctomys</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C94F948FE97C3F1" box="[253,365,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898D14F948FDD5C3F1" author="ROSS, B. R." box="[381,559,1679,1702]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref18712" refString="ROSS, B. R. 1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 6: 433 - 441." type="journal article" year="1861">Ross, 1861:434</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB0FF898E28F948FD8CC3F1" box="[577,630,1679,1702]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB0FF898E8CF948FE4AC391" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">“Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB0FF898DDEF968FD64C391" box="[439,670,1711,1734]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB0FF898EC1F968FD01C391" box="[680,763,1711,1734]" name="Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898C1BF908FE9FC271" blockId="0.[114,798,1231,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898C1BF908FD6AC3B1" authority="var. parryi: Allen, 1874: 292" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="292" authorityYear="1874" box="[114,656,1743,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="parryi" variety="parryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898C1BF908FEABC3B1" box="[114,337,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Spermophilus parryi</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898DE3F908FE37C3B1" box="[394,461,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">parryi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898DB5F908FD6AC3B1" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[476,656,1743,1766]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" pagination="276 - 294" refId="ref13781" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels, with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 294." type="journal article" year="1874">Allen, 1874:292</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898E01F928FEA4C271" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898E01F928FCE7C251" box="[616,797,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB0FF898CCBF8C8FEA4C271" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[162,350,1807,1830]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9CFF6643FFB0FF898F21F8C5FA0AC263" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573559" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573559/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" startId="0.[840,875,1794,1815]" targetBox="[845,1517,1072,1781]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB0FF898F21F8C5FA0AC263" blockId="0.[840,1523,1794,1844]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898F21F8C5FC70C240" bold="true" box="[840,906,1794,1815]" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
—An adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB0FF898868F8C5FB4DC240" ID-CoL="7DTS9" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1025,1207,1794,1815]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB0FF898868F8C5FB4DC240" box="[1025,1207,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="84">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the north slope of Alaska in 2012. Used with permission of the photographer, Michael J. Sheriff.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FF0CFCEBC435" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FF0CFD29C5B5" ID-CoL="5L8MP" authority="Allen, 1874: 292" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="292" authorityYear="1874" box="[109,723,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="parryi" variety="kodiacensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FF0CFEABC5B5" box="[109,337,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus parryi</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888DFAFF0CFDF5C5B5" box="[403,527,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888E72FF0CFD29C5B5" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[539,723,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="276 - 294" refId="ref13781" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels, with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 294." type="journal article" year="1874">Allen, 1874:292</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type locality originally given as
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888DB7FF2CFD41C455" box="[478,699,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">“Island of Kodiac,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888EAEFF2CFCEEC455" box="[711,788,235,258]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888CF4FECCFF2CC475" box="[157,214,267,290]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
; restricted to
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888D0EFECCFD8AC475" box="[359,624,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Kodiak Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888E7CFECCFD98C475" box="[533,610,267,290]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888E1EFECCFD55C475" box="[631,687,267,290]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, based on designation of
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888D2CFEECFE5DC415" box="[325,423,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888DBEFEECFD53C415" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[471,681,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell (1938:103)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888DFAFE8CFCF3C435" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" box="[403,777,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888DFAFE8CFDBDC435" box="[403,583,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888E27FE8CFCF3C435" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[590,777,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FEACFD02C4D5" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,760,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FEACFDE1C4D5" authority=": Allen, 1877: 839" authorityName=": Allen" authorityPageNumber="839" authorityYear="1877" box="[109,539,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="empetra">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FEACFEA4C4D5" box="[109,350,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus empetra</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D03FEACFDE1C4D5" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[362,539,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref13830" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1877. Sciuridae. Pp. 631 - 939 in Monographs of North American Rodentia (E. Coues and J. A. Allen, coauthors). United States Geological Survey of the Territories 11. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1877">Allen, 1877:839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FE4CFED0C495" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C1FFE4CFE90C4F5" authorityName=": Allen" authorityYear="1877" box="[118,362,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="empetra">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C1FFE4CFE90C4F5" box="[118,362,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus empetra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888D17FE4CFD30C4F5" authority=": Allen, 1877: 839" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="839" authorityYear="1877" box="[382,714,395,418]" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" rank="variety" variety="empetra">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888DC6FE4CFDFCC4F5" box="[431,518,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">empetra</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888E7FFE4CFD30C4F5" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[534,714,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref13830" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1877. Sciuridae. Pp. 631 - 939 in Monographs of North American Rodentia (E. Coues and J. A. Allen, coauthors). United States Geological Survey of the Territories 11. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1877">Allen, 1877:839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FE0CFE8BC755" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C1FFE0CFE88C4B5" authorityName=": Allen" authorityYear="1877" box="[118,370,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="empetra">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C1FFE0CFE88C4B5" box="[118,370,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus empetra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888DE5FE0CFCEFC4B5" ID-CoL="5L8MP" authority=": Allen, 1877: 839" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="839" authorityYear="1877" box="[396,789,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="parryi" variety="kodiacensis">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888DACFE0CFDBBC4B5" box="[453,577,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888E30FE0CFCEFC4B5" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[601,789,459,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref13830" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1877. Sciuridae. Pp. 631 - 939 in Monographs of North American Rodentia (E. Coues and J. A. Allen, coauthors). United States Geological Survey of the Territories 11. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1877">Allen, 1877:839</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FDCCFE77C715" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FDCCFDCFC775" ID-CoL="82e8049c-5e72-4661-8e40-c50ddab6f3da" authority="Merriam, 1900: 18" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1900" box="[109,565,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FDCCFE9AC775" box="[109,352,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus osgoodi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D05FDCCFDCFC775" author="MERRIAM, C. H." box="[364,565,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="13 - 30" refId="ref17244" refString="MERRIAM, C. H. 1900. Descriptions of twenty-six new mammals from Alaska and British North America. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 2: 13 - 30." type="journal article" year="1900">Merriam, 1900:18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888E2DFDCCFD83C775" box="[580,633,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888E89FDCCFEB0C715" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Fort Yukon,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888C86FDECFEC6C715" box="[239,316,555,578]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888D39FDECFE73C715" box="[336,393,555,578]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FD8CFE1AC7D5" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FD8CFD91C735" authority="Merriam, 1900: 19" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1900" box="[109,619,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FD8CFE6BC735" box="[109,401,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus barrowensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888DF6FD8CFD91C735" author="MERRIAM, C. H." box="[415,619,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="13 - 30" refId="ref17244" refString="MERRIAM, C. H. 1900. Descriptions of twenty-six new mammals from Alaska and British North America. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 2: 13 - 30." type="journal article" year="1900">Merriam, 1900:19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888E17FD8CFD49C735" box="[638,691,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888CF4FDACFE67C7D5" box="[157,413,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Point Barrow,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888D2BFDACFE75C7D5" box="[322,399,619,642]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888DCAFDACFE26C7D5" box="[419,476,619,642]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FD4CFD72C795" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FD4CFD93C7F5" authority="Merriam, 1900: 20" authorityName="Merriam" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1900" box="[109,617,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beringensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FD4CFE71C7F5" box="[109,395,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus beringensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888DF2FD4CFD93C7F5" author="MERRIAM, C. H." box="[411,617,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="13 - 30" refId="ref17244" refString="MERRIAM, C. H. 1900. Descriptions of twenty-six new mammals from Alaska and British North America. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 2: 13 - 30." type="journal article" year="1900">Merriam, 1900:20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888E15FD4CFD4BC7F5" box="[636,689,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888CF4FD6CFDBFC795" box="[157,581,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Cape Lisbourne (Coal Veins),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888D83FD6CFDCDC795" box="[490,567,683,706]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888E22FD6CFD7EC795" box="[587,644,683,706]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FD0CFF0FC675" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FD0CFD86C7B5" authority="Osgood, 1900: 29" authorityName="Osgood" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="1900" box="[109,636,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="empetra" subSpecies="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FD0CFE4FC7B5" box="[109,437,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus empetra plesius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888DD6FD0CFD86C7B5" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[447,636,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref17920" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1900. Results of a biological reconoissance of the Yukon River Region. North American Fauna 19. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1900">Osgood, 1900:29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888EE0FD0CFD44C7B5" box="[649,702,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888CF4FD2CFCE2C655" box="[157,792,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Bennett City, head of Lake Bennett,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888E23FD2CFCF0C655" box="[586,778,747,770]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888CF4FCCCFF0AC675" box="[157,240,779,802]" name="Canada" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FCECFCF3C635" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FCECFE20C615" authority="Allen, 1903 a: 139" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="139" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,474,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buxtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FCECFEEDC615" box="[109,279,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus buxtoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D74FCECFE20C615" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[285,474,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="101 - 184" refId="ref13884" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1903 a. Report on the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 101 - 184." type="journal article" year="1903">Allen, 1903a:139</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888D8CFCECFDE0C615" box="[485,538,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888E10FCECFD4EC635" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Gichiga, west coast of Okhotsk sea, [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888DE6FC8CFDBDC635" box="[399,583,843,866]" country="Russia" name="Magadan" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Magadan Oblast</collectingRegion>
|
||
,] Siberia,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888ED3FC8CFCFFC635" box="[698,773,843,866]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FCACFD61C6F5" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FCACFDEDC6D5" authority="Allen, 1903 a: 142" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,535,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FCACFEC6C6D5" box="[109,316,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D24FCACFDEDC6D5" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[333,535,875,898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="101 - 184" refId="ref13884" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1903 a. Report on the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 101 - 184." type="journal article" year="1903">Allen, 1903a:142</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888E44FCACFD98C6D5" box="[557,610,875,898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888EB1FCACFDBCC6F5" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Near Petropaulski, southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888DD5FC4CFDC3C6F5" box="[444,569,907,930]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888E24FC4CFD62C6F5" box="[589,664,907,930]" name="Russia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FC6CFED7C175" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FC6CFE17C695" authority="Allen, 1903 b: 537" authorityName="Allen" authorityPageNumber="537" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,493,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stonei">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FC6CFEE9C695" box="[109,275,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus stonei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D4BFC6CFE17C695" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[290,493,939,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="521 - 567" refId="ref13935" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1903 b. Mammals collected in Alaska and northern British Columbia by the Andrew J. Stone expedition of 1902. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 521 - 567." type="journal article" year="1903">Allen, 1903b:537</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888E69FC6CFDCFC695" box="[512,565,939,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Wrangel,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888CF4FC0CFF16C6B5" box="[157,236,971,994]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888C99FC0CFE00C6B5" box="[240,506,971,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
”
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888D63FC0CFEB9C6B5" box="[266,323,971,994]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
; corrected to “
|
||
</quote>
|
||
Stevana Flats, near Port Muller,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888D68FC2CFEB6C155" box="[257,332,1003,1026]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
Peninsula,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888D81FC2CFDCDC155" box="[488,567,1003,1026]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888E33FC2CFD69C155" box="[602,659,1003,1026]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888EB5FC2CFF10C175" author="ALLEN, J. A." pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="521 - 567" refId="ref13935" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1903 b. Mammals collected in Alaska and northern British Columbia by the Andrew J. Stone expedition of 1902. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 521 - 567." type="journal article" year="1903">Allen (1903b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:xvii).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FBECFCE9C115" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,787,1067,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FBECFDCCC115" authority=": Miller and Rehn, 1903: 75" authorityName=": Miller and Rehn" authorityPageNumber="75" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,566,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FBECFEEBC115" box="[109,273,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
: Miller and Rehn, 1903:75
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FB8CFD2AC135" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,720,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FB8CFF85C135" box="[109,127,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">C</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CE1FB8CFF33C135" box="[136,201,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">itellus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888CB6FB8CFE08C135" authority=": Osgood, 1903: 25" authorityName="Osgood" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1903" box="[223,498,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CB6FB8CFED3C135" box="[223,297,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">plesius</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D51FB8CFE08C135" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[312,498,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FBACFE44C1F5" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FBACFD9FC1D5" authority="Osgood, 1903: 25" authorityName="Osgood" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,613,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plesius" subSpecies="ablusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FBACFE7CC1D5" box="[109,390,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus plesius ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888DF5FBACFD9FC1D5" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[412,613,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888E17FBACFD49C1D5" box="[638,691,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888CF4FB4CFE81C1F5" box="[157,379,1163,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Nushagak,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888D49FB4CFE97C1F5" box="[288,365,1163,1186]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888DE8FB4CFE40C1F5" box="[385,442,1163,1186]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FB6CFCF2C195" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,776,1195,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FB6CFF85C195" box="[109,127,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">C</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CE1FB6CFF33C195" box="[136,201,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">itellus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888CB6FB6CFDD1C195" authority=": Osgood, 1903: 25" authorityName=": Osgood" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1903" box="[223,555,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CB6FB6CFE98C195" box="[223,354,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">barrowensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D19FB6CFDD1C195" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[368,555,1195,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FB0CFCF8C1B5" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,770,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FB0CFF85C1B5" box="[109,127,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">C</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CE1FB0CFF33C1B5" box="[136,201,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">itellus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CB6FB0CFEA1C1B5" box="[223,347,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D03FB0CFDDEC1B5" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[362,548,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FB2CFDAEC075" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04FB2CFDEEC055" authority="Osgood, 1903: 26" authorityName="Osgood" authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,532,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04FB2CFEBAC055" box="[109,320,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus nebulicola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D39FB2CFDEEC055" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[336,532,1259,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888E41FB2CFDA7C055" box="[552,605,1259,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888EA4FB2CFDEBC075" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Nagai Island, Shumagin Islands,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888DDFFACCFDF9C075" box="[438,515,1291,1314]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888E7EFACCFDAAC075" box="[535,592,1291,1314]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FAECFD2EC015" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,724,1323,1346]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C1FFAECFE0CC015" ID-CoL="3Q9L" authority=": Osgood, 1903: 27" authorityName="Oken" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1816" box="[118,502,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C1FFAECFF33C015" box="[118,201,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CB0FAECFED7C015" box="[217,301,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">osgoodi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D52FAECFE0CC015" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[315,502,1323,1346]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FA8CFEBEC095" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C1FFA8CFEE9C035" authority="Trouessart, 1904" box="[118,275,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C1FFA8CFEE9C035" box="[118,275,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888D4BFA8CFE64C035" box="[290,414,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">kadiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888DC5FA8CFD6BC035" author="TROUESSART, E. L." box="[428,657,1355,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref19198" refString="TROUESSART, E. L. 1904. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium [1897 - 1905]. Quinquennale supplementum anno 1904, fascic. 2. R. Friedlander and Sohn, Berlin." type="journal volume" year="1904">Trouessart, 1904:338</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888E0DFAACFEA1C0F5" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888E0DFAACFCE3C0D5" box="[612,793,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888CF4FA4CFEA1C0F5" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[157,347,1419,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888DFDFA4CFEC6C095" ID-CoL="5L8MP" authority="Allen, 1874" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1874" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="parryii" variety="kodiacensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888DFDFA4CFD83C0F5" box="[404,633,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888ED8FA4CFF43C095" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888CD6FA6CFEC6C095" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[191,316,1451,1474]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="276 - 294" refId="ref13781" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels, with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 294." type="journal article" year="1874">Allen, 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04FA0CFE9AC375" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C1FFA0CFD88C0B5" authority=": Trouessart, 1904: 338" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityPageNumber="338" authorityYear="1904" box="[118,626,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C1FFA0CFEE2C0B5" box="[118,280,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryi</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888D45FA0CFE8CC0B5" box="[300,374,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">plesius</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888DE1FA0CFD88C0B5" author="TROUESSART, E. L." box="[392,626,1483,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref19198" refString="TROUESSART, E. L. 1904. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium [1897 - 1905]. Quinquennale supplementum anno 1904, fascic. 2. R. Friedlander and Sohn, Berlin." type="journal volume" year="1904">Trouessart, 1904:338</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888E36FA2CFEA3C375" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888E36FA2CFCE2C355" box="[607,792,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888CF4F9CCFEA3C375" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[157,345,1547,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04F9ECFCE3C315" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,793,1579,1602]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C1FF9ECFDBAC315" ID-CoL="3Q9L" authority=": Trouessart, 1904: 338" authorityName="Oken" authorityPageNumber="338" authorityYear="1816" box="[118,576,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C1FF9ECFF33C315" box="[118,201,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CBEF9ECFEA8C315" box="[215,338,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">beringensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D34F9ECFDBAC315" author="TROUESSART, E. L." box="[349,576,1579,1602]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref19198" refString="TROUESSART, E. L. 1904. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium [1897 - 1905]. Quinquennale supplementum anno 1904, fascic. 2. R. Friedlander and Sohn, Berlin." type="journal volume" year="1904">Trouessart, 1904:338</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04F98CFF20C395" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04F98CFD36C335" authority=": Preble, 1908: 162" authorityName="Preble" authorityPageNumber="162" authorityYear="1908" box="[109,716,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryi" subGenus="Colobotis" subSpecies="kennicotti">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04F98CFF3AC335" box="[109,192,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888CBBF98CFEC0C335" box="[210,314,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Colobotis</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888D25F98CFDFAC335" box="[332,512,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">parryi kennicotti</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888E79F98CFD36C335" author="PREBLE, E. A." box="[528,716,1611,1634]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref18227" refString="PREBLE, E. A. 1908. A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region. North American Fauna 27. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1908">Preble, 1908:162</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888EDDF9ACFE56C3F5" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888EDDF9ACFF1DC3F5" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888C86F94CFE56C3F5" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[239,428,1675,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888D8AF94CFE08C3F5" box="[483,498,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">A</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888D92F94CFDB4C3F5" box="[507,590,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">rctomys</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888E0FF94CFD2CC3F5" box="[614,726,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888EB4F94CFF28C395" author="ROSS, B. R." pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref18712" refString="ROSS, B. R. 1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 6: 433 - 441." type="journal article" year="1861">Ross, 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04F90CFD39C3B5" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" box="[109,707,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04F90CFE1CC3B5" authority=": Ognev, 1926: 93" authorityName="Ognev" authorityPageNumber="93" authorityYear="1926" box="[109,486,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Colobotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buxtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04F90CFED1C3B5" box="[109,299,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Colobotis buxtoni</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888D50F90CFE1CC3B5" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[313,486,1739,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref17784" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1926. Mlekopitayushchie Severo-vostochnoi Sibiri [Mammals of Northeast Siberia]. Vladivostok." type="book" year="1926">Ognev, 1926:93</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04F92CFD19C215" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04F92CFD88C255" authority="Hall and Gilmore, 1932: 396" authorityName="Hall and Gilmore" authorityPageNumber="396" authorityYear="1932" box="[109,626,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04F92CFEE0C255" box="[109,282,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus lyratus</emphasis>
|
||
Hall and Gilmore, 1932:396
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888EEDF92CFD43C255" box="[644,697,1771,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB1FF888CF4F8CCFD5AC215" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
“Iviktook Lagoon, about
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB1FF888DDCF8CCFDE9C275" box="[437,531,1803,1826]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.632704" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" unit="mi" value="35.0">35 miles</quantity>
|
||
northwest of Northeast Cape, St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB1FF888E2CF8ECFD68C215" box="[581,658,1835,1858]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB1FF888ECFF8ECFD25C215" box="[678,735,1835,1858]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888C04F88CFE8BC2D5" blockId="1.[109,794,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888C04F88CFCEFC235" authority=": Chaworth-Musters, 1934: 557" authorityName="Chaworth-Musters" authorityPageNumber="557" authorityYear="1934" box="[109,789,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="eversmanni" subSpecies="leucostictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888C04F88CFE32C235" box="[109,456,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus eversmanni leucostictus</emphasis>
|
||
: Chaworth-Musters, 1934:557
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FF0CFBB1C455" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FF0CFA14C5B5" authority=": Ognev, 1937: 331" authorityName="Ognev" authorityPageNumber="331" authorityYear="1937" box="[840,1518,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="eversmanni" subGenus="Urocitellus" subSpecies="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FF0CFC61C5B5" box="[840,923,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888FC4FF0CFBDEC5B5" box="[941,1060,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF88885FFF0CFAD8C5B5" box="[1078,1314,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">eversmanni stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF88895AFF0CFA14C5B5" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1331,1518,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref17804" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1937. Materialy po sistematike palearkticeskih suslikov [Materials on the systematics of Palaearctic sousliks] Pp 324 - 337 in Pamati akademika Mihaila Aleksandrovica Menzbira [In Memory of Academician Mihail AleksandrovicMenzbir] (Anonymous, ed.). Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, Moscow & Leningrad, Russia." type="book" year="1937">Ognev, 1937:331</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FECCFB7BC435" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FECCFA15C475" authority="Ognev, 1937: 332" authorityName="Ognev" authorityPageNumber="332" authorityYear="1937" box="[840,1519,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="eversmanni" subGenus="Urocitellus" subSpecies="janensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FECCFC61C475" box="[840,923,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888FDBFECCFBD3C475" box="[946,1065,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888829FECCFAE5C475" box="[1088,1311,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">eversmanni janensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888947FECCFA15C475" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1326,1519,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref17804" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1937. Materialy po sistematike palearkticeskih suslikov [Materials on the systematics of Palaearctic sousliks] Pp 324 - 337 in Pamati akademika Mihaila Aleksandrovica Menzbira [In Memory of Academician Mihail AleksandrovicMenzbir] (Anonymous, ed.). Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, Moscow & Leningrad, Russia." type="book" year="1937">Ognev, 1937:332</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB1FF888F11FEECFC57C415" box="[888,941,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Mestnost’ Kenûrâh, v verhovâh r. Âny, dolina reki, Verhoânskij okrug.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FEACFA24C4D5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" box="[840,1502,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FEACFB05C4D5" authority="parryii: Howell, 1938: 91" authorityName="Howell" authorityPageNumber="91" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1279,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FEACFBC6C4D5" box="[840,1084,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii parryii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888822FEACFB05C4D5" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[1099,1279,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell, 1938:91</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FE4CFBFFC495" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FE4CFA68C4F5" authority=": Howell, 1938: 95" authorityName="Howell" authorityPageNumber="95" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1426,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="barrowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FE4CFB58C4F5" box="[840,1186,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii barrowensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888AFFE4CFA68C4F5" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[1222,1426,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell, 1938:95</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FE0CFA1FC4B5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" box="[840,1509,459,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FE0CFAFDC4B5" authority=": Howell, 1938: 98" authorityName="Howell" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1287,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="ablusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FE0CFBB9C4B5" box="[840,1091,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF88883BFE0CFAFDC4B5" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[1106,1287,459,482]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell, 1938:98</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FE2CFA0AC755" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" box="[840,1520,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FE2CFAE9C755" authority=": Howell, 1938: 100" authorityName="Howell" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1299,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="buxtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FE2CFBBBC755" box="[840,1089,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii buxtoni</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888839FE2CFAE9C755" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[1104,1299,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell, 1938:100</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FDCCFBFFC715" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FDCCFA68C775" authority=": Howell, 1938: 100" authorityName="Howell" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1426,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="nebulicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FDCCFB6BC775" box="[840,1169,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii nebulicola</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888DEFDCCFA68C775" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[1207,1426,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell, 1938:100</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FD8CFA11C735" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" box="[840,1515,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FD8CFAF7C735" authority=": Howell, 1938: 101" authorityName="Howell" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1938" box="[840,1293,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="lyratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FD8CFBC6C735" box="[840,1084,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii lyratus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888823FD8CFAF7C735" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[1098,1293,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell, 1938:101</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FDACFA0EC7D5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" box="[840,1524,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F38FDACFAE0C7D5" authority=": Heptner, 1941: 25" authorityName=": Miller and Rehn" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1903" box="[849,1306,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F38FDACFC08C7D5" box="[849,1010,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888869FDACFBAEC7D5" box="[1024,1108,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">osgoodi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888809FDACFAE0C7D5" author="HEPTNER, V. G." box="[1120,1306,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="21 - 27" refId="ref16280" refString="HEPTNER, V. G. 1941. Taxonomic and zoogeographical interrelations of some Asiatic and North-American ground-squirrels. Zoogeographica 4: 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="1941">Heptner, 1941:25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FD4CFBFFC795" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F38FD4CFA6CC7F5" authority=": Heptner, 1941: 25" authorityName=": Miller and Rehn" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1903" box="[849,1430,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F38FD4CFBFDC7F5" box="[849,1031,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888840FD4CFB5DC7F5" box="[1065,1191,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">leucostictus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888AEFD4CFA6CC7F5" author="HEPTNER, V. G." box="[1223,1430,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="21 - 27" refId="ref16280" refString="HEPTNER, V. G. 1941. Taxonomic and zoogeographical interrelations of some Asiatic and North-American ground-squirrels. Zoogeographica 4: 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="1941">Heptner, 1941:25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FD0CFBF3C675" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F38FD0CFC00C7B5" authorityName=": Miller and Rehn" authorityYear="1903" box="[849,1018,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F38FD0CFC00C7B5" box="[849,1018,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888866FD0CFB8DC7B5" box="[1039,1143,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">steinegeri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888E3FD0CFAB6C7B5" author="HEPTNER, V. G." box="[1162,1356,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="21 - 27" refId="ref16280" refString="HEPTNER, V. G. 1941. Taxonomic and zoogeographical interrelations of some Asiatic and North-American ground-squirrels. Zoogeographica 4: 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="1941">Heptner, 1941:26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888958FD2CFBF8C675" authority="Allen, 1903 a" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888958FD2CFA0FC655" box="[1329,1525,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888F11FCCCFBF8C675" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[888,1026,779,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="101 - 184" refId="ref13884" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1903 a. Report on the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 101 - 184." type="journal article" year="1903">Allen, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FCECFA0EC615" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" box="[840,1524,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F38FCECFC08C615" authorityName=": Miller and Rehn" authorityYear="1903" box="[849,1010,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F38FCECFC08C615" box="[849,1010,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F96FCECFBACC615" box="[1023,1110,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">janensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF88880BFCECFAE1C615" author="HEPTNER, V. G." box="[1122,1307,811,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="21 - 27" refId="ref16280" refString="HEPTNER, V. G. 1941. Taxonomic and zoogeographical interrelations of some Asiatic and North-American ground-squirrels. Zoogeographica 4: 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="1941">Heptner, 1941:26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FC8CFBB1C6D5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FC8CFA15C635" authority=": Ognev, 1947: 213" authorityName="Ognev" authorityPageNumber="213" authorityYear="1947" box="[840,1519,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subGenus="Urocitellus" subSpecies="buxtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FC8CFC61C635" box="[840,923,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888FDCFC8CFBD6C635" box="[949,1068,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF88882EFC8CFAEBC635" box="[1095,1297,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">undulatus buxtoni</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888943FC8CFA15C635" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1322,1519,843,866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev, 1947:213</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FC4CFBB1C695" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FC4CFA15C6F5" authority=": Ognev, 1947: 214" authorityName="Ognev" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="1947" box="[840,1519,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subGenus="Urocitellus" subSpecies="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FC4CFC61C6F5" box="[840,923,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888FD8FC4CFBD2C6F5" box="[945,1064,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888854FC4CFAE1C6F5" box="[1085,1307,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">undulatus stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888946FC4CFA15C6F5" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1327,1519,907,930]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev, 1947:214</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FC0CFBB1C155" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FC0CFA15C6B5" authority=": Ognev, 1947: 215" authorityName="Ognev" authorityPageNumber="215" authorityYear="1947" box="[840,1519,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subGenus="Urocitellus" subSpecies="janensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FC0CFC61C6B5" box="[840,923,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888FDDFC0CFBD1C6B5" box="[948,1067,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF88882DFC0CFAEEC6B5" box="[1092,1300,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">undulatus janensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF888945FC0CFA15C6B5" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1324,1519,971,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev, 1947:215</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FBCCFBFFC115" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FBCCFCA0C175" box="[840,858,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">C</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F0AFBCCFC5EC175" box="[867,932,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">itellus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888FAAFBCCFA65C175" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 121" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="121" authorityYear="1953" box="[963,1439,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888FAAFBCCFB41C175" box="[963,1211,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">undulatus leucostictus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888BBFBCCFA65C175" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1234,1439,1035,1058]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:121</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FB8CFBFFC1D5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FB8CFA75C135" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 121" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="121" authorityYear="1953" box="[840,1423,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FB8CFB77C135" box="[840,1165,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus undulatus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888DDFB8CFA75C135" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1204,1423,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:121</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FB4CFBFFC195" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FB4CFA66C1F5" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 122" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="122" authorityYear="1953" box="[840,1436,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="barrowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FB4CFB55C1F5" box="[840,1199,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus undulatus barrowensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888A3FB4CFA66C1F5" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1226,1436,1163,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:122</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FB0CFBFFC055" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FB0CFA6BC1B5" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 123" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1953" box="[840,1425,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="osgoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FB0CFB69C1B5" box="[840,1171,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus undulatus osgoodi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888D1FB0CFA6BC1B5" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1208,1425,1227,1250]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:123</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FACCFBFFC015" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FACCFA75C075" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 123" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1953" box="[840,1423,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FACCFB77C075" box="[840,1165,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus undulatus plesius</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888DDFACCFA75C075" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1204,1423,1291,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:123</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FA8CFBFFC0D5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FA8CFA6BC035" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 123" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1953" box="[840,1425,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="ablusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FA8CFB6BC035" box="[840,1169,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus undulatus ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888DEFA8CFA6BC035" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1207,1425,1355,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:123</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FA4CFBFFC095" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FA4CFA63C0F5" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 124" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="124" authorityYear="1953" box="[840,1433,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="kodiacensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FA4CFB51C0F5" box="[840,1195,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus undulatus kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888A1FA4CFA63C0F5" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1224,1433,1419,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:124</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21FA0CFBFFC355" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21FA0CFA75C0B5" authority=": Rausch, 1953: 125" authorityName="Rausch" authorityPageNumber="125" authorityYear="1953" box="[840,1423,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="lyratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21FA0CFB77C0B5" box="[840,1165,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Citellus undulatus lyratus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888DAFA0CFA75C0B5" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[1203,1423,1483,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch, 1953:125</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21F9CCFBB1C315" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21F9CCFA15C375" authority=": Bee and Hall, 1956: 43" authorityName="Bee and Hall" authorityPageNumber="43" authorityYear="1956" box="[840,1519,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="kennicottii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21F9CCFB2AC375" box="[840,1232,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus undulatus kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
: Bee and Hall, 1956:43
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21F98CFBFFC3D5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21F98CFA62C335" ID-CoL="6Z999" authority=": Harper, 1956: 17" authorityName="Harper" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1956" box="[840,1432,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21F98CFB41C335" box="[840,1211,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus undulatus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB1FF8888B1F98CFA62C335" author="HARPER, F." box="[1240,1432,1611,1634]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" refId="ref16099" refString="HARPER, F. 1956. The Mammals of Keewatin. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications 12. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence." type="book" year="1956">Harper, 1956:17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21F94CFBB1C395" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21F94CFA15C3F5" authority=": Hall and Kelson, 1959: 343" authorityName="Hall and Kelson" authorityPageNumber="343" authorityYear="1959" box="[840,1519,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="ablusus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21F94CFB56C3F5" box="[840,1196,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus undulatus ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21F90CFBB1C255" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21F90CFA15C3B5" authority=": Hall and Kelson, 1959: 343" authorityName="Hall and Kelson" authorityPageNumber="343" authorityYear="1959" box="[840,1519,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="kodiacensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21F90CFB32C3B5" box="[840,1224,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus undulatus kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21F8CCFBB1C215" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21F8CCFA15C275" authority=": Hall and Kelson, 1959: 343" authorityName="Hall and Kelson" authorityPageNumber="343" authorityYear="1959" box="[840,1519,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="lyratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21F8CCFB5DC275" box="[840,1191,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus undulatus lyratus</emphasis>
|
||
: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB1FF888F21F88CFBB1C2D5" blockId="1.[840,1525,203,1922]" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB1FF888F21F88CFA15C235" authority=": Hall and Kelson, 1959: 343" authorityName="Hall and Kelson" authorityPageNumber="343" authorityYear="1959" box="[840,1519,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="1" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="nebulicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB1FF888F21F88CFB3AC235" box="[840,1216,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="85">Spermophilus undulatus nebulicola</emphasis>
|
||
: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FF0CFE8BC455" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8C04FF0CFCEFC5B5" authority=": Hall and Kelson, 1959: 343" authorityName="Hall and Kelson" authorityPageNumber="343" authorityYear="1959" box="[109,789,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="osgoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FF0CFE29C5B5" box="[109,467,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Spermophilus undulatus osgoodi</emphasis>
|
||
: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FECCFE8BC415" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8C04FECCFCEFC475" authority=": Hall and Kelson, 1959: 343" authorityName="Hall and Kelson" authorityPageNumber="343" authorityYear="1959" box="[109,789,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FECCFE37C475" box="[109,461,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Spermophilus undulatus plesius</emphasis>
|
||
: Hall and Kelson, 1959:343
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FE8CFEA1C4B5" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8C04FE8CFD2FC435" authority="Portenko et al., 1963: 96" authorityName="Portenko" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1963" box="[109,725,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="coriakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FE8CFE41C435" box="[109,443,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Citellus undulatus coriakorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8DAFFE8CFD2FC435" author="PORTENKO, L. A. & A. A. KISHCHINSKY & F. B. CHERNYAVSKY" box="[454,725,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" refId="ref18153" refString="PORTENKO, L. A., A. A. KISHCHINSKY, AND F. B. CHERNYAVSKY. 1963. Mlekopitausie Korackogo Nagora [Mammals of the Koryak Highlands]. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1963">Portenko et al., 1963:96</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB2FF8B8E8AFE8CFCE2C435" box="[739,792,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB2FF8B8C9CFEACFCE2C4D5" box="[245,792,363,387]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">“Kamčatskaâ oblast’, Korâkskij AO, r. Ačajvaâm.”</quote>
|
||
(=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB2FF8B8CAEFE4CFEEBC4F5" box="[199,273,395,418]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB2FF8B8D4FFE4CFDFAC4F5" box="[294,512,395,418]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Kamchatka Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Korâkskij Autonomous District, Ačajvaâm River—translated by Pavlinov and Rossolimo 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FE2CFE49C735" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8C04FE2CFD3DC755" authority=": Gromov et al., 1965: 187" authorityName="Gromov" authorityPageNumber="187" authorityYear="1965" box="[109,711,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryi" subSpecies="coriacorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FE2CFE63C755" box="[109,409,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Citellus parryi coriacorum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8DC4FE2CFD3DC755" author="GROMOV, I. M. & D. I. BIBIKOV & N. I. KALABUKHOV & M. N. N. MEIER" box="[429,711,491,514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" refId="ref15802" refString="GROMOV, I. M., D. I. BIBIKOV, N. I. KALABUKHOV, AND M. N. N. MEIER. 1965. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayushchie tom. 3, vyp. 2: Nazemnye belich'e [Fauna of the U. S. S. R., Mammals Vol. 3, No. 2: ground squirrels]. Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, Russia." type="book" year="1965">Gromov et al., 1965:187</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8EDDFDCCFE4BC715" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8EDDFDCCFF1DC715" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8C9BFDECFE4BC715" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[242,433,555,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8D84FDECFE56C735" authority="Portenko et al., 1963" authorityName="Portenko" authorityYear="1963" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="undulatus" subSpecies="coriakorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D84FDECFF32C735" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Citellus undulatus coriakorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8CA6FD8CFE56C735" author="PORTENKO, L. A. & A. A. KISHCHINSKY & F. B. CHERNYAVSKY" box="[207,428,587,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" refId="ref18153" refString="PORTENKO, L. A., A. A. KISHCHINSKY, AND F. B. CHERNYAVSKY. 1963. Mlekopitausie Korackogo Nagora [Mammals of the Koryak Highlands]. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1963">Portenko et al., 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FDACFE9AC675" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8C04FDACFD2EC7D5" authority="Chernyavsky, 1972: 210" authorityName="Chernyavsky" authorityPageNumber="210" authorityYear="1972" box="[109,724,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryi" subSpecies="tschuktschorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FDACFE39C7D5" box="[109,451,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Citellus parryi tschuktschorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8DA6FDACFD2EC7D5" author="CHERNYAVSKY, F. B." box="[463,724,619,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" refId="ref15061" refString="CHERNYAVSKY, F. B. 1972. O rasprostranenii i geograficheskoi izmenchivosti Amerikanskovo dlinnokhvostovo suslika (Citellus parryi Rich., 1827) severo-vostochnoi Sibiri [On the distribution and geographic variation of the American long-tailed souslik (Citellus parryi Rich., 1827) in north-eastern Siberia]. P. 255 in Osnovnye problemy teriologii [Fundamental Problems of Theriology] (A. A. Nasimovich, ed.). Nauka, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1972">Chernyavsky, 1972:210</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB2FF8B8E8AFDACFCE2C7D5" box="[739,792,619,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<quote id="BA7FC1D9FFB2FF8B8C96FD4CFD40C7F5" box="[255,698,650,675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
“sred. teč. r. Amguèma, Vost.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB2FF8B8E39FD4DFD56C7F5" box="[592,684,650,675]" country="Russia" name="Chukotka" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Čukotka</collectingRegion>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
(= middle reaches of the Amguema River, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB2FF8B8ED8FD6CFCE2C795" box="[689,792,683,706]" country="Russia" name="Chukotka" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Chukotka</collectingRegion>
|
||
Peninsula, Russia—translated by Baranova and Gromov 2003). Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8E37FD2CFEA3C675" authority="Richardson, 1825" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Arctomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8E37FD2CFCE2C655" box="[606,792,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Arctomys parryii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8CF4FCCCFEA3C675" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[157,345,779,802]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FCECFED3C635" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FCECFF80C615" box="[109,122,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFCECFEF3C615" box="[132,265,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D77FCECFED1C615" box="[286,299,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D5DFCECFE8BC615" box="[308,369,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8DEFFCECFD35C615" ID-CoL="82e8049c-5e72-4661-8e40-c50ddab6f3da" authority=": Nadler et al., 1973: 34" authorityName="Nadler" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1973" box="[390,719,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DEFFCECFE20C615" box="[390,474,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">osgoodi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D81FCECFD35C615" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[488,719,811,834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al., 1973:34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FCACFED1C6F5" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FCACFF80C6D5" box="[109,122,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFCACFEF3C6D5" box="[132,265,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D76FCACFED6C6D5" box="[287,300,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D5FFCACFE89C6D5" box="[310,371,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8DE0FCACFD37C6D5" authority=": Nadler et al., 1973: 34" authorityName="Nadler" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1973" box="[393,717,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DE0FCACFE29C6D5" box="[393,467,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">plesius</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D8BFCACFD37C6D5" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[482,717,875,898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al., 1973:34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FC6CFED0C6B5" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FC6CFF80C695" box="[109,122,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFC6CFEF3C695" box="[132,265,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D77FC6CFED1C695" box="[286,299,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D5CFC6CFE88C695" box="[309,370,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DEEFC6CFE22C695" box="[391,472,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D8FFC6CFD35C695" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[486,719,939,962]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al., 1973:34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FC2CFED1C175" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FC2CFF80C155" box="[109,122,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFC2CFEF3C155" box="[132,265,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D49FC2CFED7C155" box="[288,301,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D5FFC2CFE89C155" box="[310,371,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8DE0FC2CFD37C155" authority=": Nadler et al., 1973: 34" authorityName="Nadler" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1973" box="[393,717,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DE0FC2CFE29C155" box="[393,467,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">lyratus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D88FC2CFD37C155" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[481,717,1003,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al., 1973:34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FBECFE0FC1D5" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FBECFF80C115" box="[109,122,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFBECFEF3C115" box="[132,265,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D4FFBECFEC9C115" box="[294,307,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D54FBECFE80C115" box="[317,378,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DFEFBECFE05C115" box="[407,511,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">steinegeri</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8E7DFBECFCEEC115" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[532,788,1067,1090]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al., 1973:35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8CF4FBACFE14C1D5" authority="Allen, 1903 a" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1903" box="[157,494,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CF4FBACFEA5C1D5" box="[157,351,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Citellus stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D0DFBACFE14C1D5" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[356,494,1131,1154]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="101 - 184" refId="ref13884" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1903 a. Report on the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 101 - 184." type="journal article" year="1903">Allen, 1903a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FB4CFE8BC195" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FB4CFF80C1F5" box="[109,122,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFB4CFEF3C1F5" box="[132,265,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D4AFB4CFECAC1F5" box="[291,304,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D50FB4CFE8CC1F5" box="[313,374,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8DE6FB4CFCEEC1F5" authority=": Nadler et al., 1973: 35" authorityName="Nadler" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1973" box="[399,788,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DE6FB4CFDF7C1F5" box="[399,525,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">leucostictus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8E76FB4CFCEEC1F5" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[543,788,1163,1186]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al., 1973:35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FB0CFED3C055" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FB0CFF80C1B5" box="[109,122,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFB0CFEF3C1B5" box="[132,265,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D77FB0CFED1C1B5" box="[286,299,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D5DFB0CFE8BC1B5" box="[308,369,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DECFB0CFE26C1B5" box="[389,476,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">janensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D80FB0CFD2AC1B5" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[489,720,1227,1250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al., 1973:35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FACCFE97C035" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8C04FACCFD77C075" authority=": Robinson, 1973: 1" authorityName="Robinson" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1973" box="[109,653,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="kennicotti">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FACCFE3BC075" box="[109,449,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Spermophilus parryii kennicotti</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8DA6FACCFD77C075" author="ROBINSON, J. W." box="[463,653,1291,1314]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" refId="ref18634" refString="ROBINSON, J. W. 1973. Geographical and interspecific cranial variation in big-eared ground squirrels (Spermophilus): a multivariate study. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1973">Robinson, 1973:1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8E01FAECFD8DC015" box="[616,631,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">A</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8E16FAECFD28C015" box="[639,722,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">rctomys</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8E83FAECFF13C035" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8C99FA8CFE9CC035" author="ROSS, B. R." box="[240,358,1355,1378]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref18712" refString="ROSS, B. R. 1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 6: 433 - 441." type="journal article" year="1861">Ross, 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FAACFE19C0F5" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FAACFF80C0D5" box="[109,122,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">S</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CEDFAACFEF3C0D5" box="[132,265,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">permophilus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D4FFAACFEC9C0D5" box="[294,307,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">p</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D55FAACFE83C0D5" box="[316,377,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">arryii</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8DFFFAACFEFFC0F5" authority=": Nadler and Hoffmann, 1977: 748" authorityName="Nadler and Hoffmann" authorityPageNumber="748" authorityYear="1977" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8DFFFAACFDFCC0D5" box="[406,518,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">nebulicola</emphasis>
|
||
: Nadler and Hoffmann, 1977:748
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FA6CFE91C0B5" blockId="2.[109,793,203,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8C04FA6CFDB8C095" ID-CoL="7DTS9" authority=": Helgen et al., 2009: 297" authorityName="Helgen" authorityPageNumber="297" authorityYear="2009" box="[109,578,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04FA6CFECFC095" box="[109,309,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D2DFA6CFDB8C095" author="HELGEN, K. M. & F. R. COLE & L. E. HELGEN & D. E. WILSON" box="[324,578,1451,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="270 - 305" refId="ref16233" refString="HELGEN, K. M., F. R. COLE, L. E. HELGEN, AND D. E. WILSON. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305." type="journal article" year="2009">Helgen et al., 2009:297</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. First use of current name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB2FF8B8C04FA3CFF13C325" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04FA3CFF13C325" blockId="2.[108,793,1531,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8DDCFA3CFDEFC345" box="[437,533,1531,1554]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8E17FA3CFCEEC345" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1855" box="[638,788,1531,1554]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8CD2F9DCFEE5C365" box="[187,287,1563,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8DC9F9DCFE0EC365" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1910" box="[416,500,1563,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerinae">Xerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8E57F9DCFD4AC365" box="[574,688,1563,1586]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Marmotini">Marmotini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The following 10 subspecies and their synonyms are recognized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8EA5F9FCFF24C325" author="HELGEN, K. M. & F. R. COLE & L. E. HELGEN & D. E. WILSON" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="270 - 305" refId="ref16233" refString="HELGEN, K. M., F. R. COLE, L. E. HELGEN, AND D. E. WILSON. 2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 270 - 305." type="journal article" year="2009">Helgen et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB2FF8B8C04F94CFC11C495" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04F94CFEFDC395" blockId="2.[109,792,1675,1922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04F94CFF01C3F5" box="[109,251,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p. ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D65F94CFE3DC3F5" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[268,455,1675,1698]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See above;
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8E31F94CFD62C3F5" box="[600,664,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">stonei</emphasis>
|
||
(Allen) is a synonym.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04F90CFD28C255" blockId="2.[109,792,1675,1922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04F90CFED2C3B5" box="[109,296,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D56F90CFE0AC3B5" author="ROSS, B. R." box="[319,496,1739,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref18712" refString="ROSS, B. R. 1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 6: 433 - 441." type="journal article" year="1861">Ross, 1861:434</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See above;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8EFCF90CFEF6C255" authority="(Merriam)" authorityName=": Osgood" authorityYear="1903" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8EFCF90CFCE2C3B5" box="[661,792,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">barrowensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Merriam)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8D29F92CFDCBC255" authority="(Merriam)" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" box="[320,561,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beringensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8D29F92CFE41C255" box="[320,443,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">beringensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Merriam)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04F8CCFD91C275" blockId="2.[109,792,1675,1922]" box="[109,619,1803,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04F8CCFEDEC275" box="[109,292,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p. kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D5DF8CCFE1EC275" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[308,484,1803,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="276 - 294" refId="ref13781" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1874. On geographical variation in color among North American squirrels, with a list of the species and varieties of the American Sciuridae occurring north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16: 276 - 294." type="journal article" year="1874">Allen, 1874:292</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04F8ECFD4CC235" blockId="2.[109,792,1675,1922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04F8ECFF65C215" box="[109,159,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8CCDF8ECFE0DC215" authority="(Brandt, 1844: 379)" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityPageNumber="379" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[164,503,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CCDF8ECFED8C215" box="[164,290,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">leucostictus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8D58F8ECFE14C215" author="BRANDT, J. F." box="[305,494,1835,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="357 - 382" refId="ref14592" refString="BRANDT, J. F. 1844. Observations sur les differentes especes de sousliks de Russie, suivies de remarques sur l'arrangement et la distribution geographique du genre Spermophilus, anse que sur la classification de la familie des ecureuils (Sciurina) en general. Bulletin Scientifique l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 1 - 2: 357 - 382." type="journal article" year="1844">Brandt, 1844:379</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8E1CF8ECFCE2C215" authority="(Allen)" baseAuthorityName="Allen" box="[629,792,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Colobotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buxtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8E1CF8ECFD3EC215" box="[629,708,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">buxtoni</emphasis>
|
||
(Allen)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CA2F88CFE88C235" box="[203,370,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">tschuktschorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Chernyavsky) are synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8C04F8ACFD42C2D5" blockId="2.[109,792,1675,1922]" box="[109,696,1899,1922]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8C04F8ACFF58C2D5" box="[109,162,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8CC1F8ACFDC3C2D5" authority="(Hall and Gilmore, 1932: 396)" baseAuthorityName="Hall and Gilmore" baseAuthorityPageNumber="396" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[168,569,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8CC1F8ACFF08C2D5" box="[168,242,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">lyratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Hall and Gilmore, 1932:396)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8F21FF0CFABEC5B5" blockId="2.[840,1525,203,450]" box="[840,1348,203,226]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F21FF0CFC87C5B5" box="[840,893,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FEAFF0CFB3CC5B5" authority="(Osgood, 1903: 26)" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityPageNumber="26" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[899,1222,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FEAFF0CFC09C5B5" box="[899,1011,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">nebulicola</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B886BFF0CFB47C5B5" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[1026,1213,203,226]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="25 - 28" refId="ref17954" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1903. Two new spermophiles from Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 16: 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1903">Osgood, 1903:26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8F21FF2CFAC8C455" blockId="2.[840,1525,203,450]" box="[840,1330,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F21FF2CFC87C455" box="[840,893,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FEAFF2CFB4EC455" ID-CoL="82e8049c-5e72-4661-8e40-c50ddab6f3da" authority="(Merriam, 1900: 18)" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityPageNumber="18" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[899,1204,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FEAFF2CFC2DC455" box="[899,983,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">osgoodi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8F8EFF2CFB51C455" author="MERRIAM, C. H." box="[999,1195,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="13 - 30" refId="ref17244" refString="MERRIAM, C. H. 1900. Descriptions of twenty-six new mammals from Alaska and British North America. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 2: 13 - 30." type="journal article" year="1900">Merriam, 1900:18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8F21FECCFB64C415" blockId="2.[840,1525,203,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F21FECCFC7BC475" box="[840,897,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FE0FECCFB26C475" ID-CoL="7DTS9" authority="(Richardson, 1825: 316)" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityPageNumber="316" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[905,1244,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FE0FECCFC29C475" box="[905,979,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8F8AFECCFB2EC475" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[995,1236,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson, 1825:316</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above;
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8903FECCFA0FC475" box="[1386,1525,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">phaeognatha</emphasis>
|
||
(Richardson) is a synonym.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8F21FE8CFAE4C435" blockId="2.[840,1525,203,450]" box="[840,1310,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F21FE8CFC87C435" box="[840,893,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FEAFE8CFB5AC435" authority="(Osgood, 1900: 29)" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityPageNumber="29" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[899,1184,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FEAFE8CFC37C435" box="[899,973,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">plesius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8FB5FE8CFB6DC435" author="OSGOOD, W. H." box="[988,1175,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" refId="ref17920" refString="OSGOOD, W. H. 1900. Results of a biological reconoissance of the Yukon River Region. North American Fauna 19. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1900">Osgood, 1900:29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8F21FEACFC11C495" blockId="2.[840,1525,203,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F21FEACFC87C4D5" box="[840,893,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FEAFEACFB3AC4D5" authority="(Allen, 1903 a: 142)" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityPageNumber="142" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[899,1216,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FEAFEACFC11C4D5" box="[899,1003,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">stejnegeri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB2FF8B8F92FEACFB4DC4D5" author="ALLEN, J. A." box="[1019,1207,363,386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" pagination="101 - 184" refId="ref13884" refString="ALLEN, J. A. 1903 a. Report on the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19: 101 - 184." type="journal article" year="1903">Allen, 1903a:142</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B892CFEACFC35C4F5" authority="(von Kittlitz)" baseAuthorityName="von Kittlitz" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunniceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B892CFEACFA46C4D5" box="[1349,1468,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">brunniceps</emphasis>
|
||
(von Kittlitz)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FB4FE4CFBA3C4F5" box="[989,1113,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">coriakorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Portenko) and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8966FE4CFA9CC4F5" box="[1295,1382,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">janensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Ognev) are synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB2FF8B8825FDCEFBACC2D3" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB2FF8B8825FDCEFBACC2D3" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8825FDCEFB15C774" blockId="2.[1100,1263,521,547]" box="[1100,1263,521,547]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB2FF8B8825FDCEFB15C774" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,521,547]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8825FDCEFB15C774" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,521,547]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8F1AFD8AFB15C113" blockId="2.[838,1525,589,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8F1AFD8AFBCFC733" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[883,1077,589,612]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F1AFD8AFBCFC733" box="[883,1077,589,612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="50BB2A4EFFB2FF8B882DFD8AFB7AC733" box="[1092,1152,589,612]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1794,1815]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1072,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-424@0.[845,1517,1072,1781]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult Urocitellus parryii from the north slope of Alaska in 2012. Used with permission of the photographer, Michael J. Sheriff." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573559/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) is the northernmost species within the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FA9FDAAFBD9C7D3" box="[960,1059,621,644]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciuridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the only sciurid with a Holarctic distribution. A quintessential high-latitude mammal and the largest species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8870FD6AFB77C793" box="[1049,1165,685,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8870FD6AFB77C793" box="[1049,1165,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B88F0FD6AFB04C793" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1177,1278,685,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B88F0FD6AFB04C793" box="[1177,1278,685,708]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of the bigeared species group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B885EFD0AFB51C7B3" box="[1079,1195,717,740]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B885EFD0AFB51C7B3" box="[1079,1195,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which are larger-bodied, more mesic-adapted and have greater latitudinal distributions than their congeners. In pelage,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8832FCCAFB39C673" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1115,1219,781,804]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8832FCCAFB94C673" box="[1115,1134,781,804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8812FCCAFB39C673" box="[1147,1219,781,804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most intensely and variably colored of its congeners (except possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B892CFCEAFC46C633" authority=", Columbian" authorityName="Columbian" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B892CFCEAFA16C613" box="[1349,1516,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. columbianus</emphasis>
|
||
, Columbian
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ground squirrel). The dorsum varies in color from pale buff or grizzled buff to ochre or rich chestnut and is more deeply colored than the unmarked venter, being noticeably flecked with white spots in all color phases.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B88EEFC6AFB17C693" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1159,1261,941,964]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B88EEFC6AFB17C693" box="[1159,1261,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more colorful head than body, with forehead darker than cheeks; shoulders, forelimbs, and hindlimbs that are unmarked but more colorfully washed than the venter; and a relatively long-haired tail that is grizzled or dark above and buffy, ochre or reddish below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB2FF8B8F1AFB8AFBACC2D3" blockId="2.[838,1525,589,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8F1AFB8AFBC1C133" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[883,1083,1101,1124]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F1AFB8AFBC1C133" box="[883,1083,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from members of the small-eared group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8834FBAAFB2EC1D3" box="[1117,1236,1133,1156]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8834FBAAFB2EC1D3" box="[1117,1236,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on its much greater head–body length (>
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B8840FB4AFB87C1F3" box="[1065,1149,1165,1188]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="200.0">200mm</quantity>
|
||
) and weight (the latter approaching an order of magnitude in some individuals); longer tail (>
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B89F6FB6AFA13C193" box="[1439,1513,1197,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and hind feet (>
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B886BFB0AFBACC1B3" box="[1026,1110,1229,1252]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
); and longer, denser, and more colorful pelage. Individuals of most subspecies (except
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B890CFB2AFA10C053" box="[1381,1514,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B89C9FB2AFA10C053" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1440,1514,1261,1284]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) can be distinguished from other Nearctic big-eared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8917FACAFA0FC073" box="[1406,1525,1293,1316]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8917FACAFA0FC073" box="[1406,1525,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FC8FAEAFBB7C013" box="[929,1101,1325,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FC8FAEAFBB7C013" box="[929,1101,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. columbianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by greater weight (usually>
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B89C3FAEAFA10C013" box="[1450,1514,1325,1348]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="g" value="450.0">450 g</quantity>
|
||
) and longer head–body length (usually>
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B8960FA8AFA93C033" box="[1289,1385,1357,1380]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="340.0">340 mm</quantity>
|
||
); darker and more colorful pelage with dorsal flecking; and longer, bushier tail. From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FD2FA4AFB9EC0F3" box="[955,1124,1421,1444]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FD2FA4AFB9EC0F3" box="[955,1124,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. columbianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it can be distinguished primarily by its more buffy (and less reddish) coloration, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B893FFA6AFA3BC093" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1366,1473,1453,1476]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B893FFA6AFA3BC093" box="[1366,1473,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also averages slightly larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8810FA0AFADBC0B3" box="[1145,1313,1485,1508]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8810FA0AFADBC0B3" box="[1145,1313,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. columbianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in total length (245 versus
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B8FFAFA2AFC15C353" box="[915,1007,1517,1540]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="233.0">233 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively) and tail length (55 versus
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B89C8FA2AFA15C353" box="[1441,1519,1517,1540]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively). From the Palearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B88BEF9CAFA93C373" box="[1239,1385,1549,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B88BEF9CAFA93C373" box="[1239,1385,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. undulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, long-tailed ground squirrel, with which it was formerly considered conspecific and resembles most closely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B88DFF98AFADBC333" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1206,1313,1613,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B88DFF98AFADBC333" box="[1206,1313,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished by a more richly colored head, bolder dorsal flecking, and greater color contrast between head and back (Krystufek and Vohralik 2013), as well as a slightly larger average total length (
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B89F1F96AFA09C393" box="[1432,1523,1709,1732]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="245.0">245 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8F00F90AFC23C3B3" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[873,985,1741,1764]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F00F90AFC23C3B3" box="[873,985,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB2FF8B885FF90AFB69C3B3" box="[1078,1171,1741,1764]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B88A8F90AFAAAC3B3" box="[1217,1360,1741,1764]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B88A8F90AFAAAC3B3" box="[1217,1360,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. undulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8F21F92AFC49C253" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[840,947,1773,1796]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8F21F92AFC49C253" box="[840,947,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a karyotype of 2
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B88FCF92AFB58C253" box="[1173,1186,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 34, distinguishing it from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FECF8CAFC06C273" box="[901,1020,1805,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FECF8CAFC06C273" box="[901,1020,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B881DF8CAFB1EC273" baseAuthorityName="Nadler" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1140,1252,1805,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B881DF8CAFB1EC273" box="[1140,1252,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB2FF8B889BF8CAFAA7C273" box="[1266,1373,1805,1828]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
ground squirrel) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B8FCFF8EAFBDAC213" baseAuthorityName="Kennicott" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[934,1056,1837,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B8FCFF8EAFBDAC213" box="[934,1056,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. armatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Uinta ground squirrel).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB2FF8B895FF8EAFA59C213" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1334,1443,1837,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB2FF8B895FF8EAFA59C213" box="[1334,1443,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="86">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also easily distinguished based on geography, being nowhere sympatric with any congener.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB3FF8C8D78FF0CFAC1C1B3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB3FF8D8D78FF0CFE20C675" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB3FF8A8D78FF0CFD8FC5B2" blockId="3.[273,629,203,229]" box="[273,629,203,229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB3FF8A8D78FF0CFD8FC5B2" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[273,629,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D78FF0CFD8FC5B2" bold="true" box="[273,629,203,229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB3FF8A8CF1FEC8FD43C151" blockId="3.[108,794,271,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8CF1FEC8FE9CC471" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[152,358,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8CF1FEC8FE9CC471" box="[152,358,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="50BB2A4EFFB3FF8A8D14FEC8FE38C471" box="[381,450,271,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1794,1815]" captionTargetBox="[845,1517,1072,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-424@0.[845,1517,1072,1781]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult Urocitellus parryii from the north slope of Alaska in 2012. Used with permission of the photographer, Michael J. Sheriff." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573559/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) resembles other true ground squirrels in gross external morphology in having a semicylindrical body plan, dorsoventrally compressed cranium, shortened pinnae, relatively short but stout limbs, and relatively elongated manus, pes, and digits with sharp claws. The posture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8EA2FE48FF68C491" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8EA2FE48FF68C491" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is plantigrade; forelimbs and hindlimbs possess 4 and 5 digits, respectively. Membranous cheek pouches are present. Tail length is typically 35–50% of head–body length. Ranges of external measurements (mm) for mainland subspecies excluding
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8C04FDE8FF0DC711" box="[109,247,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8CC4FDE8FF0DC711" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[173,247,559,582]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are as follows: total length, 340–495; tail length, 88–165; hind foot length, 52–68. Ranges of the same measurements (mm) from the more diminutive
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8E72FDA8FD59C7D1" box="[539,675,623,646]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8E30FDA8FD59C7D1" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[601,675,623,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are as follows: total length, 300–363; tail length, 85–105; hind foot length, 50–57. Ear length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8D26FD68FE43C791" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[335,441,687,710]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D26FD68FE43C791" box="[335,441,687,710]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB3FF8A8E2EFD68FD29C791" box="[583,723,687,710]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="10.0">10 to 21 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Adult weights from
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB3FF8A8D6EFD08FE52C7B1" box="[263,424,719,742]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" unit="g" value="725.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="450.0">450 to 1,000 g</quantity>
|
||
are possible, and average greater in northern than southern populations. Weights exceeding
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB3FF8A8E8EFD28FCE0C651" box="[743,794,751,774]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" unit="kg" value="1.0">1 kg</quantity>
|
||
have occasionally been reported in
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D8EFCC8FD96C671" box="[487,620,783,806]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8E4BFCC8FD96C671" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[546,620,783,806]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8E13FCC8FF79C611" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8CF9FCE8FEE0C611" box="[144,282,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8CAFFCE8FEE0C611" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[198,282,815,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D3BFCE8FDF2C611" box="[338,520,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8DE3FCE8FDF2C611" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[394,520,815,838]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">leucostictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8E7EFCE8FD5AC611" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[535,672,815,838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Buck and Barnes 1999a; Krystufek and Vohralik 2013). Sexual dimorphism exists; males average 2–4% greater in cranial dimensions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8D00FC48FE01C6F1" author="PEARSON, T." box="[361,507,911,934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" refId="ref18079" refString="PEARSON, T. 1981. Geographic and intraspecific cranial variation in North American Arctic ground squirrels. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1981">Pearson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 4–10% greater in external linear measurements, and occasionally up to 10% greater in body mass than females. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8D87FC08FD79C6B1" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[494,643,975,998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described ear lengths greater in female than in male
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8E6EFC28FD4BC151" box="[519,689,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB3FF8A8CF1FBC8FDAAC311" blockId="3.[108,794,271,1990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8CF1FBC8FE9DC171" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[152,359,1039,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8CF1FBC8FE9DC171" box="[152,359,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows significant variation in pelage color across its range, which in several instances is unreflective of phylogeny. Extremes of dorsal hue are the pale buff of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8C04FBA8FF08C1D1" box="[109,242,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8CC1FBA8FF08C1D1" baseAuthorityName="Hall and Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[168,242,1135,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and some
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D0CFBA8FDE4C1D1" box="[357,542,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8DC9FBA8FDE4C1D1" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[416,542,1135,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">leucostictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the dark ochre and rich chestnut of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D4CFB48FE4BC1F1" box="[293,433,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8D0EFB48FE4BC1F1" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[359,433,1167,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D85FB48FD78C1F1" box="[492,642,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8E47FB48FD78C1F1" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[558,642,1167,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, respectively. Amounts of dorsal flecking range from marked to diffuse; variation along this continuum can also be observed within some subspecies. The heels of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8D32FB28FE3CC051" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[347,454,1263,1286]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D32FB28FE3CC051" box="[347,454,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are partially to densely haired. Tail coloration is darkest in
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8DF0FAC8FDABC071" box="[409,593,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. p. kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8E37FAC8FD1EC071" box="[606,740,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8EF3FAC8FD1EC071" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[666,740,1295,1318]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8C07FAE8FEFCC011" box="[110,262,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8CDBFAE8FEFCC011" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[178,262,1327,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, being nearly completely black above in some populations of the latter.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8D1FFA88FDEBC031" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[374,529,1359,1382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8E2DFA88FD1AC031" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[580,736,1359,1382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" pagination="91 - 148" refId="ref18318" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1953. On the status of some Arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91 - 148." type="journal article" year="1953">Rausch (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave additional pelage descriptions for most subspecies. Melanism occurs in
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8CBEFA48FE9CC0F1" box="[215,358,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8D7BFA48FE9CC0F1" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[274,358,1423,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D1DFA48FE00C0F1" box="[372,506,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8DD9FA48FE00C0F1" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[432,506,1423,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8E5FFA48FD18C0F1" box="[566,738,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
(and possibly additional subspecies).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8DB3FA68FD87C091" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[474,637,1455,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that about 20% of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D79FA08FE5CC0B1" box="[272,422,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8D3BFA08FE5CC0B1" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[338,422,1487,1510]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
specimens examined were melanistic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8CDCFA28FEACC351" author="GUTHRIE, R. D." box="[181,342,1519,1542]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" pagination="227 - 230" refId="ref15878" refString="GUTHRIE, R. D. 1967. Fire melanism among mammals. The American Midland Naturalist 77: 227 - 230." type="journal article" year="1967">Guthrie (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
interpreted this trait as fire melanism and suggested it was maintained by balancing selection due to the high frequency of wildfires in central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB3FF8A8D97F9E8FDB6C311" box="[510,588,1583,1606]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9CFF6643FFB3FF8A8F21FA44FB86C0A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573561" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573561/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" startId="3.[840,875,1411,1432]" targetBox="[861,1501,200,1397]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB3FF8A8F21FA44FB86C0A7" blockId="3.[840,1523,1411,1520]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8F21FA44FC72C0CF" bold="true" box="[840,904,1411,1432]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A881CFA67FA64C0E2" baseAuthorityName="Ross" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1141,1438,1440,1461]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="parryii" subSpecies="kennicottii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A881CFA67FA64C0E2" box="[1141,1438,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Urocitellus parryii kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(United States National Museum [USNM] 292987) from the mouth of Anaktuvuk River, Alaska, USA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB3FF8A8CF1F988FB4BC3BF" blockId="3.[108,794,271,1990]" lastBlockId="3.[837,1525,1553,1992]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8CF1F988FECEC331" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[152,308,1615,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
detailed the distinguishing craniodental morphological characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8D14F9A8FE13C3D1" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[381,489,1647,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D14F9A8FE13C3D1" box="[381,489,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="50BB2A4EFFB3FF8A8E1BF9A8FD49C3D1" box="[626,691,1647,1670]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[840,875,1411,1432]" captionTargetBox="[861,1501,200,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-696@3.[861,1501,200,1397]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult female Urocitellus parryii kennicottii (United States National Museum [USNM] 292987) from the mouth of Anaktuvuk River, Alaska, USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573561/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is more robust and angular than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8DA2F948FDBBC3F1" box="[459,577,1679,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8DA2F948FDBBC3F1" box="[459,577,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a broader and heavier zygomatic arch, heavier postorbital processes, broader nasals, broader and more inflated auditory bullae, and a welldeveloped posterior loph of M3. Greatest length of skull and zygomatic breadth for subspecies (excluding
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8E22F8C8FD37C271" box="[587,717,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8EEAF8C8FD37C271" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[643,717,1807,1830]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) range from
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB3FF8A8CCFF8E8FEA8C211" box="[166,338,1839,1862]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.95" metricValueMax="6.58" metricValueMin="5.32" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="59.5" valueMax="65.8" valueMin="53.2">53.2 to 65.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB3FF8A8DECF8E8FDCEC211" box="[389,564,1839,1862]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.875" metricValueMax="4.43" metricValueMin="3.32" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="38.75" valueMax="44.3" valueMin="33.2">33.2 to 44.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively. Ranges of the same measurements in
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8DD3F888FDBFC231" box="[442,581,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8D92F888FDBFC231" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[507,581,1871,1894]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB3FF8A8E13F888FCE2C231" box="[634,792,1871,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3549999999999995" metricValueMax="5.64" metricValueMin="5.07" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="53.55" valueMax="56.4" valueMin="50.7">50.7–56.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB3FF8A8CC9F8A8FEB9C2D1" box="[160,323,1903,1926]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3899999999999997" metricValueMax="3.55" metricValueMin="3.2299999999999995" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="33.9" valueMax="35.5" valueMin="32.3">32.3–35.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively. Additional cranial measurements (mm; mean and ranges for 6 males—Howell 1938) for the nominal subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8D2EF868FE37C291" box="[327,461,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8DEAF868FE37C291" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[387,461,1967,1990]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are as follows: cranial breadth (= breadth of braincase), 24.7 (23.5–25.5); palatal length, 31.2 (30.3–32.5); interorbital breadth, 13.4 (12.9–13.8); postorbital breadth, 13.4 (12.7–14.1); length of nasals, 23.6 (21.9–25.1); length of maxillary toothrow, 13.6 (13.2–14.1). Aging can result in cranial modification, including bone thickening, more pronounced postorbital constriction, and increased ossification of incisive foramina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB3FF8A8879F916FB5AC3BF" author="PEARSON, T." box="[1040,1184,1745,1768]" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" refId="ref18079" refString="PEARSON, T. 1981. Geographic and intraspecific cranial variation in North American Arctic ground squirrels. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1981">Pearson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB3FF8D8F1AF936FE20C675" blockId="3.[837,1525,1553,1992]" lastBlockId="4.[108,794,203,802]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Robinson and Hoffmann (1975) analyzed cranial morphology of big-eared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8FB9F8D6FBBDC27F" box="[976,1095,1809,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8FB9F8D6FBBDC27F" box="[976,1095,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a multivariate context; although their study included only 2 subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A88A4F8F6FACDC21F" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1229,1335,1841,1864]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A88A4F8F6FACDC21F" box="[1229,1335,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A892EF8F6FA09C21F" box="[1351,1523,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A8F1FF896FBD5C23F" box="[886,1071,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A8FDBF896FBD5C23F" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[946,1071,1873,1896]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">leucostictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), cluster analyses recovered greater shape differences between those subspecies than among some species pairs of big-eared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB3FF8A887DF856FB71C2FF" box="[1044,1163,1937,1960]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB3FF8A887DF856FB71C2FF" box="[1044,1163,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="87">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Cranial size, pronouncement of temporal ridges, length of nasals, and relative development of the posterior loph of M3 are variable among some subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8C04FF2CFE86C455" authority="(Howell 1938)" baseAuthorityName="Howell" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[109,380,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8C04FF2CFF22C455" box="[109,216,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8C8EFF2CFE8BC455" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[231,369,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a list of other variable mensural characters can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8D08FECCFDFEC475" author="PEARSON, T." box="[353,516,267,290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" refId="ref18079" refString="PEARSON, T. 1981. Geographic and intraspecific cranial variation in North American Arctic ground squirrels. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1981">Pearson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The skull characters that best distinguish
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8D76FEECFE34C415" box="[287,462,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
from the Palearctic
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8EC6FEECFF30C435" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8E87FEECFF30C435" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">leucostictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8D07FE8CFDD8C435" author="ROBINSON, J. W." box="[366,546,331,354]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" refId="ref18634" refString="ROBINSON, J. W. 1973. Geographical and interspecific cranial variation in big-eared ground squirrels (Spermophilus): a multivariate study. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1973">Robinson (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Interspecific variation in cranial morphology of big-eared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8D98FEACFD92C4D5" box="[497,616,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8D98FEACFD92C4D5" box="[497,616,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strongly allometric and also correlated with latitude (Robinson and Hoffmann 1975). Similarly, intraspecific cranial variation among Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8C06FE0CFF21C4B5" baseAuthorityName="Howell" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[111,219,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8C06FE0CFF21C4B5" box="[111,219,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is broadly correlated with latitude, as well as with temperature and precipitation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8DD7FE2CFDAAC755" author="PEARSON, T." box="[446,592,491,514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" refId="ref18079" refString="PEARSON, T. 1981. Geographic and intraspecific cranial variation in North American Arctic ground squirrels. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1981">Pearson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); larger forms are found in coolest and driest conditions. No significant cranial variability was found in Siberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8DC4FDECFCE9C715" authority="(Vorontsov et al. 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Vorontsov" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[429,787,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8DC4FDECFDEDC715" box="[429,535,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8E4FFDECFCF2C715" author="VORONTSOV, N. N. & FRISMAN, E. A. & LYAPUNOVA, O. N. & MEZHOVA, V. & A. SERDYUK & I. I. FOMICHEVA" box="[550,776,555,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="339 - 359" refId="ref19303" refString="VORONTSOV, N. N., L. V FRISMAN, E. A. LYAPUNOVA, O. N. MEZHOVA, V. A. SERDYUK, AND I. I. FOMICHEVA. 1984. The effect of isolation on the morphological and genetical divergence of populations. Genetica 52 - 53: 339 - 359." type="journal article" year="1984">Vorontsov et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Cranial size in male (but not female)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8E7FFD8CFD7EC735" box="[534,644,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8E7FFD8CFD7EC735" box="[534,644,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is negatively correlated with elevation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8DEFFDACFDECC7D5" author="PEARSON, T." box="[390,534,619,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" refId="ref18079" refString="PEARSON, T. 1981. Geographic and intraspecific cranial variation in North American Arctic ground squirrels. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1981">Pearson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cranial size in female (but not male)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8D65FD4CFE8CC7F5" box="[268,374,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8D65FD4CFE8CC7F5" box="[268,374,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on islands is positively correlated with island area, temperature, and precipitation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8E07FD6CFCF2C795" author="PEARSON, T." box="[622,776,683,706]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" refId="ref18079" refString="PEARSON, T. 1981. Geographic and intraspecific cranial variation in North American Arctic ground squirrels. M. A. thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book" year="1981">Pearson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8C04FD0CFF21C7B5" box="[109,219,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8C04FD0CFF21C7B5" box="[109,219,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to have experienced rapid rates of evolution in molariform tooth size and shape relative to other marmotine ground squirrels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8D42FCCCFE30C675" author="GOODWIN, H. T." box="[299,458,779,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1009 - 1019" refId="ref15704" refString="GOODWIN, H. T. 2009. Odontometric patterns in the radiation of extant ground-dwelling squirrels within Marmotini (Sciuridae: Xerini). Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1009 - 1019." type="journal article" year="2009">Goodwin 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB4FF8C8D48FCAFFAC1C1B3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB4FF8D8D48FCAFFD9EC6D5" blockId="4.[289,612,872,898]" box="[289,612,872,898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB4FF8D8D48FCAFFD9EC6D5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[289,612,872,898]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8D48FCAFFD9EC6D5" bold="true" box="[289,612,872,898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB4FF8D8CF1FC6CFDECC055" blockId="4.[108,794,939,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8CF1FC6CFF26C694" bold="true" box="[152,220,939,963]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8CF1FC6CFF2FC694" bold="true" box="[152,213,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">Form</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8C9EFC6CFE30C695" box="[247,458,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8C9EFC6CFE30C695" box="[247,458,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pelage contains both coarse guard hairs and wooly underhairs. Two annual molts occur, one at spring emergence and another in late summer prior to hibernation. Spring molt is initiated at the nose and forehead, proceeds posteriorly, and evinces definite molt lines; the winter molt proceeds in the opposite direction but without definite molt lines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8C87FBACFE4AC1D5" author="BUTTERWORTH, B. B." box="[238,432,1131,1154]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="92 - 97" refId="ref14777" refString="BUTTERWORTH, B. B. 1958. Molt patterns in the barrow ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 39: 92 - 97." type="journal article" year="1958">Butterworth 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dental formula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8EAEFBACFF69C1F5" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8EAEFBACFF69C1F5" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is i 1/1, c 0/0, p 2/1, m 3/3, total 22. Brain volume has been estimated as 5.23 and 4.15 ml in males and females, respectively; this metric scales with body size but does not appear to be sexually dimorphic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8D19FB2CFDFCC055" author="IWANIUK, A. N." box="[368,518,1259,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="759 - 765" refId="ref16544" refString="IWANIUK, A. N. 2001. Interspecific variation in sexual dimorphism in brain size in Nearctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 759 - 765." type="journal article" year="2001">Iwaniuk 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB4FF8D8CF1FACCFE86C295" blockId="4.[108,794,939,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Like many other hibernating ground squirrels,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8EA8FACCFF68C015" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8EA8FACCFF68C015" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows circannual rhythms in body mass, lean mass, and fat mass; all parameters increase throughout the active season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8C1FFAACFEC7C0D5" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[118,317,1387,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adult body mass fluctuates up to 35% of maximum mass annually (Morrison and Galster 1975; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Buck and Barnes 1999a;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8E4DFA6CFD13C095" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[548,745,1451,1474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In males and females, lean mass increases by 16% and 18%, respectively, over the active season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8DD8FA2CFD8EC355" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[433,628,1515,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Percent body fat varies from 22% and 25% at spring emergence to 30% and 41.5% at autumn immergence, respectively (Buck and Barnes 1999a), although some populations display even greater differences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8CD2F9ACFE79C3D5" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[187,387,1643,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Rates of mass and fat reserve gain vary significantly with sex and age class (Galster and Morrison 1976; Buck and Barnes 1999a;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8DA9F96CFD78C395" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[448,642,1707,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wheeler and Hik 2014a) but may be constant across different levels of caloric intake and food macronutrient profiles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8E49F92CFD1CC255" author="HATTON, J. J. & T. J. STEVENSON & C. L. BUCK & K. N. DUDDLESTON" box="[544,742,1771,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1518 - 1535" refId="ref16184" refString="HATTON, J. J., T. J. STEVENSON, C. L. BUCK, AND K. N. DUDDLESTON. 2017. Diet affects Arctic ground squirrel gut microbial metatranscriptome independent of community structure. Environmental Microbiology 19: 1518 - 1535." type="journal article" year="2017">Hatton et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8E97F92CFF4DC275" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8E97F92CFCEBC255" box="[766,785,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8C04F8CCFF4DC275" box="[109,183,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses both white and brown adipose tissue, both of which are increased substantially in preparation for hibernation, via enlargement of individual adipocytes (Boyer and Barnes 1999). Increases in fat mass account for a greater percentage of overall weight gain than do increases in lean mass during this time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8CC5F86CFE96C295" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[172,364,1963,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB4FF8D8F1AFF0CFB13C715" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Mammae of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D882EFF0CFB48C5B5" box="[1095,1202,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D882EFF0CFBA0C5B5" box="[1095,1114,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8801FF0CFB48C5B5" box="[1128,1202,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unhaired during the active season. Testes of males are scrotal during the short breeding season and abdominal the remainder of the year. In
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8954FECCFA45C475" box="[1341,1471,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D891CFECCFA45C475" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1397,1471,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, testes mass fluctuates by up to 90% across the active season, from 4.5-g prebreeding to <
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB4FF8D8857FE8CFB88C435" box="[1086,1138,331,354]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" unit="g" value="0.5">0.5 g</quantity>
|
||
prior to hibernation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8931FE8CFC87C4D5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. J. BRADLEY & B. DELEHANTY" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1348 - 1359" refId="ref14228" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. J. BRADLEY, AND B. DELEHANTY. 2011. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Functional Ecology 25: 1348 - 1359." type="journal article" year="2011">Boonstra et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sperm production lasts 1–2 weeks and is followed rapidly by involution of testicular elements, then regeneration and preliminary spermatogenesis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D88FCFE6CFACBC495" author="MITCHELL, O. G." box="[1173,1329,427,450]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="45 - 53" refId="ref17326" refString="MITCHELL, O. G. 1959. The reproductive cycle of the male Arctic ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 40: 45 - 53." type="journal article" year="1959">Mitchell 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adrenal glands appear to be the site of androgen production; adrenal mass of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8F21FE2CFC4FC755" box="[840,949,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8F21FE2CFC4FC755" box="[840,949,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported as 2 times that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8923FE2CFA0EC755" box="[1354,1524,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="columbianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8923FE2CFA0EC755" box="[1354,1524,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. columbianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8F38FDCCFBD6C775" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. J. BRADLEY & B. DELEHANTY" box="[849,1068,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1348 - 1359" refId="ref14228" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. J. BRADLEY, AND B. DELEHANTY. 2011. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Functional Ecology 25: 1348 - 1359." type="journal article" year="2011">Boonstra et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8852FDCCFB8FC775" author="BOONSTRA, R. & K. MO & D. A. MONKS" box="[1083,1141,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="20140734" refId="ref14445" refString="BOONSTRA, R., K. MO, AND D. A. MONKS. 2014. Managing anabolic steroids in pre-hibernating Arctic ground squirrels: obtaining their benefits and avoiding their costs. Biology Letters 10: 20140734." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Diameter of the male urethra was reported as
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB4FF8D8FAFFDECFBFBC715" box="[966,1025,555,578]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Bee and Hall 1956).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB4FF8D8F1AFD8CFC43C6B5" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Males can undergo dramatic weight loss of up to 21% (
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB4FF8D8F39FDACFC7EC7D5" box="[848,900,619,642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" unit="g" value="12.0">12 g</quantity>
|
||
/day) during the short breeding period, while other age and reproductive classes exhibit no mass change at this time. Nevertheless, body condition has been documented as worse in females than males during the breeding season, but similar during hibernation (Galster and Morrison 1976). Female overwinter mass loss has been measured as 11–47%, while that of males is minimal (although the latter pattern may be due in part to use of food caches in hibernacula following spring arousal—Buck and Barnes 1999a, 1999b). The rate of mass loss during hibernation appears to be linear (Galster and Morrison 1976); Buck and Barnes (1999b) calculated this rate as
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB4FF8D8886FC6CFAAEC695" box="[1263,1364,939,962]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" unit="g" value="1.15" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1.6 g</quantity>
|
||
/day in female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8F21FC0CFC48C6B5" box="[840,946,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8F21FC0CFC48C6B5" box="[840,946,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB4FF8D8F1AFC2CFC74C3F5" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8F1AFC2CFC07C154" bold="true" box="[883,1021,1003,1027]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">Function.—</emphasis>
|
||
Due to extremes of its life history,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8913FC2CFC6EC175" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8913FC2CFC6EC175" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays substantial annual fluctuations in hormonal concentrations, metabolic rate, and other physiological and reproductive parameters. Plasma androgen levels are high in breeding males, being 10–200 times higher than concentrations in some other ground squirrel species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D896FFB4CFA16C1F5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. J. BRADLEY & B. DELEHANTY" box="[1286,1516,1163,1186]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1348 - 1359" refId="ref14228" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. J. BRADLEY, AND B. DELEHANTY. 2011. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Functional Ecology 25: 1348 - 1359." type="journal article" year="2011">Boonstra et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8F21FB6CFC84C195" author="BOONSTRA, R. & K. MO & D. A. MONKS" box="[840,894,1195,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="20140734" refId="ref14445" refString="BOONSTRA, R., K. MO, AND D. A. MONKS. 2014. Managing anabolic steroids in pre-hibernating Arctic ground squirrels: obtaining their benefits and avoiding their costs. Biology Letters 10: 20140734." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Androgen levels are higher in reproductive males versus nonreproductive males and juveniles and higher in males than in females (Buck and Barnes 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D896FFB2CFA19C055" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. J. BRADLEY & B. DELEHANTY" box="[1286,1507,1259,1282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1348 - 1359" refId="ref14228" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. J. BRADLEY, AND B. DELEHANTY. 2011. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Functional Ecology 25: 1348 - 1359." type="journal article" year="2011">Boonstra et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Androgen concentrations display 2 distinct active season peaks, the first coinciding with female emergence and onset of estrous (concentrations
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB4FF8D8F97FA8CFBA4C035" box="[1022,1118,1355,1378]" metricMagnitude="-12" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" unit="ng" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">5–12 ng</quantity>
|
||
/ml—Barnes 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D892CFA8CFC70C0D5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. H. HUBBS & E. A. LACEY & C. J. MCCOLL" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="49 - 58" refId="ref14273" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. H. HUBBS, E. A. LACEY, AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2001 a. Seasonal changes in glucocorticoid and testosterone concentrations in free-living Arctic ground squirrels from the boreal forest of the Yukon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 49 - 58." type="journal article" year="2001">Boonstra et al. 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8FF1FAACFC34C0D5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. J. BRADLEY & B. DELEHANTY" box="[920,974,1387,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1348 - 1359" refId="ref14228" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. J. BRADLEY, AND B. DELEHANTY. 2011. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Functional Ecology 25: 1348 - 1359." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Buck and Barnes 2003) and the second occurring prior to hibernation and being roughly 60% of the spring peak (Buck and Barnes 2003).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8832FA6CFABFC095" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. J. BRADLEY & B. DELEHANTY" box="[1115,1349,1451,1474]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1348 - 1359" refId="ref14228" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. J. BRADLEY, AND B. DELEHANTY. 2011. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Functional Ecology 25: 1348 - 1359." type="journal article" year="2011">Boonstra et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
argued that elevated androgen levels may be required by both sexes to achieve active season muscle growth sufficient for overwinter protein catabolism and glucose production.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D88A3F9CCFACFC375" box="[1226,1333,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D88A3F9CCFACFC375" box="[1226,1333,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maintains significantly higher androgen levels in muscle than in lymph nodes, which promotes active season muscle development while minimizing negative effects on immune function (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8924F9ACFC84C3F5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & K. MO & D. A. MONKS" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="20140734" refId="ref14445" refString="BOONSTRA, R., K. MO, AND D. A. MONKS. 2014. Managing anabolic steroids in pre-hibernating Arctic ground squirrels: obtaining their benefits and avoiding their costs. Biology Letters 10: 20140734." type="journal article" year="2014">Boonstra et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB4FF8C8F1AF96CFDABC790" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1986]" lastBlockId="5.[108,794,203,1939]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Free cortisol levels of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D8813F96CFB11C395" box="[1146,1259,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D8813F96CFB77C395" box="[1146,1165,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D88C8F96CFB11C395" box="[1185,1259,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported as 175.9 nM/l, and this parameter, as well as overall cortisol responsiveness, is lower than in some other sciurids (Boonstra and McColl 2000). Breeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB4FF8D883FF8CCFB3BC275" box="[1110,1217,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB4FF8D883FF8CCFB3BC275" box="[1110,1217,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="88">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males have 20% higher free cortisol levels and 3 times lower corticosterone-binding capacity than nonbreeders, juvenile males, and breeding females, presumably due to chronic active season stress (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D893DF8ACFC73C2F5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. H. HUBBS & E. A. LACEY & C. J. MCCOLL" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="49 - 58" refId="ref14273" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. H. HUBBS, E. A. LACEY, AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2001 a. Seasonal changes in glucocorticoid and testosterone concentrations in free-living Arctic ground squirrels from the boreal forest of the Yukon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 49 - 58." type="journal article" year="2001">Boonstra et al. 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8FF1F84CFC21C2F5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL & T. J. KARELS" box="[920,987,1931,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="1930 - 1946" refId="ref14402" refString="BOONSTRA, R., C. J. MCCOLL, AND T. J. KARELS. 2001 b. Reproduction at all costs: the adaptive stress response on male Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 82: 1930 - 1946." type="journal article" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB4FF8D8F82F84CFB74C2F5" author="HIK, D. S. & C. J. MCCOLL & R. BOONSTRA" box="[1003,1166,1931,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="88" pagination="275 - 288" refId="ref16306" refString="HIK, D. S., C. J. MCCOLL, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2001. Why are Arctic ground squirrels more stressed in the boreal forest than in alpine meadows? Ecoscience 8: 275 - 288." type="journal article" year="2001">Hik et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Chronic stress is also reflected immunologically; breeding adults have lower hematocrit and lower white blood cell counts relative to nonbreeders (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8ED1FF0CFF0AC454" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL & T. J. KARELS" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1930 - 1946" refId="ref14402" refString="BOONSTRA, R., C. J. MCCOLL, AND T. J. KARELS. 2001 b. Reproduction at all costs: the adaptive stress response on male Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 82: 1930 - 1946." type="journal article" year="2001">Boonstra et al. 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hematocrit has been reported as 39.9%, 46.6%, and 41.8% in breeding, nonbreeding, and juvenile males, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8CD0FEEBFE5AC414" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL & T. J. KARELS" box="[185,416,300,323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1930 - 1946" refId="ref14402" refString="BOONSTRA, R., C. J. MCCOLL, AND T. J. KARELS. 2001 b. Reproduction at all costs: the adaptive stress response on male Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 82: 1930 - 1946." type="journal article" year="2001">Boonstra et al. 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). White blood cell counts between 0.9 and 1.9 cells per field of view were reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8E14FE8BFF4AC4D3" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL & T. J. KARELS" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1930 - 1946" refId="ref14402" refString="BOONSTRA, R., C. J. MCCOLL, AND T. J. KARELS. 2001 b. Reproduction at all costs: the adaptive stress response on male Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 82: 1930 - 1946." type="journal article" year="2001">Boonstra et al. 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The extreme hormonal and immunological profiles of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8CC3FE4AFEECC4F3" box="[170,278,397,420]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8CC3FE4AFF47C4F3" box="[170,189,397,420]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8CA5FE4AFEECC4F3" box="[204,278,397,420]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been collectively interpreted as reflecting a life history trade-off of long-term survival for reproductive success (Boonstra and McColl 2000;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8E7CFE09FCF2C4B2" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL & T. J. KARELS" box="[533,776,462,485]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1930 - 1946" refId="ref14402" refString="BOONSTRA, R., C. J. MCCOLL, AND T. J. KARELS. 2001 b. Reproduction at all costs: the adaptive stress response on male Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 82: 1930 - 1946." type="journal article" year="2001">Boonstra et al. 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, juvenile males also display hormonal signatures of chronic stress, presumably associated with the high stress of dispersal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8CD5FDE8FE61C711" author="BOONSTRA, R. & A. H. HUBBS & E. A. LACEY & C. J. MCCOLL" box="[188,411,559,582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="49 - 58" refId="ref14273" refString="BOONSTRA, R., A. H. HUBBS, E. A. LACEY, AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2001 a. Seasonal changes in glucocorticoid and testosterone concentrations in free-living Arctic ground squirrels from the boreal forest of the Yukon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 49 - 58." type="journal article" year="2001">Boonstra et al. 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8DC1FDE8FE10C711" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL & T. J. KARELS" box="[424,490,559,582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1930 - 1946" refId="ref14402" refString="BOONSTRA, R., C. J. MCCOLL, AND T. J. KARELS. 2001 b. Reproduction at all costs: the adaptive stress response on male Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 82: 1930 - 1946." type="journal article" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8E69FDE8FD92C711" box="[512,616,559,582]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8E69FDE8FD92C711" box="[512,616,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lower-quality habitats display relatively lower cortisol levels, corticosteroid binding capacity, hematocrits, and blood glucose levels than those in higher-quality habitats, reflecting the stress of increased predation risk in the former (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8DCBFD77FDBAC790" author="HIK, D. S. & C. J. MCCOLL & R. BOONSTRA" box="[418,576,688,711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="275 - 288" refId="ref16306" refString="HIK, D. S., C. J. MCCOLL, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2001. Why are Arctic ground squirrels more stressed in the boreal forest than in alpine meadows? Ecoscience 8: 275 - 288." type="journal article" year="2001">Hik et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB5FF8C8CF1FD17FCE2C01A" blockId="5.[108,794,203,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Body temperatures of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8DEDFD16FDD4C7BF" box="[388,558,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
during the active season average 38.4–39.3°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8DFEFD36FDC2C65F" author="CHAPPELL, M. A." box="[407,568,753,776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="397 - 403" refId="ref14996" refString="CHAPPELL, M. A. 1981. Standard operative temperatures and cost of thermoregulation in the Arctic ground squirrel, Spermophilus undulatus. Oecologia 49: 397 - 403." type="journal article" year="1981">Chappell 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8E22FD36FCF2C65F" author="LONG, R. A. & T. J. MARTIN & B. M. BARNES" box="[587,776,753,776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="314 - 322" refId="ref16986" refString="LONG, R. A., T. J. MARTIN, AND B. M. BARNES. 2005. Body temperature and activity patterns in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 314 - 322." type="journal article" year="2005">Long et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while body temperatures during overwinter bouts of euthermia may be lower than this (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8D07FCF6FDAEC61F" author="KARPOVICH, S. A. & O. TOIEN & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[366,596,817,840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="691 - 700" refId="ref16658" refString="KARPOVICH, S. A., O. TOIEN, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2009. Energetics of arousal episodes in hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 691 - 700." type="journal article" year="2009">Karpovich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Male active season body temperatures in the wild display diurnal oscillations from 2 to 5°C and are entrained to a 24.0- to 24.2-h periodicity; temperature minima correspond to times spent in burrows on rainy days or at night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8D0AFC74FDEEC69D" author="LONG, R. A. & T. J. MARTIN & B. M. BARNES" box="[355,532,947,970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="314 - 322" refId="ref16986" refString="LONG, R. A., T. J. MARTIN, AND B. M. BARNES. 2005. Body temperature and activity patterns in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 314 - 322." type="journal article" year="2005">Long et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8E4AFC74FCF2C69D" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[547,776,947,970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref19668" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 a. Daily body temperature rhythms persist under the midnight sun but are absent during hibernation in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Biology Letters 8: 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="2012">Williams et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At temperatures above 25°C, a captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8E7CFC14FD85C6BD" box="[533,639,979,1002]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8E7CFC14FDDDC6BD" box="[533,551,979,1002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8E5CFC14FD85C6BD" box="[565,639,979,1002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays thermoregulatory and respiratory distress, and temperatures above 30°C are lethal (Sullivan and Mullen 1954). Mass-specific metabolic rates of both sexes decrease throughout the active season, with averages of 3.68 and
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ADB4500CFFB5FF8C8D16FB93FE31C13C" box="[383,459,1108,1131]" degrees="4.74" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" precision="555" value="-4.74">4.74 W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/kg reported in male and female
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8C05FBB2FED8C1DB" box="[108,290,1141,1164]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8DA0FBB3FD6DC1DC" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[457,663,1140,1163]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, metabolic rates do not appear to change significantly at ambient temperatures from 5 to 25°C (Sullivan and Mullen 1954).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8EA6FB72FF17C1BB" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8D1FFB11FE1BC1BA" box="[374,481,1237,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8D1FFB11FE73C1BA" box="[374,393,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8DFEFB11FE1BC1BA" box="[407,481,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is able to increase body mass during the active season without a corresponding decrease in metabolic rate. The average energetic cost of thermoregulation in active
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8CA7FAF0FEC3C019" box="[206,313,1334,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8CA7FAF0FF1BC019" box="[206,225,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8C86FAF0FEC3C019" box="[239,313,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was estimated at 20 kJ/day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8E05FAF1FCF2C01A" author="CHAPPELL, M. A." box="[620,776,1334,1357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="397 - 403" refId="ref14996" refString="CHAPPELL, M. A. 1981. Standard operative temperatures and cost of thermoregulation in the Arctic ground squirrel, Spermophilus undulatus. Oecologia 49: 397 - 403." type="journal article" year="1981">Chappell 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB5FF8C8CF1FA90FF3AC245" blockId="5.[108,794,203,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8CF1FA90FE9EC039" box="[152,356,1367,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8CF1FA90FE9EC039" box="[152,356,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the northernmost hibernating terrestrial animal species. During initiation of torpor, maintenance of high body temperatures and circadian rhythms ceases, and these characteristics are absent during hibernation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8EE5FA7FFCEAC098" author="BARNES, B. M." box="[652,784,1464,1487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1593 - 1595" refId="ref14049" refString="BARNES, B. M. 1989. Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 ° C in an Arctic hibernator. Science 244: 1593 - 1595." type="journal article" year="1989">Barnes 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8C04FA1FFEA1C0B8" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[109,347,1496,1519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref19668" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 a. Daily body temperature rhythms persist under the midnight sun but are absent during hibernation in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Biology Letters 8: 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="2012">Williams et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8D05FA1FFE4EC0B8" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & B. M. BARNES & M. RICHTER & C. L. BUCK" box="[364,436,1496,1519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="397 - 404" refId="ref19719" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, M. RICHTER, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 b. Hibernation and circadian rhythms of body temperature in free-living arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85: 397 - 404." type="journal article" year="2012">2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, gradual decreases in body temperature actually begin 45 days prior to initial torpor, a period during which maximum and minimum body temperatures show different patterns of decrease (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8E56F9FEFCF2C307" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & C. T. WILLIAMS & G. J. KENAGY & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[575,776,1593,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="841 - 847" refId="ref18955" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., C. T. WILLIAMS, G. J. KENAGY, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2012. Thermoregulatory changes anticipate hibernation onset by 45 days: data from free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 182: 841 - 847." type="journal article" year="2012">Sheriff et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some wild populations may begin multiday torpor without any preliminary torpor bouts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8DE3F9BDFDA8C3C6" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & C. T. WILLIAMS & G. J. KENAGY & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[394,594,1658,1681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="841 - 847" refId="ref18955" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., C. T. WILLIAMS, G. J. KENAGY, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2012. Thermoregulatory changes anticipate hibernation onset by 45 days: data from free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 182: 841 - 847." type="journal article" year="2012">Sheriff et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When in torpor, body temperatures of both sexes descend to steady states that can be maintained at up to 15°C warmer than ambient soil temperatures, depending on geographic location (Buck and Barnes 1999b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB5FF8C8CF1F8DCFC0CC654" blockId="5.[108,794,203,1939]" lastBlockId="5.[839,1525,203,1252]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Initiation of hibernation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8DA4F8DCFDC6C265" box="[461,572,1819,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8DA4F8DCFE1AC265" box="[461,480,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8D9BF8DCFDC6C265" box="[498,572,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is accompanied by additional physiological adjustments including slowing of heart rate to 3–4 beats/min, reduced blood flow, and increasingly sporadic breathing (Boyer and Barnes 1999). Hibernation consists of sequential 2- to 3-week torpor bouts interrupted by short, spontaneous arousals, the latter of which are not synchronous among individuals within populations. Metabolic rate during hibernation has been reported at as low as 0.01 ml/g/h (Boyer and Barnes 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8862FE8CFB0EC435" author="KARPOVICH, S. A. & O. TOIEN & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[1035,1268,331,354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="691 - 700" refId="ref16658" refString="KARPOVICH, S. A., O. TOIEN, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2009. Energetics of arousal episodes in hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 691 - 700." type="journal article" year="2009">Karpovich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this rate increases as ambient temperatures become extremely low (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8922FEACFC86C4F5" author="KARPOVICH, S. A. & O. TOIEN & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="691 - 700" refId="ref16658" refString="KARPOVICH, S. A., O. TOIEN, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2009. Energetics of arousal episodes in hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 691 - 700." type="journal article" year="2009">Karpovich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8FFDFE4BFC05C4F4" box="[916,1023,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8FFDFE4BFC5DC4F4" box="[916,935,396,419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8FDCFE4BFC05C4F4" box="[949,1023,396,419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also the largest species of hibernator known to employ supercooling, wherein body fluids cool to subfreezing temperatures without becoming solid. It endures steady state body temperatures during hibernation as low as −2.9°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C89C0FE2BFC87C774" author="BARNES, B. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1593 - 1595" refId="ref14049" refString="BARNES, B. M. 1989. Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 ° C in an Arctic hibernator. Science 244: 1593 - 1595." type="journal article" year="1989">Barnes 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and whole-body average temperatures during torpor were reported as −1.7 to −1.9°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8818FDEBFB0CC714" author="BARNES, B. M." box="[1137,1270,556,579]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1593 - 1595" refId="ref14049" refString="BARNES, B. M. 1989. Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 ° C in an Arctic hibernator. Science 244: 1593 - 1595." type="journal article" year="1989">Barnes 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C896DFDEBFA5BC714" author="LEE, T. N. & F. KOHL & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[1284,1441,556,579]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="135 - 144" refId="ref16868" refString="LEE, T. N., F. KOHL, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2016. Hibernation strategies and patterns in sympatric Arctic species, the Alaska marmot and the Arctic ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 97: 135 - 144." type="journal article" year="2016">Lee et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Rates of rewarming from torpor to 30°C have been reported as 4.9°C/h (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8F38FDABFC03C7D4" author="LEE, T. N. & F. KOHL & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[849,1017,620,643]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="135 - 144" refId="ref16868" refString="LEE, T. N., F. KOHL, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2016. Hibernation strategies and patterns in sympatric Arctic species, the Alaska marmot and the Arctic ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 97: 135 - 144." type="journal article" year="2016">Lee et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although the time to euthermia increases as ambient temperatures decrease (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C88CAFD4BFA77C7F4" author="KARPOVICH, S. A. & O. TOIEN & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[1187,1421,652,675]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="691 - 700" refId="ref16658" refString="KARPOVICH, S. A., O. TOIEN, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2009. Energetics of arousal episodes in hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 691 - 700." type="journal article" year="2009">Karpovich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C89CDFD4BFC97C794" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C89CDFD4BFC97C794" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits longer torpor bouts and shorter arousal bouts than a sympatric hibernator, the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8802FD0BFB4FC7B4" box="[1131,1205,716,739]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
marmot (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8972FD0BFA22C7B4" authorityName="Hall & Gilmore" authorityYear="1934" box="[1307,1496,716,739]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Marmota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broweri">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8972FD0BFA22C7B4" box="[1307,1496,716,739]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Marmota broweri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8F21FD2BFC1CC654" author="LEE, T. N. & F. KOHL & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[840,998,748,771]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="135 - 144" refId="ref16868" refString="LEE, T. N., F. KOHL, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2016. Hibernation strategies and patterns in sympatric Arctic species, the Alaska marmot and the Arctic ground squirrel. Journal of Mammalogy 97: 135 - 144." type="journal article" year="2016">Lee et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB5FF8C8F1AFCCBFAC1C1B3" blockId="5.[839,1525,203,1252]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Both lipids (from adipose) and protein (from muscle) are utilized for energetic demands during hibernation; protein may provide up to one-fifth of necessary carbon (Galster and Morrison 1976). Rates of catabolism vary among different muscle groups (Galster and Morrison 1976). Buck and Barnes (1999b) reported 21% loss in lean mass in hibernating female
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8952FC6AFA16C693" box="[1339,1516,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
. However, hibernaculum temperature was uncorrelated with body condition at emergence, suggesting the latter may not be impacted by increased thermogenesis and more frequent arousals due to colder hibernacula (Buck and Barnes 1999a). The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in autumn diets is important for overwinter survival and also influences the length of torpor and arousal periods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C883AFB4AFAF0C1F3" author="FRANK, C. L. & S. KARPOVICH & B. M. BARNES" box="[1107,1290,1165,1188]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="486 - 495" refId="ref15536" refString="FRANK, C. L., S. KARPOVICH, AND B. M. BARNES. 2008. Dietary fatty acid composition and the hibernation patterns in free-ranging Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81: 486 - 495." type="journal article" year="2008">Frank et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8949FB4AFA09C1F3" author="HATTON, J. J. & T. J. STEVENSON & C. L. BUCK & K. N. DUDDLESTON" box="[1312,1523,1165,1188]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1518 - 1535" refId="ref16184" refString="HATTON, J. J., T. J. STEVENSON, C. L. BUCK, AND K. N. DUDDLESTON. 2017. Diet affects Arctic ground squirrel gut microbial metatranscriptome independent of community structure. Environmental Microbiology 19: 1518 - 1535." type="journal article" year="2017">Hatton et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
characterized the gut microbiomes and metatranscriptomes of captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8FF2FB0AFBFFC1B3" box="[923,1029,1229,1252]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8FF2FB0AFBFFC1B3" box="[923,1029,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maintained on varying diets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB5FF8F8858FADFFCF8C3CA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB5FF8F8858FADFFCF8C3CA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB5FF8C8858FADFFAF3C065" blockId="5.[1073,1289,1304,1330]" box="[1073,1289,1304,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB5FF8C8858FADFFAF3C065" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,1304,1330]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8858FADFFAF3C065" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,1304,1330]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB5FF8F8F1AFA9BFCF8C3CA" blockId="5.[838,1525,1371,1939]" lastBlockId="6.[108,794,1094,1693]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8F1AFA9BFBBEC024" box="[883,1092,1372,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C8F1AFA9BFBBEC024" box="[883,1092,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed broadly in the northern Holarctic region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="50BB2A4EFFB5FF8C885CFABCFB8FC0C5" box="[1077,1141,1403,1426]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[109,144,968,989]" captionTargetBox="[178,1454,202,953]" captionTargetId="figure-503@6.[176,1456,200,955]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Urocitellus parryii. Subspecies are as follows: 1, U. p. ablusus; 2, U. p. kennicottii; 3, U. p. kodiacensis; 4, U. p. leucostictus; 5, U. p. lyratus; 6, U. p. nebulicola; 7, U. p. osgoodi; 8, U. p. parryii; 9, U. p. plesius; 10, U. p. stejnegeri. Approximate subspecific limits modified from Ognev (1947) and Hall (1981)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C88EFFABCFB08C0C5" author="HALL, E. R." box="[1158,1266,1403,1426]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" refId="ref15974" refString="HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York." type="book" year="1981">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; MacDonald and Cook 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB5FF8C8FE5FA5BFBC7C0E4" author="COOK, J. A. & A. A. EDDINGSAAS & J. L. LOXTERMAN & S. EBBERT & S. O. MACDONALD" box="[908,1085,1436,1459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" pagination="1401 - 1412" refId="ref15172" refString="COOK, J. A., A. A. EDDINGSAAS, J. L. LOXTERMAN, S. EBBERT, AND S. O. MACDONALD. 2010. Insular Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) of the North Pacific: indigenous or exotic? Journal of Mammalogy 91: 1401 - 1412." type="journal article" year="2010">Cook et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krystufek and Vohralik 2013). In North America, it occurs from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ADB4500CFFB5FF8C8837FA7BFB5BC084" box="[1118,1185,1468,1491]" degrees="52" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" precision="55555" value="52.0">52° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
latitude to as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C88E2FA1BFB2FC0A4" box="[1163,1237,1500,1523]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB5FF8C888DFA1BFAE4C0A4" box="[1252,1310,1500,1523]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8959FA1BFA82C0A4" box="[1328,1400,1500,1523]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C89EAFA1BFC41C344" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C886EFA3BFB98C344" box="[1031,1122,1532,1555]" country="Canada" name="Nunavut" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Nunavut</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB5FF8C8812FA3BFB2BC344" box="[1147,1233,1532,1555]" name="Canada" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Easternmost and westernmost limits of this range are the shores of Hudson Bay (in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8F21F9FBFC59C304" box="[840,931,1596,1619]" country="Canada" name="Nunavut" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Nunavut</collectingRegion>
|
||
and northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8803F9FBFB28C304" box="[1130,1234,1596,1619]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and the Seward Peninsula and some islands of the Aleutian Arc, respectively. It occurs as far south as northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8844F9BBFB1CC3C4" box="[1069,1254,1660,1683]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8972F9BBFA7FC3C4" box="[1307,1413,1660,1683]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
. However, its wide Nearctic range is somewhat discontinuous; in Alaska, it is notably absent from large portions of the Klondike region, the lower
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8FE1F91BFC37C3A4" box="[904,973,1756,1779]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
River valley (except
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C88C6F91BFAC6C3A4" box="[1199,1340,1756,1779]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C8881F91BFAC6C3A4" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1256,1340,1756,1779]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), and the Yukon- Kuskokwim Delta.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB5FF8C884AF93BFB69C244" box="[1059,1171,1788,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB5FF8C884AF93BFB69C244" box="[1059,1171,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Asia is confined to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB5FF8C89CCF93BFA15C244" box="[1445,1519,1788,1811]" name="Russia" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it occupies a nearly identical latitudinal range as in North America and is found discontinuously across northeastern Siberia east of the Lena River (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C882CF89BFB73C224" box="[1093,1161,1884,1907]" country="Russia" name="Sakha" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Sakha</collectingRegion>
|
||
) to the shores of the Bering Sea. However, the core of this Palearctic range is in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB5FF8C8935F8BBFA39C2C4" box="[1372,1475,1916,1939]" country="Russia" name="Chukotka" pageId="5" pageNumber="89">Chukotka</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB6FF8F8C04FB81FF1CC10A" box="[109,230,1094,1117]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
east of the Kolyma River (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8D96FB81FD7AC10A" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[511,640,1094,1117]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8EE4FB81FF58C12A" author="CHERNYAVSKY, F. B." pageId="6" pageNumber="90" refId="ref15061" refString="CHERNYAVSKY, F. B. 1972. O rasprostranenii i geograficheskoi izmenchivosti Amerikanskovo dlinnokhvostovo suslika (Citellus parryi Rich., 1827) severo-vostochnoi Sibiri [On the distribution and geographic variation of the American long-tailed souslik (Citellus parryi Rich., 1827) in north-eastern Siberia]. P. 255 in Osnovnye problemy teriologii [Fundamental Problems of Theriology] (A. A. Nasimovich, ed.). Nauka, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1972">Chernyavsky 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Krystufek and Vohralik 2013). Krystufek and Vohralik (2013) cited a 20th-century range expansion along the Indigirka River between Predporožnyj and Tebûlâh. Across its range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8E97FB61FF4DC18A" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8E97FB61FCEBC1EA" box="[766,785,1190,1213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8C04FB01FF4DC18A" box="[109,183,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found from sea level to about
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB6FF8F8E47FB01FD73C18A" box="[558,649,1222,1245]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" unit="m" value="1500.0">1,500 m</quantity>
|
||
in elevation. Several major mountain ranges are inhabited such as the Brooks and Alaska ranges in North America and the Chersky Range in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB6FF8F8C06FAE1FF40C06A" box="[111,186,1318,1341]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8CADFAE1FEC8C06A" box="[196,306,1318,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8CADFAE1FEC8C06A" box="[196,306,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on numerous islands in the Nearctic;
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8C06FA81FF14C00A" box="[111,238,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U.p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8CCDFA81FF14C00A" baseAuthorityName="Hall and Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[164,238,1350,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is endemic to St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea. However, a more complex history of colonization and humanmediated introduction has shaped its occurrence on islands of southwestern Alaska and the Aleutian Arc (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8E26FA61FCF2C0EA" author="COOK, J. A. & A. A. EDDINGSAAS & J. L. LOXTERMAN & S. EBBERT & S. O. MACDONALD" box="[591,776,1446,1469]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1401 - 1412" refId="ref15172" refString="COOK, J. A., A. A. EDDINGSAAS, J. L. LOXTERMAN, S. EBBERT, AND S. O. MACDONALD. 2010. Insular Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) of the North Pacific: indigenous or exotic? Journal of Mammalogy 91: 1401 - 1412." type="journal article" year="2010">Cook et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Numerous records of island introduction by indigenous peoples or Europeans exist, including as prey for furbearers and for use in garment making (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8D13F9C1FDCBC34A" author="COOK, J. A. & A. A. EDDINGSAAS & J. L. LOXTERMAN & S. EBBERT & S. O. MACDONALD" box="[378,561,1542,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1401 - 1412" refId="ref15172" refString="COOK, J. A., A. A. EDDINGSAAS, J. L. LOXTERMAN, S. EBBERT, AND S. O. MACDONALD. 2010. Insular Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) of the North Pacific: indigenous or exotic? Journal of Mammalogy 91: 1401 - 1412." type="journal article" year="2010">Cook et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8E01F9C1FCE0C34A" author="WEST, C. & C. A. HOFMAN & S. EBBERT & J. MARTIN & S. SHIRAZI & S. DUNNING & J. E. MALDONADO" box="[616,794,1542,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1163 - 1172" refId="ref19486" refString="WEST, C., C. A. HOFMAN, S. EBBERT, J. MARTIN, S. SHIRAZI, S. DUNNING, AND J. E. MALDONADO. 2017. Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska. Conservation Biology 31: 1163 - 1172." type="journal article" year="2017">West et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for additional details).
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8D03F9E1FDDDC36A" box="[362,551,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. p. kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
appears to have been introduced to Kodiak Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8DDBF981FDC4C30A" author="HOWELL, A. H." box="[434,574,1606,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref16420" refString="HOWELL, A. H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels, with a classification of the North American Sciuridae. North American Fauna 56: 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="1938">Howell 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8E39F981FCF2C30A" author="COOK, J. A. & A. A. EDDINGSAAS & J. L. LOXTERMAN & S. EBBERT & S. O. MACDONALD" box="[592,776,1606,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1401 - 1412" refId="ref15172" refString="COOK, J. A., A. A. EDDINGSAAS, J. L. LOXTERMAN, S. EBBERT, AND S. O. MACDONALD. 2010. Insular Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) of the North Pacific: indigenous or exotic? Journal of Mammalogy 91: 1401 - 1412." type="journal article" year="2010">Cook et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The insular distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8DE7F9A1FE02C32A" box="[398,504,1638,1661]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8DE7F9A1FE02C32A" box="[398,504,1638,1661]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Palearctic is limited to Ajon, in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB6FF8F8D2EF941FE54C3CA" box="[327,430,1670,1693]" country="Russia" name="Chukotka" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Chukotka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Krystufek and Vohralik 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="9CFF6643FFB6FF8F8C04FC0FFD99C14F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573563" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573563/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" startId="6.[109,144,968,989]" targetBox="[178,1454,202,953]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB6FF8F8C04FC0FFD99C14F" blockId="6.[107,1523,968,1048]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8C04FC0FFF54C68A" bold="true" box="[109,174,968,989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8DB8FC0FFD7CC68A" box="[465,646,968,989]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8DB8FC0FFD7CC68A" box="[465,646,968,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Subspecies are as follows: 1,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8FD1FC0FFBC0C68A" box="[952,1082,968,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. p. ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
; 2,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F880AFC0FFAFBC68A" box="[1123,1281,968,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
; 3,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8943FC0FFA28C68A" box="[1322,1490,968,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. p. kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
; 4,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8C04FC21FEEBC6AC" box="[109,273,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8CC9FC21FEEBC6AC" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[160,273,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">leucostictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 5,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8D5DFC21FE50C6AC" box="[308,426,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8D01FC21FE50C6AC" baseAuthorityName="Hall and Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[360,426,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 6,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8DA4FC21FD9FC6AC" box="[461,613,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8E69FC21FD9FC6AC" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[512,613,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulicola">nebulicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 7,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8EE1FC21FCF2C6AC" box="[648,776,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8ED5FC21FCF2C6AC" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[700,776,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 8,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8F42FC21FC5BC6AC" box="[811,929,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8F37FC21FC5BC6AC" box="[862,929,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 9,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8FADFC21FBC0C6AC" box="[964,1082,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8F9EFC21FBC0C6AC" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1015,1082,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 10,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8800FC21FB03C6AC" box="[1129,1273,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F88F5FC21FB03C6AC" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1180,1273,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">stejnegeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Approximate subspecific limits modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8D53FBC4FE45C14F" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[314,447,1027,1048]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8D87FBC4FDA7C14F" author="HALL, E. R." box="[494,605,1027,1048]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" refId="ref15974" refString="HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York." type="book" year="1981">Hall (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB6FF8E8D22F91FFA6BC475" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB6FF8F8D22F91FFB89C38A" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB6FF8F8D22F91FFDC0C3A5" blockId="6.[331,570,1752,1778]" box="[331,570,1752,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB6FF8F8D22F91FFDC0C3A5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[331,570,1752,1778]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8D22F91FFDC0C3A5" bold="true" box="[331,570,1752,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB6FF8F8CF1F8DCFB89C38A" blockId="6.[109,793,1819,1938]" lastBlockId="6.[838,1525,1094,1757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
The earliest fossils potentially assignable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8E33F8DCFCE2C265" box="[602,792,1819,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8E33F8DCFCE2C265" box="[602,792,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are from the Fish Creek fauna in northernmost Alaska and date to 2.4 million years ago or older (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8DDBF89CFD6CC225" author="REPENNING, C. A. & E. M. BROUWERS & L. D. CARTER & L. MARINCOVICH, Jr. & T. A. AGER" box="[434,662,1883,1906]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" refId="ref18477" refString="REPENNING, C. A., E. M. BROUWERS, L. D. CARTER, L. MARINCOVICH, Jr., AND T. A. AGER. 1987. The Beringian ancestry of Phenacomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae) and the beginning of the modern Arctic Ocean borderland biota. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1687. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1987">Repenning et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional early records are available from the early to middle Pleistocene of Yukon and are dated at 1.5–1.7 million years ago (Fort Selkirk Local fauna—Storer 2003). However, the specific identity of both series of specimens is inconclusive, particularly given that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F89F1FB41FC80C1EA" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F89F1FB41FC80C1EA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. undulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
likely arose from Nearctic stock (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8883FB61FA41C1EA" author="MCLEAN, B. S. & D. J. JACKSON & J. A. COOK" box="[1258,1467,1190,1213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="174 - 188" refId="ref17086" refString="MCLEAN, B. S., D. J. JACKSON, AND J. A. COOK. 2016. Rapid divergence and gene flow at high latitudes shape the history of Holarctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 174 - 188." type="journal article" year="2016">McLean et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and must therefore have colonized Asia via Beringia. Material more confidently assignable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F883FFB21FB45C1AA" box="[1110,1215,1254,1277]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F883FFB21FB45C1AA" box="[1110,1215,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is available from the middle to late Pleistocene of Yukon and Alaska (Sangamon interglacial and Illinoian glaciation—Guthrie and Matthews 1971;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F89CEFAE1FC47C00A" author="JOPLING, A. V. & W. N. IRVING & B. F. BEEBE" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="3 - 33" refId="ref16580" refString="JOPLING, A. V., W. N. IRVING, AND B. F. BEEBE. 1981. Stratigraphic, sedimentological and faunal evidence for the occurrence of pre-Sangamonian artefacts in northern Yukon. Arctic 34: 3 - 33." type="journal article" year="1981">Jopling et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8FB9FA81FB8DC00A" author="HARINGTON, C. R." box="[976,1143,1350,1373]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="2341 - 2354" refId="ref16075" refString="HARINGTON, C. R. 2011. Pleistocene vertebrates of the Yukon Territory. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 2341 - 2354." type="journal article" year="2011">Harington 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A relative abundance of material exists from the middle Wisconsin glaciation through Holocene (80,000 years ago to present—Graham and Lundelius 2010); much of that material comes from fossil ground squirrel middens, which themselves have contributed to understanding of Beringian late Quaternary paleoecology and paleoenvironments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F890EFA21FC81C34A" author="ZAZULA, G. D. & D. G. FROESE & S. A. E LIAS & S. KUZMINA & R. W. MATHEWES" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="979 - 1003" refId="ref19825" refString="ZAZULA, G. D., D. G. FROESE, S. A. E LIAS, S. KUZMINA, AND R. W. MATHEWES. 2007. Arctic ground squirrels of the mammoth-steppe: paleoecology of Late Pleistocene middens (~ 24000 - 29450 14 C yr BP), Yukon Territory, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 979 - 1003." type="journal article" year="2007">Zazula et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mummified remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F88F9F9C1FB03C34A" box="[1168,1273,1542,1565]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F88F9F9C1FB03C34A" box="[1168,1273,1542,1565]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been documented at sites in both the Palearctic and Nearctic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F894EF9E1FA11C36A" author="ZAZULA, G. D. & D. G. FROESE & S. A. E LIAS & S. KUZMINA & R. W. MATHEWES" box="[1319,1515,1574,1597]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="979 - 1003" refId="ref19825" refString="ZAZULA, G. D., D. G. FROESE, S. A. E LIAS, S. KUZMINA, AND R. W. MATHEWES. 2007. Arctic ground squirrels of the mammoth-steppe: paleoecology of Late Pleistocene middens (~ 24000 - 29450 14 C yr BP), Yukon Territory, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 979 - 1003." type="journal article" year="2007">Zazula et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8F21F981FC10C30A" author="HARINGTON, C. R." box="[840,1002,1606,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="2341 - 2354" refId="ref16075" refString="HARINGTON, C. R. 2011. Pleistocene vertebrates of the Yukon Territory. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 2341 - 2354." type="journal article" year="2011">Harington 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8F93F981FB33C30A" author="FAERMAN, M." box="[1018,1225,1606,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15495" refString="FAERMAN, M., ET AL. 2017. DNA analysis of a 30,000 - year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day Arctic ground squirrels. Scientific Reports 7: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2017">Faerman et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8889F981FA38C30A" author="FAERMAN, M." box="[1248,1474,1606,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15495" refString="FAERMAN, M., ET AL. 2017. DNA analysis of a 30,000 - year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day Arctic ground squirrels. Scientific Reports 7: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2017">Faerman et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a calibrated radiocarbon (
|
||
<superScript id="3FF59B83FFB6FF8F88F9F9A3FB65C325" attach="right" box="[1168,1183,1636,1650]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">14</superScript>
|
||
C) date of 33,075 years on fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8F20F941FC54C3CA" box="[841,942,1670,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8F20F941FC54C3CA" box="[841,942,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Yakutia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB6FF8F882FF941FB74C3CA" box="[1094,1166,1670,1693]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. One extinct subspecies (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F89F9F941FC85C3EA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F89A3F941FC85C3EA" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glacialis">glacialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8FF0F961FBB3C3EA" author="VINOGRADOV, B. S." box="[921,1097,1702,1725]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="553 - 556" refId="ref19235" refString="VINOGRADOV, B. S. 1948. On the discovery of carcasses of fossil Arctic ground squirrels from the permafrost of the Indigirka river basin. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 62: 553 - 556." type="journal article" year="1948">Vinogradov 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is recognized from the late Pleistocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB6FF8F8F2FF901FC70C38A" box="[838,906,1734,1757]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB6FF8F8FF3F901FB9EC38A" author="FAERMAN, M." box="[922,1124,1734,1757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15495" refString="FAERMAN, M., ET AL. 2017. DNA analysis of a 30,000 - year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day Arctic ground squirrels. Scientific Reports 7: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2017">Faerman et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB6FF8E8FC3F8DFFA6BC475" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB6FF8F8FC3F8DFFA6BC265" blockId="6.[938,1425,1816,1842]" box="[938,1425,1816,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB6FF8F8FC3F8DFFA6BC265" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[938,1425,1816,1842]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8FC3F8DFFA6BC265" bold="true" box="[938,1425,1816,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB6FF8E8F1AF89CFDEEC6B5" blockId="6.[840,1522,1883,1938]" lastBlockId="7.[107,794,203,1954]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB6FF8F8FABF89CFB76C225" box="[962,1164,1883,1906]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB6FF8F8FABF89CFB76C225" box="[962,1164,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="90">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are naked, blind, and altricial at birth, develop in nests for 27–28 days, and are weaned within roughly 1 week following emergence from natal burrows (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8E83FF0CFF58C455" author="CARL, E. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hubbs and Boonstra 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8D8CFF2CFD5CC455" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[485,678,235,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Juvenile emergence occurs from mid-June to mid-July depending on the exact timing of breeding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8DFEFEECFDFCC415" author="CARL, E. A." box="[407,518,299,322]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kiell and Millar 1978; Batzli and Sobaski 1980;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8DE4FE8CFDDFC435" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[397,549,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hubbs and Boonstra 1997; Byrom and Krebs 1999). Weight at emergence is 20–30% of adult weight (200–300 g—Kiell and Millar 1978; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Buck and Barnes 1999a), and ontogenetic allometric variation exists such that at emergence, external linear measurements of juveniles are closer to adult proportions than is weight (Kiell and Millar 1978). Juvenile males grow faster than females (Hubbs and Boonstra 1997; Wheeler and Hik 2014a); rates of 7 and
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB7FF8E8D78FD8CFECEC735" box="[273,308,587,610]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" unit="g" value="5.0">5 g</quantity>
|
||
/day have been reported, respectively (Buck and Barnes 1999a). Young typically reach adult weight toward the end of their 2nd season (Buck and Barnes 1999a). Secondyear males and females are capable of breeding despite being less than 12 months old, though not all will do so (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8EFAFD0CFF59C655" author="SHERIFF, M. J." pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Wheeler and Hik (2014a) suggested that juvenile growth rates are dependent on habitat, being higher in more open habitats due to either decreased predation risk or availability of higherquality forage. In males, however, relative influence of habitat characteristics on weight gain decreases through time (Wheeler and Hik 2014a). Specific growth rates of juvenile
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8EFBFC4CFCE0C6F5" box="[658,794,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8EB9FC4CFCE0C6F5" box="[720,794,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are several times higher than in some other marmotine ground squirrel genera (Kiell and Millar 1978).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB7FF8E8CF1FC2CFDE8C335" blockId="7.[107,794,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8CF1FC2CFEA5C155" box="[152,351,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8CF1FC2CFEA5C155" box="[152,351,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
breeds just once a year. As in many other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8C04FBCCFF1EC175" box="[109,228,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8C04FBCCFF1EC175" box="[109,228,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, breeding individuals of both sexes are reproductively mature upon spring emergence. In reproductive males, reactivation of the circadian clock in spring leads to an increase in circulating testosterone, resumption of heterothermy, and gonadal development prior to emergence. These testosterone increases prevent reentry into torpor; conversely, females and nonreproductive males may repeat spring torpor bouts if weather conditions remain poor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8D55FB2CFDEFC055" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & C. L. BUCK & M. J. SHERIFF & M. M. RICHTER & J. S. KRAUSE & B. M. BARNES" box="[316,533,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="854 - 859" refId="ref19769" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., C. L. BUCK, M. J. SHERIFF, M. M. RICHTER, J. S. KRAUSE, AND B. M. BARNES. 2017. Sex-dependent phenological plasticity in an arctic hibernator. American Naturalist 190: 854 - 859." type="journal article" year="2017">Williams et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Male
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8E05FB2CFCE2C055" box="[620,792,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
are known to maintain active season body temperatures for up to 10 days in hibernacula before their emergence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8EF8FAECFF59C035" author="SHERIFF, M. J." pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three to 4 days following emergence, breeding females enter estrus for a single afternoon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8D81FAACFD58C0D5" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[488,674,1387,1410]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Buck and Barnes 1999a). Copulation usually occurs underground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8EBEFA4CFF18C095" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), gestation lasts 25 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8E6AFA6CFD7DC095" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[515,647,1451,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8EF1FA6CFF58C0B5" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8CDAFA0CFE83C0B5" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[179,377,1483,1506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and parturition is completed by late May at low latitudes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8D3CFA2CFE13C355" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[341,489,1515,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or the first one-half of June at high latitudes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8D47F9CCFE60C375" author="CARL, E. A." box="[302,410,1547,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kiell and Millar 1978). Temporal variation of this same magnitude has been observed among sites in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB7FF8E8C81F98CFEC8C335" box="[232,306,1611,1634]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8D2BF98CFDFBC335" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[322,513,1611,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB7FF8E8CF1F9ACFA6BC475" blockId="7.[107,794,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1523,203,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8C99F9ACFEA7C3D5" box="[240,349,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8C99F9ACFEA7C3D5" box="[240,349,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
commonly give birth to up to 9 young. Mean counts of embryos or placental scars have been reported as
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB7FF8E8CE7F96CFF37C395" box="[142,205,1707,1730]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2446" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="4.9">4.9 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8CBCF96CFEF1C395" box="[213,267,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8D7AF96CFD6BC395" authority="(Hubbs and Boonstra 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Hubbs and Boonstra" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[275,657,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8D7AF96CFEA7C395" box="[275,349,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">plesius</emphasis>
|
||
(Hubbs and Boonstra 1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB7FF8E8EA1F96CFF7EC3B5" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7907" metricValueMax="1.9304" metricValueMin="1.651" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="7.05" valueMax="7.6" valueMin="6.5">6.5–7.6 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8CE3F90CFECDC3B5" box="[138,311,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8D2EF90CFE07C3B5" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[327,509,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8E65F90CFD74C3B5" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[524,654,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8EF7F90CFCF2C3B5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[670,776,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8C04F92CFEFBC255" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[109,257,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported 7–9 embryos per female in
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8EE0F92CFF65C275" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8EAAF92CFF65C275" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">leucostictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Embryo resorption has been reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8E3EF8CCFD3EC275" author="CARL, E. A." box="[599,708,1803,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Litter counts based on trapping data are generally lower than embryo counts, from
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB7FF8E8C95F88CFEC0C235" box="[252,314,1867,1890]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0413999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="4.1">4.1 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8D56F88CFE39C235" box="[319,451,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8D10F88CFE39C235" baseAuthorityName="Hubbs and Boonstra" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[377,451,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(range 1–5—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8E31F88CFCF5C235" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[600,783,1867,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB7FF8E8CE1F8ACFF08C2D5" box="[136,242,1899,1922]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4731999999999998" metricValueMax="1.5493999999999999" metricValueMin="1.397" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" unit="in" value="5.8" valueMax="6.1" valueMin="5.5">5.5–6.1 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8C9EF8ACFE65C2D5" box="[247,415,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8DC6F8ACFDE2C2D5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[431,536,1899,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8E44F8ACFD49C2D5" author="GEIST, O. W." box="[557,691,1899,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="306 - 308" refId="ref15672" refString="GEIST, O. W. 1933. Habits of the ground squirrel Citellus lyratus on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 14: 306 - 308." type="journal article" year="1933">Geist (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed 5 live young in a
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8D29F84CFE35C2F5" box="[320,463,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8DECF84CFE35C2F5" baseAuthorityName="Hall and Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[389,463,1931,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
nest. Weight gain by female
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8F21FF0CFC28C5B5" box="[840,978,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8FE1FF0CFC28C5B5" baseAuthorityName="Hubbs and Boonstra" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[904,978,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
due to pregnancy was reported as
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB7FF8E893FFF0CFA7DC5B5" box="[1366,1415,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" unit="g" value="61.0">61 g</quantity>
|
||
(McLean and Towns 1981). Approximately equal juvenile sex ratios are documented (Batzli and Sobaski 1980;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8885FECCFA7AC475" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[1260,1408,267,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFB7FF82883BFEA1FE73C795" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB7FF80883BFEA1FA70C0B5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB7FF8E883BFEA1FB12C4D7" blockId="7.[1106,1256,358,384]" box="[1106,1256,358,384]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB7FF8E883BFEA1FB12C4D7" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,358,384]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E883BFEA1FB12C4D7" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,358,384]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB7FF8E8F1AFE6DFB50C156" blockId="7.[839,1524,426,1953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8F1AFE6DFA6BC496" box="[883,1425,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8F1AFE6DFB5EC495" bold="true" box="[883,1188,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E88D6FE6DFA6BC496" box="[1215,1425,426,449]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">Urocitellus parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is colonial, and aspects of its population biology have been studied in detail. Density of breeding adults varies with latitude and habitat; in northernmost
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB7FF8E8809FDCDFB54C776" box="[1120,1198,522,545]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, densities range from 0.2 to 1.7 adults/ha (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8F8AFDEDFB9CC716" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[995,1126,554,577]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980), although 5–
|
||
<specimenCount id="DE86FD42FFB7FF8E8F0DFD8DFC42C736" box="[868,952,586,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" type="adult">8 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
/ha are typical farther south (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8891FD8DFA9EC736" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1272,1380,586,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Donker and Krebs 2011). However, variation of equal or greater magnitude can occur between habitats in
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E88BCFD4DFA9BC7F6" box="[1237,1377,650,673]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E897CFD4DFA9BC7F6" baseAuthorityName="Hubbs and Boonstra" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1301,1377,650,673]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, with <1–3/ ha documented in boreal forest habitats (Hubbs and Boonstra 1997; Byrom and Krebs 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E88C0FD0DFA8CC7B6" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[1193,1398,714,737]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E89E1FD0DFC84C656" author="HIK, D. S. & C. J. MCCOLL & R. BOONSTRA" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="275 - 288" refId="ref16306" refString="HIK, D. S., C. J. MCCOLL, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2001. Why are Arctic ground squirrels more stressed in the boreal forest than in alpine meadows? Ecoscience 8: 275 - 288." type="journal article" year="2001">Hik et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Donker and Krebs 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E88F3FD2DFAA4C656" author="WERNER, J. R. & C. J. KREBS & S. A. DONKER & R. BOONSTRA & M. J. SHERIFF" box="[1178,1374,746,769]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="176 - 184" refId="ref19432" refString="WERNER, J. R., C. J. KREBS, S. A. DONKER, R. BOONSTRA, AND M. J. SHERIFF. 2015. Arctic ground squirrel population collapse in the boreal forests of the Southern Yukon. Wildlife Research 42: 176 - 184." type="journal article" year="2015">Werner et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 3–16/ha documented in meadow or tundra habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8942FCCDFA16C676" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[1323,1516,778,801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8F21FCEDFC14C616" author="HIK, D. S. & C. J. MCCOLL & R. BOONSTRA" box="[840,1006,810,833]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="275 - 288" refId="ref16306" refString="HIK, D. S., C. J. MCCOLL, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2001. Why are Arctic ground squirrels more stressed in the boreal forest than in alpine meadows? Ecoscience 8: 275 - 288." type="journal article" year="2001">Hik et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Donker and Krebs 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E897FFCEDFA19C616" author="WERNER, J. R. & C. J. KREBS & S. A. DONKER & R. BOONSTRA & M. J. SHERIFF" box="[1302,1507,810,833]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="176 - 184" refId="ref19432" refString="WERNER, J. R., C. J. KREBS, S. A. DONKER, R. BOONSTRA, AND M. J. SHERIFF. 2015. Arctic ground squirrel population collapse in the boreal forests of the Southern Yukon. Wildlife Research 42: 176 - 184." type="journal article" year="2015">Werner et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Population densities increase in summer before juvenile dispersal, and local densities can also be higher during hibernation than in the active season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E88FFFC4DFAF9C6F6" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1174,1283,906,929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Significantly higher densities than those listed above are reported from experimental manipulations (Hubbs and Boonstra 1997; Byrom and Krebs 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8FBCFC2DFB60C156" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[981,1178,1002,1025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB7FF8E8F1AFBCDFB5BC3F6" blockId="7.[839,1524,426,1953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Colony size is relatively stable in tundra populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8F21FBEDFC02C116" box="[840,1016,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
, although turnover of individuals can be high (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8F38FB8DFC47C136" author="CARL, E. A." box="[849,957,1098,1121]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980). Conversely, colony size may fluctuate widely in the subarctic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8889FBADFA65C1D6" author="BOUTIN, S." box="[1248,1439,1130,1153]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref14486" refString="BOUTIN, S., ET AL. 1995. Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos 74: 69 - 80." type="journal article" year="1995">Boutin et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hubbs and Boonstra 1997; Lacey and Wieczorek 2001). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8F21FB6DFC4EC196" box="[840,948,1194,1217]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8F21FB6DFC4EC196" box="[840,948,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not a cyclic species; extreme population lows are induced by extrinsic phenomena such as crashes in hare (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E89C3FB0DFA10C1B6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1450,1514,1226,1249]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E89C3FB0DFA10C1B6" box="[1450,1514,1226,1249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Lepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) populations that increase predation pressure on squirrels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E89C3FB2DFC3EC076" author="BOUTIN, S." pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref14486" refString="BOUTIN, S., ET AL. 1995. Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos 74: 69 - 80." type="journal article" year="1995">Boutin et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hubbs and Boonstra 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E897EFACDFA11C076" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[1303,1515,1290,1313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8F21FAEDFBE2C016" author="WERNER, J. R. & C. J. KREBS & S. A. DONKER & R. BOONSTRA & M. J. SHERIFF" box="[840,1048,1322,1345]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="176 - 184" refId="ref19432" refString="WERNER, J. R., C. J. KREBS, S. A. DONKER, R. BOONSTRA, AND M. J. SHERIFF. 2015. Arctic ground squirrel population collapse in the boreal forests of the Southern Yukon. Wildlife Research 42: 176 - 184." type="journal article" year="2015">Werner et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During a period of decreased hare numbers in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB7FF8E8FFEFA8DFC25C036" box="[919,991,1354,1377]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8F80FA8DFB3BC036" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[1001,1217,1354,1377]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded that 96% of active season mortalities were due to predation. Populations can also be impacted by climatic factors such as anomalously high or low snowpack; the former may limit access to spring forage by delaying snowmelt (Hubbs and Boonstra 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E893AFA0DFC87C356" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & C. L. BUCK & M. J. SHERIFF & M. M. RICHTER & J. S. KRAUSE & B. M. BARNES" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="854 - 859" refId="ref19769" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., C. L. BUCK, M. J. SHERIFF, M. M. RICHTER, J. S. KRAUSE, AND B. M. BARNES. 2017. Sex-dependent phenological plasticity in an arctic hibernator. American Naturalist 190: 854 - 859." type="journal article" year="2017">Williams et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the latter decreases overwintering success by reducing soil insulation (Karels and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8818F9CDFAF5C376" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL" box="[1137,1295,1546,1569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="390 - 404" refId="ref14366" refString="BOONSTRA, R., AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2000. Contrasting stress response of male Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286: 390 - 404." type="journal article" year="2000">Boonstra 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8916F9CDFA11C376" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1407,1515,1546,1569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Buck and Barnes 1999a). Hubbs and Boonstra (1997) suggested female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E8FF3F98DFBF2C336" box="[922,1032,1610,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8FF3F98DFBF2C336" box="[922,1032,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have higher overwinter survival than males, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8F1FF9ADFC08C3D6" author="CARL, E. A." box="[886,1010,1642,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested pregnancy rates differ between highquality and low-quality habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB7FF818F1AF96DFD1FC495" blockId="7.[839,1524,426,1953]" lastBlockId="8.[108,794,203,1922]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Based on their study of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E881BF96DFAE7C396" box="[1138,1309,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
, Batzli and Sobaski (1980) suggested
|
||
<specimenCount id="DE86FD42FFB7FF8E8862F90DFBA3C3B6" box="[1035,1113,1738,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E88EBF90DFB15C3B6" box="[1154,1263,1738,1761]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E88EBF90DFB15C3B6" box="[1154,1263,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies exist: those in favorable habitats with high densities, little fluctuation in density, and consistent growth rates; those in acceptable habitats with lower densities that are also more susceptible to density fluctuations; and “refugee” populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB7FF8E8968F88DFA96C236" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1281,1388,1866,1889]" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that do not breed and inhabit areas only temporarily. Data from
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB7FF8E8906F8ADFA08C2D6" box="[1391,1522,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB7FF8E89C1F8ADFA08C2D6" baseAuthorityName="Hubbs and Boonstra" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1448,1522,1898,1921]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
appear to support parts of this model. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB7FF8E8896F84DFABDC2F6" box="[1279,1351,1930,1953]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="7" pageNumber="91">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
, this subspecies inhabits alpine meadows, lower-elevation meadows, and boreal forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818CA3FF2CFE9EC455" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[202,356,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Byrom and Krebs 1999; Donker and Krebs 2011, 2012). Alpine meadows support high population densities with higher recruitment and boreal forests function as sink habitats, supporting smaller populations with lower densities, lower recruitment rates, and occasionally extreme fluctuations (Donker and Krebs 2011, 2012). Nonbreeding (“refugee”) colonies from this region have not been explicitly reported.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB8FF818CF1FE0CFE2BC6B5" blockId="8.[108,794,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Predation and food resources are the major factors influencing population dynamics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818DA1FE2CFDCCC755" box="[456,566,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818DA1FE2CFE21C755" box="[456,475,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818D85FE2CFDCCC755" box="[492,566,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818E21FE2CFCEAC755" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[584,784,491,514]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Karels and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818C84FDCCFE76C775" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL" box="[237,396,523,546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="390 - 404" refId="ref14366" refString="BOONSTRA, R., AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2000. Contrasting stress response of male Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286: 390 - 404." type="journal article" year="2000">Boonstra 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At normal population levels, food is the more important of these and is known to improve female overwinter survival, spring body mass, percent of females lactating, and reproductive success. Juvenile recruitment and growth rates also benefit from increased food availability (Hubbs and Boonstra 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818D73FD6CFE25C795" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[282,479,683,706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Karels and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818E02FD6CFCF2C795" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL" box="[619,776,683,706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="390 - 404" refId="ref14366" refString="BOONSTRA, R., AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2000. Contrasting stress response of male Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286: 390 - 404." type="journal article" year="2000">Boonstra 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Strong density dependence has been inferred in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818E1AFD0CFD26C7B5" box="[627,732,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818E1AFD0CFD26C7B5" box="[627,732,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; proportions of females weaning a litter or successfully overwintering are inversely correlated with population density (Karels and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818CF6FCECFEC5C615" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL" box="[159,319,811,834]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="390 - 404" refId="ref14366" refString="BOONSTRA, R., AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2000. Contrasting stress response of male Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286: 390 - 404." type="journal article" year="2000">Boonstra 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, concordant with the noncyclic nature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818CB0FC8CFEB9C635" box="[217,323,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818CB0FC8CFEB9C635" box="[217,323,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, active season survival is not density-independent (Karels and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818D39FCACFE14C6D5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL" box="[336,494,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="390 - 404" refId="ref14366" refString="BOONSTRA, R., AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2000. Contrasting stress response of male Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286: 390 - 404." type="journal article" year="2000">Boonstra 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also, when extreme population declines occur, predation may become more important than resource availability in determining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818E59FC6CFD67C695" box="[560,669,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818E59FC6CFD67C695" box="[560,669,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population growth rates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818D68FC0CFE3BC6B5" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[257,449,971,994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB8FF818CF1FC2CFE7FC035" blockId="8.[108,794,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Juvenile mortality may be up to 75% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818E37FC2CFD36C155" box="[606,716,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818E37FC2CFD8BC155" box="[606,625,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818EEBFC2CFD36C155" box="[642,716,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in many other ground-dwelling sciurids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818E6DFBCCFD94C175" box="[516,622,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818E6DFBCCFDEDC175" box="[516,535,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818E4DFBCCFD94C175" box="[548,622,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females exhibit high natal philopatry, with juvenile dispersal and mortality being highly male biased. Male dispersal rates appear independent of population density, while those of females are dependent on resource availability (Byrom and Krebs 1999; Karels and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818C04FB6CFEF6C195" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. MCCOLL" box="[109,268,1195,1218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="390 - 404" refId="ref14366" refString="BOONSTRA, R., AND C. J. MCCOLL. 2000. Contrasting stress response of male Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286: 390 - 404." type="journal article" year="2000">Boonstra 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Male dispersal distances can be up to 4 times greater than in females, and males may exhibit higher survival than females when dispersal distances are this long (Byrom and Krebs 1999). Males dispersing from high-quality habitats have higher survival than those dispersing from lower-quality habitats (Donker and Krebs 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB8FF818CF1FAACFA90C475" blockId="8.[108,794,203,1922]" lastBlockId="8.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818CF1FAACFEE8C0D4" bold="true" box="[152,274,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—Optimal habitats for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818E75FAACFD16C0D5" box="[540,748,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818E75FAACFD16C0D5" box="[540,748,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are open tundra and meadows, although boreal forests and tundra-forest–meadow-forest ecotones are also used in southern parts of its range.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818C94FA0CFE97C0B5" box="[253,365,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818C94FA0CFEEAC0B5" box="[253,272,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818D48FA0CFE97C0B5" box="[289,365,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is locally common in some anthropogenically modified habitats as well. As a burrower, its primary habitat requirement is well-drained soils. In tundra systems, it occupies well-drained areas on hillsides, hillocks, bluffs, and along creeks and riverbanks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818DD6F98CFDC1C335" author="QUAY, W. B." box="[447,571,1611,1634]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="88 - 99" refId="ref18291" refString="QUAY, W. B. 1951. Observations on mammals of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 88 - 99." type="journal article" year="1951">Quay 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818E27F98CFD2CC335" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[590,726,1611,1634]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818E80F98CFF59C3D5" author="CARL, E. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980), where it prefers sandy, sandy clay, or loamy soils with permafrost levels deep enough to allow burrows (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818D7FF96CFE77C395" author="QUAY, W. B." box="[278,397,1707,1730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="88 - 99" refId="ref18291" refString="QUAY, W. B. 1951. Observations on mammals of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 88 - 99." type="journal article" year="1951">Quay 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818DF2F96CFDE4C395" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[411,542,1707,1730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818E45F96CFD6DC395" author="CARL, E. A." box="[556,663,1707,1730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Typically, these habitats are characterized by expanses of evergreen tundra shrubs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818C9EF92CFEC3C255" box="[247,313,1771,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Dryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818C9EF92CFEC3C255" box="[247,313,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Dryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818DBBF92CFDBAC255" box="[466,576,1771,1794]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), deciduous shrubs (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818CC4F8CCFF19C275" box="[173,227,1803,1826]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818CC4F8CCFF19C275" box="[173,227,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and monocots (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818DB6F8CCFD49C275" authority=", Eriophorum" authorityName="Eriophorum" box="[479,691,1803,1826]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818DB6F8CCFD49C275" box="[479,691,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Carex, Eriophorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In subalpine areas of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB8FF818D70F8ECFE9EC215" box="[281,356,1835,1858]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB8FF818DF2F8ECFE1FC215" box="[411,485,1835,1858]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818D9BF8ECFD9BC215" box="[498,609,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818D9BF8ECFD9BC215" box="[498,609,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers high- or low-elevation meadows and boulder fields characterized by forbs, grasses, and lichens and interspersed to various degrees with willow (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818F8DFF0CFBE0C5B5" box="[996,1050,203,226]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818F8DFF0CFBE0C5B5" box="[996,1050,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), poplar (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF8188FBFF0CFB13C5B5" box="[1170,1257,203,226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF8188FBFF0CFB13C5B5" box="[1170,1257,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Populus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), spruce (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818908FF0CFA65C5B5" box="[1377,1439,203,226]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818908FF0CFA65C5B5" box="[1377,1439,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Picea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), birch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818F38FF2CFC62C455" box="[849,920,235,258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818F38FF2CFC62C455" box="[849,920,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Betula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or aspen (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818873FF2CFB8BC455" box="[1050,1137,235,258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818873FF2CFB8BC455" box="[1050,1137,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Populus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF8188E5FF2CFAD9C455" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[1164,1315,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818958FF2CFA11C455" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[1329,1515,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Byrom and Krebs 1999; Donker and Krebs 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB8FF818F1AFEECFAC5C655" blockId="8.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Territories of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818829FEECFB50C415" box="[1088,1194,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818829FEECFB50C415" box="[1088,1194,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generally larger than those of females. Areas are 0.31–4.3 ha for males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF81895BFE8CFA4FC435" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[1330,1461,331,354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF8189ACFE8CFC87C4D5" author="CARL, E. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980) and 0.15–3.2 ha for females (Batzli and Sobaski 1980;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818812FE4CFAEFC4F5" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[1147,1301,395,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Byrom and Krebs 1999). Territory sizes of both sexes appear negatively correlated with population density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818837FE0CFB31C4B5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1118,1227,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Byrom and Krebs 1999).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818801FE2CFB2CC755" box="[1128,1238,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818801FE2CFB2CC755" box="[1128,1238,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to forage most often within
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB8FF818FB8FDCCFBFDC775" box="[977,1031,523,546]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
of burrows, but usually not directly at burrow entrances (Batzli and Sobaski 1980). The home ranges of males may be significantly larger than, and positively correlated with, sizes of defended territories (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF8188E3FDACFB0DC7D5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1162,1271,619,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Female home ranges do not change demonstrably across the active season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF8189F3FD4CFC87C795" author="MCLEAN, I. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Extreme movements of up to
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB8FF8188ABFD6CFB0DC795" box="[1218,1271,683,706]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
/day have been recorded (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818F38FD0CFC28C7B5" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[849,978,715,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980), and sightings as far as
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB8FF81898CFD0CFC93C655" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
out on sea ice have been noted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF8188ACFD2CFAD5C655" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1221,1327,747,770]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB8FF818F1AFCCCFB19C055" blockId="8.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818F1AFCCCFBC2C675" box="[883,1080,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818F1AFCCCFBC2C675" box="[883,1080,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
constructs a variety of burrows. Residence burrows are used perennially as both hibernacula and natal burrows; they may have up to 6 or more entrances and are usually up to
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB8FF818FEDFCACFC56C6D5" box="[900,940,875,898]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
deep (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818F98FCACFB88C6D5" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1009,1138,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Buck and Barnes 1999a). Latrines may also be located in adjacent cavities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818F15FC6CFC07C695" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[892,1021,939,962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Secondary (or “transient”) burrows may have up to 4 entrances and are usually <
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB8FF8188BCFC0CFAEFC6B5" box="[1237,1301,971,994]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
deep; they are used primarily for short-term safety while foraging (or for longer if predators are present).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818821FBCCFB32C175" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1096,1224,1035,1058]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred to secondary burrows as “duck holes,” noting they never contain enlarged cavities or nests.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818FB8FB8CFBB7C135" author="CARL, E. A." box="[977,1101,1099,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also described additional burrow
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB8FF8189DDFB8CFA15C135" box="[1460,1519,1099,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, such as boundary pits (shallow diggings <
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB8FF818974FBACFA9EC1D5" box="[1309,1380,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep located at edges of male territories). The longest and deepest burrows documented occur in sandy habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF8188A6FB6CFAAAC195" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1231,1360,1195,1218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Burrow complexes of intermediate size and containing 4–11 openings can be constructed within 4 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818800FB2CFB28C055" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1129,1234,1259,1282]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB8FF818F1AFACCFC32C3D5" blockId="8.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818FB0FACCFBBCC075" box="[985,1094,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818FB0FACCFBBCC075" box="[985,1094,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB8FF818812FACCFB13C075" box="[1147,1257,1291,1314]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" unit="cm" value="26.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="22.0">22–30 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide and may be lined with dry grass, leaves, lichens, or fur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF81888CFAECFAA0C015" author="GEIST, O. W." box="[1253,1370,1323,1346]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="306 - 308" refId="ref15672" refString="GEIST, O. W. 1933. Habits of the ground squirrel Citellus lyratus on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 14: 306 - 308." type="journal article" year="1933">Geist 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818900FAECFA11C015" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[1385,1515,1323,1346]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818F21FA8CFC29C035" author="BARNES, B. M." box="[840,979,1355,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="1593 - 1595" refId="ref14049" refString="BARNES, B. M. 1989. Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 ° C in an Arctic hibernator. Science 244: 1593 - 1595." type="journal article" year="1989">Barnes 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); nesting materials are rolled into a ball during hibernation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818FBCFAACFBA5C0D5" author="BARNES, B. M." box="[981,1119,1387,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="1593 - 1595" refId="ref14049" refString="BARNES, B. M. 1989. Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 ° C in an Arctic hibernator. Science 244: 1593 - 1595." type="journal article" year="1989">Barnes 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Winter hibernaculum temperatures vary with local snow cover and also with the presence of shrubby vegetation (Buck and Barnes 1999a). Females tend to occupy warmer hibernacula than males, and adults occupy warmer hibernacula than juveniles (Buck and Barnes 1999a). In spring, females may plug entrances to natal burrows with loose dirt prior to juvenile emergence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF81882AF9ECFB3EC315" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[1091,1220,1579,1602]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A daytime burrow is often used as a strategy to maintain optimal body temperatures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF8189D3F98CFC42C3D5" author="LONG, R. A. & T. J. MARTIN & B. M. BARNES" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="314 - 322" refId="ref16986" refString="LONG, R. A., T. J. MARTIN, AND B. M. BARNES. 2005. Body temperature and activity patterns in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 314 - 322." type="journal article" year="2005">Long et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB8FF808F1AF94CFEEFC655" blockId="8.[838,1525,203,1922]" lastBlockId="9.[107,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818F1AF94CFB6DC3F5" box="[883,1175,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB8FF818F1AF94CFC52C3F4" bold="true" box="[883,936,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818FADF94CFB6DC3F5" box="[964,1175,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">Urocitellus parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a generalist herbivore that consumes a broader variety of plant
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFB8FF81889EF96CFACAC395" box="[1271,1328,1707,1730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92">types</typeStatus>
|
||
than most other Arctic rodents, with forbs comprising the largest portion. Feeding preferences do not appear to be in proportion to local plant abundances, but instead are driven by palatability, which is correlated with moisture and nutrient content (Batzli and Sobaski 1980;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB8FF818F80F88CFB7AC235" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[1001,1152,1867,1890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" pagination="1298 - 1301" refId="ref17168" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1298 - 1301." type="journal article" year="1985">McLean 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The most common dietary components are members of the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF818889F8ACFAB2C2D5" box="[1248,1352,1899,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB8FF81893AF8ACFA14C2D5" box="[1363,1518,1899,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="8" pageNumber="92" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Saxifragaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C04FF0CFF19C5B5" box="[109,227,203,226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808D4CFF0CFE68C5B5" box="[293,402,203,226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; grasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808E6AFF0CFD9AC5B5" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[515,608,203,226]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) contribute to a smaller proportion. Roots, shoots, leaves, and flowers are all consumed, although flowers may be the only parts of less palatable plants that are eaten. Lichens, mosses, and fungi may also be taken in lesser quantities.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808DCCFE8CFD85C435" author="HOBBIE, E. A." box="[421,639,331,354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="487 - 500" refId="ref16349" refString="HOBBIE, E. A., ET AL. 2017. Stable isotopes and radiocarbon assess variable importance of plants and fungi in diets of Arctic ground squirrels. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 49: 487 - 500." type="journal article" year="2017">Hobbie et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found significant dietary differences between populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808E1EFEACFF7EC4F5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
. Seasonal variation in diet also exists; spring diet appears more variable than that of summer and autumn, and seeds may contribute to a larger proportion of the latter (Batzli and Sobaski 1980).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808CA8FE2CFE88C755" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[193,370,491,514]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1298 - 1301" refId="ref17168" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1298 - 1301." type="journal article" year="1985">McLean (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated that male and female
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C04FDCCFF04C775" box="[109,254,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808CDBFDCCFF04C775" baseAuthorityName="Hubbs and Boonstra" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[178,254,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have comparable diets for most of the season, but these diverge by autumn; however, there was little effect of sex on dietary stable isotope ratios in northern Alaskan populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808CDAFDACFE85C7D5" author="HOBBIE, E. A." box="[179,383,619,642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="487 - 500" refId="ref16349" refString="HOBBIE, E. A., ET AL. 2017. Stable isotopes and radiocarbon assess variable importance of plants and fungi in diets of Arctic ground squirrels. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 49: 487 - 500." type="journal article" year="2017">Hobbie et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The foraging patterns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808EC2FDACFCE2C7D5" box="[683,792,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808EC2FDACFD47C7D5" box="[683,701,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808EA5FDACFCE2C7D5" box="[716,792,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on legumes may potentially lead to competition with moose (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C1FFD6CFF0AC795" authority="alces" box="[118,240,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Alces" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alces">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C1FFD6CFF0AC795" box="[118,240,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Alces alces</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), porcupine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808DEBFD6CFD98C795" box="[386,610,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Erethrizon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808DEBFD6CFD98C795" box="[386,610,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Erethrizon dorsatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), snowshoe hare (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C1FFD0CFEBBC7B5" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[118,321,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C1FFD0CFEBBC7B5" box="[118,321,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Lepus americanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or feral horses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808E7BFD0CFD07C7B5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[530,765,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ferus" subSpecies="caballus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808E7BFD0CFD07C7B5" box="[530,765,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Equus ferus caballus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C04FD2CFEFFC655" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[109,261,747,770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1298 - 1301" refId="ref17168" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1298 - 1301." type="journal article" year="1985">McLean 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB9FF808CF1FCCCFE82C075" blockId="9.[107,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Although classified here as a herbivore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808E56FCCCFD5DC675" box="[575,679,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808E56FCCCFD5DC675" box="[575,679,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
like many other small mammals will regularly consume animal material, including arthropods. It will also consume meat of other vertebrates, including collard lemmings (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808DFAFCACFD59C6D5" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[403,675,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Dicrostonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="groenlandicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808DFAFCACFD59C6D5" box="[403,675,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Dicrostonyx groenlandicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808ED5FCACFF2DC6F5" author="BOONSTRA, R. & C. J. KREBS & M. KANTER" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="757 - 760" refId="ref14330" refString="BOONSTRA, R., C. J. KREBS, AND M. KANTER. 1990. Arctic ground squirrel predation on collared lemmings. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 757 - 760." type="journal article" year="1990">Boonstra et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), voles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808D46FC4CFE44C6F5" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[303,446,907,930]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1298 - 1301" refId="ref17168" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1298 - 1301." type="journal article" year="1985">McLean 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), mice (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808E7BFC4CFD7BC6F5" author="GEIST, O. W." box="[530,641,907,930]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="306 - 308" refId="ref15672" refString="GEIST, O. W. 1933. Habits of the ground squirrel Citellus lyratus on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 14: 306 - 308." type="journal article" year="1933">Geist 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), various birds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C1FFC6CFF09C695" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[118,243,939,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808D68FC6CFE95C695" author="CADE, T." box="[257,367,939,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="358 - 360" refId="ref14892" refString="CADE, T. 1951. Carnivorous ground squirrels on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 358 - 360." type="journal article" year="1951">Cade 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ebbert and Byrd 2002), and dried meats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C1FFC0CFF1CC6B5" author="GEIST, O. W." box="[118,230,971,994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="306 - 308" refId="ref15672" refString="GEIST, O. W. 1933. Habits of the ground squirrel Citellus lyratus on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 14: 306 - 308." type="journal article" year="1933">Geist 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C9CFC0CFE9FC6B5" author="CADE, T." box="[245,357,971,994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="358 - 360" refId="ref14892" refString="CADE, T. 1951. Carnivorous ground squirrels on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 358 - 360." type="journal article" year="1951">Cade 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808D1DFC0CFE08C6B5" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[372,498,971,994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) if available. Ten percent of juvenile snowshoe hare mortality in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB9FF808D89FC2CFDD9C155" box="[480,547,1003,1026]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
was attributed to predation by
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CD4FBCCFF0BC175" box="[189,241,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C9EFBCCFDEEC175" authority="(O'Donoghue 1994)" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[247,532,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C9EFBCCFEC7C175" box="[247,317,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">plesius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808D22FBCCFDF0C175" author="O'DONOGHUE, M." box="[331,522,1035,1058]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1582 - 1592" refId="ref17764" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M. 1994. Early survival of juvenile snowshoe hares. Ecology 75: 1582 - 1592." type="journal article" year="1994">O’Donoghue 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808E49FBCCFD7CC175" box="[544,646,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808E49FBCCFDC9C175" box="[544,563,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808E29FBCCFD7CC175" box="[576,646,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will also consume eggs and chicks of seabirds and is thus capable of contributing to local declines in nesting densities of these species (Ebbert and Byrd 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C84FBACFE60C1D5" author="WEST, C. & C. A. HOFMAN & S. EBBERT & J. MARTIN & S. SHIRAZI & S. DUNNING & J. E. MALDONADO" box="[237,410,1131,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1163 - 1172" refId="ref19486" refString="WEST, C., C. A. HOFMAN, S. EBBERT, J. MARTIN, S. SHIRAZI, S. DUNNING, AND J. E. MALDONADO. 2017. Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska. Conservation Biology 31: 1163 - 1172." type="journal article" year="2017">West et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cannibalism in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808E30FBACFD3BC1D5" box="[601,705,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808E30FBACFD3BC1D5" box="[601,705,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears fairly common and has been documented on juveniles and adults killed by aggressive males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808DFAFB6CFDECC195" author="STEINER, A. L." box="[403,534,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="601 - 603" refId="ref19016" refString="STEINER, A. L. 1972. Mortality resulting from intraspecific fighting in some ground squirrel populations. Journal of Mammalogy 53: 601 - 603." type="journal article" year="1972">Steiner 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808E4EFB6CFD48C195" author="HOLMES, W. G." box="[551,690,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="437 - 438" refId="ref16392" refString="HOLMES, W. G. 1977. Cannibalism in the Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii). Journal of Mammalogy 58: 437 - 438." type="journal article" year="1977">Holmes 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808EAAFB6CFF5AC1B5" author="MCLEAN, I. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1298 - 1301" refId="ref17168" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1298 - 1301." type="journal article" year="1985">McLean 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), individuals in captivity (Osgood etal. 1915;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808E03FB0CFCF5C1B5" author="MUSACCHIA, X. J." box="[618,783,1227,1250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="445 - 447" refId="ref17384" refString="MUSACCHIA, X. J. 1954. Cannibalism and other observations of captive ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 35: 445 - 447." type="journal article" year="1954">Musacchia 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and on hibernating, handicapped, trapped, and roadkill individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C1FFACCFF19C075" author="CADE, T." box="[118,227,1291,1314]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="358 - 360" refId="ref14892" refString="CADE, T. 1951. Carnivorous ground squirrels on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 358 - 360." type="journal article" year="1951">Cade 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C86FACCFE90C075" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[239,362,1291,1314]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB9FF808CF1FAECFF02C2F5" blockId="9.[107,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CF1FAECFD4EC015" box="[152,692,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CF1FAECFE4DC014" bold="true" box="[152,439,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808DBDFAECFD4EC015" box="[468,692,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">Urocitellus parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
harbors the siphonapterid fleas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808DE2FA8CFD85C035" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1904" box="[395,639,1355,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Oropsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alaskensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808DE2FA8CFD85C035" box="[395,639,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Oropsylla alaskensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808EABFA8CFDD6C0D5" authority="(Nadler and Hoffmann 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Nadler and Hoffmann" baseAuthorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Ceratophyllidae" genus="Oropsylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808EABFA8CFF39C0D5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">O. idahoensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Nadler and Hoffmann 1977)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The former occurs on high-latitude Asian and North American populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808CFBFA6CFEF3C095" box="[146,265,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CFBFA6CFEF3C095" box="[146,265,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the latter is not host specific and parasitizes other Nearctic ground squirrel species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808EFBFA0CFF5FC355" author="HAAS, G. E. & R. E. BARRETT & N. WILSON" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="333 - 338" refId="ref15938" refString="HAAS, G. E., R. E. BARRETT, AND N. WILSON. 1978. Siphonaptera from mammals in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56: 333 - 338." type="journal article" year="1978">Haas et al. 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808CD3FA2CFEB8C355" author="LEWIS, R. E." box="[186,322,1515,1538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="184 - 206" refId="ref16946" refString="LEWIS, R. E. 2002. A review of the North American species of Oropsylla Wagner and Ioff, 1926 (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae: Ceratophyllinae). Journal of Vector Ecology 27: 184 - 206." type="journal article" year="2002">Lewis 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sucking louse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808E2BFA2CFD0EC355" authorityName="Cummings" authorityYear="1914" box="[578,756,1515,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Polyplacidae" genus="Linognathoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phthiraptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808E2BFA2CFD0EC355" box="[578,756,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Linognathoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C04F9CCFEC1C375" authorityName="Mjoberg" authorityYear="1910" box="[109,315,1547,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Polyplacidae" genus="Neohaematopinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phthiraptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C04F9CCFEC1C375" box="[109,315,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Neohaematopinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808D39F9CCFE24C375" box="[336,478,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">laeviusculus</emphasis>
|
||
is known from
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808EC8F9CCFF45C315" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C8AF9ECFE84C315" author="WEBER, N. A." box="[227,382,1579,1602]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="147 - 206" refId="ref19400" refString="WEBER, N. A. 1950. A survey of the insects and related arthropods of Arctic Alaska. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 76: 147 - 206." type="journal article" year="1950">Weber 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808DC8F9ECFDDEC315" author="CARL, E. A." box="[417,548,1579,1602]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The roundworm
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C04F98CFEEEC335" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[109,276,1611,1634]" class="Chromadorea" family="Ascarididae" genus="Ascaris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="laevis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C04F98CFEEEC335" box="[109,276,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Ascaris laevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808D44F98CFE4BC335" author="TINER, J. D." box="[301,433,1611,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="126 - 131" refId="ref19162" refString="TINER, J. D. 1951. The morphology of Ascaris laevis Leidy 1856, and notes on ascarids in rodents. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 18: 126 - 131." type="journal article" year="1951">Tiner 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808DA0F98CFDBAC335" author="CARL, E. A." box="[457,576,1611,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the cestode
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C04F9ACFDA3C3D5" authority="(Rausch 1954)" baseAuthorityName="Rausch" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[109,601,1643,1666]" class="Cestoda" family="Anoplocephalidae" genus="Paranoplocephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="wigginsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C04F9ACFE53C3D5" box="[109,425,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Paranoplocephala wigginsi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808DD2F9ACFDB5C3D5" author="RAUSCH, R. L." box="[443,591,1643,1666]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="380 - 383" refId="ref18341" refString="RAUSCH, R. L. 1954. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XXII. Paranoplocephala wigginsi n. sp., a cestode from an Arctic ground squirrel. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 73: 380 - 383." type="journal article" year="1954">Rausch 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C07F94CFF1BC3F5" box="[110,225,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C07F94CFF7BC3F5" box="[110,129,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CF8F94CFF1BC3F5" box="[145,225,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808C98F94CFE8CC3F5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[241,374,1675,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further documented the presence of “unidentified” nematodes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808DCFF96CFDBEC395" box="[422,580,1707,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Echinococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808DCFF96CFDBEC395" box="[422,580,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Echinococcus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported in
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CF8F90CFF35C3B5" box="[145,207,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. p.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808CB5F90CFDC6C3B5" authority="(Thomas et al. 1954)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[220,572,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CB5F90CFED1C3B5" box="[220,299,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">lyratus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808D2AF90CFDCAC3B5" author="THOMAS, L. J. & B. B. BABERO & V. GALLICCHIO & R. J. LACEY" box="[323,560,1739,1762]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1102 - 1103" refId="ref19122" refString="THOMAS, L. J., B. B. BABERO, V. GALLICCHIO, AND R. J. LACEY. 1954. Echinococcosis onSt. LawrenceIsland, Alaska. Science 120: 1102 - 1103." type="journal article" year="1954">Thomas et al. 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, Rausch and Schiller (1956) expressed doubt about the true extent of susceptibility to that parasite. Five species of apicomplexans (parasitic protists) have been recorded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808EAFF8ECFF6FC235" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808EAFF8ECFF6FC235" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808CC1F88CFE28C235" authorityName="Henry" authorityYear="1932" box="[168,466,1867,1890]" class="Aves" family="Columbidae" genus="Eimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callospermophili">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808CC1F88CFE28C235" box="[168,466,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Eimeria callospermophili</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808D8DF88CFD81C235" box="[484,635,1867,1890]" class="Aves" family="Columbidae" genus="Eimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynomysis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808D8DF88CFD81C235" box="[484,635,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">E. cynomysis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808EE7F88CFCEAC235" box="[654,784,1867,1890]" class="Aves" family="Columbidae" genus="Eimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808EE7F88CFCEAC235" box="[654,784,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">E. lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808C04F8ACFEE0C2D5" box="[109,282,1899,1922]" class="Aves" family="Columbidae" genus="Eimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morainensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808C04F8ACFEE0C2D5" box="[109,282,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">E. morainensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808D37F8ACFE07C2D5" box="[350,509,1899,1922]" class="Aves" family="Columbidae" genus="Eimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Columbiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yukonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808D37F8ACFE07C2D5" box="[350,509,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">E. yukonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808E67F8ACFD4DC2D5" author="SAMPSON, J. R." box="[526,695,1899,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="45 - 46" refId="ref18749" refString="SAMPSON, J. R. 1969. Eimeria yukonensis n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus undulatus. Journal of Protozoology 16: 45 - 46." type="journal article" year="1969">Sampson 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808EA0F8ACFF1DC2F5" author="SEVILLE, R. S. & C. E. OLIVER & A. J. LYNCH & M. C. BRYANT & D. W. DUSZYNSKI" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="857 - 862" refId="ref18785" refString="SEVILLE, R. S., C. E. OLIVER, A. J. LYNCH, M. C. BRYANT, AND D. W. DUSZYNSKI. 2005. Eimeria species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in Alaska and in Siberia, Russia. Journal of Parasitology 91: 857 - 862." type="journal article" year="2005">Seville et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB9FF808F1AFF0CFB25C135" blockId="9.[838,1525,203,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808F1AFF0CFAB7C5B5" box="[883,1357,203,227]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808F1AFF0CFB82C5B4" bold="true" box="[883,1144,203,227]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Interspecific interactions.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8088FBFF0CFAB7C5B5" box="[1170,1357,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">Urocitellus parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a variety of predators across its geographic range. In tundra systems, mammalian predators include red fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808833FECCFB1EC475" authority="vulpes" box="[1114,1252,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808833FECCFB1EC475" box="[1114,1252,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Vulpes vulpes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), grizzly bear (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8089ECFECCFC9FC415" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Ursus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctos">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8089ECFECCFC9FC415" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Ursus arctos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), gray wolf (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808F8AFEECFBA2C415" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[995,1112,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808F8AFEECFBA2C415" box="[995,1112,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), wolverine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8088B3FEECFAC7C415" authority="gulo" box="[1242,1341,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Gulo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gulo">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8088B3FEECFAC7C415" box="[1242,1341,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Gulo gulo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ermine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8089C8FEECFC60C435" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8089C8FEECFC60C435" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Mustela erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and occasionally Arctic fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8088ADFE8CFAA3C435" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1220,1369,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8088ADFE8CFAA3C435" box="[1220,1369,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Vulpes lagopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF80891BFE8CFA11C435" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1394,1515,331,354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808F21FEACFC0AC4D5" author="CHESEMORE, D. L." box="[840,1008,363,386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1127 - 1130" refId="ref15142" refString="CHESEMORE, D. L. 1968. Notes on the food habits of Arctic foxes in northern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 46: 1127 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1968">Chesemore 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808F95FEACFBA4C4D5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1020,1118,363,386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808800FEACFAF9C4D5" author="REID, D. G. & C. J. KREBS & A. J. KENNEY" box="[1129,1283,363,386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="89 - 108" refId="ref18440" refString="REID, D. G., C. J. KREBS, AND A. J. KENNEY. 1997. Patterns of predation on noncyclic lemmings. Ecological Monographs 67: 89 - 108." type="journal article" year="1997">Reid et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF80897FFEACFA8DC4D5" box="[1302,1399,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF80897FFEACFA8DC4D5" box="[1302,1399,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also be prey for most high-latitude raptor species such as golden eagle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8089C6FE4CFC48C495" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Aquila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysaetos">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8089C6FE4CFC48C495" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Aquila chrysaetos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808FA2FE6CFB90C495" author="REID, D. G. & C. J. KREBS & A. J. KENNEY" box="[971,1130,427,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="89 - 108" refId="ref18440" refString="REID, D. G., C. J. KREBS, AND A. J. KENNEY. 1997. Patterns of predation on noncyclic lemmings. Ecological Monographs 67: 89 - 108." type="journal article" year="1997">Reid et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), peregrine falcon (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808946FE6CFA2DC495" authorityName="Tunstall" authorityYear="1771" box="[1327,1495,427,450]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Falco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808946FE6CFA2DC495" box="[1327,1495,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Falco peregrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Bradley and Oliphant 1991), gyrfalcon (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8088BFFE0CFA8FC4B5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1238,1397,459,482]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Falco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rusticolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8088BFFE0CFA8FC4B5" box="[1238,1397,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Falco rusticolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Poole and Boag 1988), rough-legged hawk (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8088F2FE2CFAD1C755" baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1179,1323,491,514]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8088F2FE2CFAD1C755" box="[1179,1323,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Buteo lagopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF80892CFE2CFA1EC755" author="REID, D. G. & C. J. KREBS & A. J. KENNEY" box="[1349,1508,491,514]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="89 - 108" refId="ref18440" refString="REID, D. G., C. J. KREBS, AND A. J. KENNEY. 1997. Patterns of predation on noncyclic lemmings. Ecological Monographs 67: 89 - 108." type="journal article" year="1997">Reid et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and snowy owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808F99FDCCFB61C775" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1008,1179,523,546]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Bubo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scandiacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808F99FDCCFB61C775" box="[1008,1179,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Bubo scandiacus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF8088DDFDCCFADEC775" author="QUAY, W. B." box="[1204,1316,523,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="88 - 99" refId="ref18291" refString="QUAY, W. B. 1951. Observations on mammals of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 32: 88 - 99." type="journal article" year="1951">Quay 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF80895BFDCCFA6CC775" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1330,1430,523,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as petrels and gulls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808864FDECFB7DC715" author="OGNEV, S. I." box="[1037,1159,555,578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" refId="ref17861" refString="OGNEV, S. I. 1947. Zveri SSSR i prilezhashchikh stran: Gryzuny (prodolzhenie): Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii [Mammals of USSR and adjacent countries: rodents (continued): mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia]. 5 th ed. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Russia." type="book" year="1947">Ognev 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the subalpine and boreal habitats typical of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808FD8FD8CFBD4C735" box="[945,1070,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808F82FD8CFBD4C735" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1003,1070,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, major predators include
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFB9FF80895AFD8CFA85C735" box="[1331,1407,587,610]" name="Canada" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
lynx (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8089ABFD8CFC4DC7D5" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8089ABFD8CFC4DC7D5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Lynx canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), coyote (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808877FDACFB5DC7D5" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[1054,1191,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808877FDACFB5DC7D5" box="[1054,1191,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Canis latrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), weasels (Mustelinae), northern goshawk (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808FDAFD4CFB99C7F5" box="[947,1123,651,674]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Accipeter" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gentilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808FDAFD4CFB99C7F5" box="[947,1123,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Accipeter gentilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), red-tailed hawk (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808942FD4CFA1EC7F5" baseAuthorityName="J.F.Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[1323,1508,651,674]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808942FD4CFA1EC7F5" box="[1323,1508,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Buteo jamaicensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and great-horned owl (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808846FD6CFB21C795" baseAuthorityName="J.F.Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" box="[1071,1243,683,706]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Bubo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virginianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808846FD6CFB21C795" box="[1071,1243,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Bubo virginianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Byrom and Krebs 1999).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808F21FD0CFC45C7B5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[840,959,715,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
implicated red fox as the most significant predator at Ogotoruk Creek (coastal northwest Alaska) and calculated a predation rate of 4.2 squirrels/day for 1 fox at that site. He documented prey switching in autumn in foxes and grizzly bears, with the former feeding on marine mammal carcasses but the latter increasingly able to excavate squirrel burrows as permafrost depths lower (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF8089E8FCACFA1EC6D5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1409,1508,875,898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hubbs and Boonstra (1997) reported roughly equal avian and mammalian predation near Kluane Lake,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB9FF8088D3FC6CFB06C695" box="[1210,1276,939,962]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(45% and 55%, respectively). However, in this same region,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF8088D2FC0CFA84C6B5" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[1211,1406,971,994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found 75% of adult mortality by avian predators, while Donker and Krebs (2012) found 100% of predation by avian predators. Poole and Boag (1988) reported gyrfalcon predation on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF8088FCFBECFB00C115" box="[1173,1274,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF8088FCFBECFB00C115" box="[1173,1274,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB9FF808975FBECFA09C115" box="[1308,1523,1067,1090]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
that was heavily biased toward juveniles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB9FF808F1AFBACFA70C0B5" blockId="9.[838,1525,203,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Burrowing and deposition of waste by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808977FBACFA70C1D5" box="[1310,1418,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808977FBACFA70C1D5" box="[1310,1418,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can have significant impacts on soil geomorphology and local plant communities. As much as
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFB9FF808858FB6CFB61C195" box="[1073,1179,1195,1218]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" unit="kg" value="18000.0">18,000 kg</quantity>
|
||
of soil per hectare may be excavated every year by
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808844FB0CFB43C1B5" box="[1069,1209,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808806FB0CFB43C1B5" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1135,1209,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB9FF808889FB0CFAD2C1B5" box="[1248,1320,1227,1250]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and this can also accelerate denudation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFB9FF808857FB2CFB4AC055" author="PRICE, L. W." box="[1086,1200,1259,1282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" pagination="100 - 106" refId="ref18258" refString="PRICE, L. W. 1971. Geomorphic effect of the Arctic ground squirrel in an alpine environment. Geografiska Annaler Series A: Physical Geography 53: 100 - 106." type="journal article" year="1971">Price 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Waste deposition can lead to fertilization via increases in available nitrogen and phosphorus around burrow systems, and this in combination with burrowing appears not only to increase the number of grasses and some vascular plant species, but also to decrease overall species richness surrounding burrows (Wheeler and Hik 2013). Bee and Hall (1956) stated that mutualistic habitat and antipredator interactions exist between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808872FA0CFB7FC0B5" box="[1051,1157,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808872FA0CFB7FC0B5" box="[1051,1157,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB9FF8088B7FA0CFAD2C0B5" box="[1246,1320,1483,1506]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
marmot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFB9FF838828F9EEFDAEC435" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB9FF808828F9EEFB03C314" blockId="9.[1089,1273,1577,1603]" box="[1089,1273,1577,1603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFB9FF808828F9EEFB03C314" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1089,1273,1577,1603]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808828F9EEFB03C314" bold="true" box="[1089,1273,1577,1603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">HUSBANDRY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFB9FF838F1AF9AAFDAEC435" blockId="9.[838,1526,1645,1956]" lastBlockId="10.[109,794,203,354]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808F1AF9AAFBDDC3D3" box="[883,1063,1645,1668]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808F1AF9AAFBDDC3D3" box="[883,1063,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be captured using wire mesh live traps (e.g., Tomahawk [Tomahawk Live Trap, Hazelhurst,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB9FF808975F94AFA72C3F3" box="[1308,1416,1677,1700]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
]; Havahart [Woodstream Corporation, Lititz,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFB9FF8088F7F96AFAD9C393" box="[1182,1315,1709,1732]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
]) baited with peanut butter, oats, fresh apple, or carrots. Many populations are easily habituated to long-term trapping or observation, and recapture success up to 95% has been reported (Hubbs and Boonstra 1997). Prebaiting for 1–2 days may increase juvenile capture rates (Hubbs and Boonstra 1997).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFB9FF808FF9F88AFC0CC233" box="[912,1014,1869,1892]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="93" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808FF9F88AFC58C233" box="[912,930,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFB9FF808FDBF88AFC0CC233" box="[946,1014,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="93">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is successfully marked using dyes (e.g., Nyanzol) applied to areas where it cannot be removed (i.e., neck and back), as well as with ear tags or by toe clipping.The latter can be used to identify individuals from snow tracks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838DF2FF0CFE04C5B5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[411,510,203,226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838E7AFF0CFD8DC5B5" box="[531,631,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838E7AFF0CFDDFC5B5" box="[531,549,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838E5AFF0CFD8DC5B5" box="[563,631,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be successfully monitored via radiotelemetry (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838D95FF2CFD48C455" author="WERNER, J. R. & C. J. KREBS & S. A. DONKER & R. BOONSTRA & M. J. SHERIFF" box="[508,690,235,258]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="176 - 184" refId="ref19432" refString="WERNER, J. R., C. J. KREBS, S. A. DONKER, R. BOONSTRA, AND M. J. SHERIFF. 2015. Arctic ground squirrel population collapse in the boreal forests of the Southern Yukon. Wildlife Research 42: 176 - 184." type="journal article" year="2015">Werner et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and with the use of passive integrated transponder tags (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E35FECCFCF0C475" author="SHERIFF, M. J. & R. W. FRIDINGER & O. TOIEN & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[604,778,267,290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="515 - 527" refId="ref18902" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., R. W. FRIDINGER, O. TOIEN, B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2013. Metabolic rate and prehibernation fattening in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 515 - 527." type="journal article" year="2013">Sheriff et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Numerous studies describe methods for maintaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838E11FEECFD20C415" box="[632,730,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838E11FEECFD20C415" box="[632,730,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under laboratory conditions (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838D1DFE8CFDBFC435" author="KARPOVICH, S. A. & O. TOIEN & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES" box="[372,581,331,354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="691 - 700" refId="ref16658" refString="KARPOVICH, S. A., O. TOIEN, C. L. BUCK, AND B. M. BARNES. 2009. Energetics of arousal episodes in hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 691 - 700." type="journal article" year="2009">Karpovich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFBAFF828D1CFE4EFE73C795" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBAFF838D1CFE4EFDEAC4F4" blockId="10.[373,528,393,419]" box="[373,528,393,419]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFBAFF838D1CFE4EFDEAC4F4" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[373,528,393,419]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838D1CFE4EFDEAC4F4" bold="true" box="[373,528,393,419]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBAFF838CF1FE0AFF4BC0D3" blockId="10.[107,794,461,1924]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838CF1FE0AFE9FC4B3" box="[152,357,461,484]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838CF1FE0AFE9FC4B3" box="[152,357,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a tightly constrained phenology, with an active season of 4–5 months and a hibernation period of 7–8 months. Extreme values for adult hibernaculum emergence and immergence across the range are early April and early October, respectively; however, timing of both activities varies with latitude, microclimate, sex, and age. Adult males always emerge prior to females, but male emergence occurs earlier at lower latitudes (early April—McLean and Towns 1981;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838DB3FD6AFD6BC793" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[474,657,685,708]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and later at high latitudes (mid to late April—Carl 1971;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E22FD0AFCF3C7B3" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[587,777,717,740]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females tend to emerge 7–10 days later than males at lower latitudes and 9–14 days later than males at high latitudes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838EC0FCCAFCEBC673" author="CARL, E. A." box="[681,785,781,804]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838C04FCEAFECBC613" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[109,305,813,836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females that do not breed in their 1st year emerge from hibernacula up to 3 weeks later than those that do (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838C1FFCAAFECAC6D3" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[118,304,877,900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, differences in microclimate can lead to variation in emergence dates comparable to that among latitudes, up to 9 and 13 days for males and females at sites in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFBAFF838CFAFC0AFF27C6B3" box="[147,221,973,996]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838D18FC0AFDD3C6B3" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[369,553,973,996]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Autumn immergence likewise varies with age, sex, and habitat. Adults enter hibernacula before juveniles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838D4EFBCAFE6BC173" author="CARL, E. A." box="[295,401,1037,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838DCBFBCAFDCCC173" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[418,566,1037,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E2FFBCAFCF3C173" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[582,777,1037,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), presumably due to the need for 1st-year individuals to acquire sufficient fat reserves. Adult females immerge before males (McLean and Towns 1981; Hubbs and Boonstra 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E22FBAAFCF3C1D3" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[587,777,1133,1156]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Female hibernation is thus absolutely longer than males, with lengths of 242–246 days and 191–205 days reported in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFBAFF838C04FB0AFF4DC1B3" box="[109,183,1229,1252]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, respectively (Buck and Barnes 1999b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E39FB0AFCF3C1B3" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[592,777,1229,1252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike in adults, 1st-year males and females display similar hibernation durations, but chronologies vary in the sex-specific manner mentioned above (McLean and Towns 1981;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E22FAEAFCF3C013" author="SHERIFF, M. J." box="[587,777,1325,1348]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="2369 - 2375" refId="ref18858" refString="SHERIFF, M. J., ET AL. 2011. Phenological variation in annual timing of hibernation and breeding in nearby populations of Arctic ground squirrels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2369 - 2375." type="journal article" year="2011">Sheriff et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838C04FA8AFF2EC033" box="[109,212,1357,1380]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838C04FA8AFF7AC033" box="[109,128,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838CE5FA8AFF2EC033" box="[140,212,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hibernates singly, in a ball with dorsum uppermost (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E82FA8AFF5BC0D3" author="CARL, E. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBAFF838CF1FA4AFBB0C755" blockId="10.[107,794,461,1924]" lastBlockId="10.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838CF1FA4AFE93C0F3" box="[152,361,1421,1444]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838CF1FA4AFE93C0F3" box="[152,361,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is polygynous, with breeding males aggressively establishing and maintaining spring territories that contain multiple females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838DE2FA0AFE0CC0B3" author="CARL, E. A." box="[395,502,1485,1508]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Lacey and Wieczorek 2001). Male dominance appears related to body mass (Watton and Keenleyside 1974), and detailed descriptions of male territorial disputes can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838EF1F9EAFCE2C313" author="CARL, E. A." box="[664,792,1581,1604]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Watton and Keenleyside (1974). Lacey and Wieczorek (2001) recorded extremes of 1 and
|
||
<specimenCount id="DE86FD42FFBAFF838D9EF9AAFD95C3D3" box="[503,623,1645,1668]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" type="female">14 females</specimenCount>
|
||
per male territory in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFBAFF838CD7F94AFEFDC3F3" box="[190,263,1677,1700]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Females do not help to defend territories (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E83F94AFF58C393" author="CARL, E. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The male:female ratio appears inversely related to habitat quality and is always female biased (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E73F90AFD66C3B3" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[538,668,1741,1764]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Hubbs and Boonstra 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838E29F92AFCF2C253" author="BYROM, A. E. & T. J. KARELS & C. J. KREBS & R. BOONSTRA" box="[576,776,1773,1796]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="1309 - 1319" refId="ref14802" refString="BYROM, A. E., T. J. KARELS, C. J. KREBS, AND R. BOONSTRA. 2000. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of Arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1309 - 1319." type="journal article" year="2000">Byrom et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Territories of breeding males are mostly non-overlapping, with absolute sizes that differ based on population density (Lacey and Wieczorek 2001). Neighboring males are not likely to be close relatives (Lacey and Wieczorek 2001), and surviving males can hold the same territory in sequential years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838975FF0CFA7DC5B5" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1308,1415,203,226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition to breeders, there is further segregation into floater and refugee males each spring (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838833FECCFB3CC475" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1114,1222,267,290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Floater males may reside in colonies between defended territories and can take over territories and females belonging to deceased males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF83891FFE8CFA19C435" author="CARL, E. A." box="[1398,1507,331,354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An increase in territoriality also occurs in the autumn, presumably related to defense of hibernation burrows or the food caches they contain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838FB3FE6CFBB9C495" author="CARL, E. A." box="[986,1091,427,450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Buck and Barnes 2003). Scent marking has been observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838859FE0CFB61C4B5" box="[1072,1179,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838859FE0CFB61C4B5" box="[1072,1179,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Watton and Keenleyside 1974; Buck and Barnes 2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBAFF838F1AFDCCFBFBC1D5" blockId="10.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Intersexual interactions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF8388FCFDCCFAFAC775" box="[1173,1280,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF8388FCFDCCFAFAC775" box="[1173,1280,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are minimal for much of the year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838FA6FDECFBC0C715" author="CARL, E. A." box="[975,1082,555,578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but become intense surrounding estrus, when male movements are centered on female home ranges (Lacey and Wieczorek 2001). Multiple matings are common in females (average of two according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF8388B5FD4CFA6EC7F5" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[1244,1428,651,674]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but 1st matings are most often with the male in whose territory a female resides (Lacey and Wieczorek 2001). The order of mating in turn often predicts paternity, suggesting male territoriality is directly related to reproductive success (Lacey and Wieczorek 2001). Unlike males, natal burrows of related females are significantly closer to one another than among nonrelatives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838924FC8CFA19C635" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[1357,1507,843,866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and antagonistic interactions have been shown to increase among females as relatedness decreases (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF8388A4FC4CFA93C6F5" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[1229,1385,907,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Following juvenile emergence, females may selectively clump young with related females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838F9EFC0CFB70C6B5" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[1015,1162,971,994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="91 - 99" refId="ref17137" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1982. The association of female kin in the Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10: 91 - 99." type="journal article" year="1982">McLean 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In late summer, male aggression toward juveniles increases, often resulting in wounding or death (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838F38FBCCFC20C175" author="STEINER, A. L." box="[849,986,1035,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="601 - 603" refId="ref19016" refString="STEINER, A. L. 1972. Mortality resulting from intraspecific fighting in some ground squirrel populations. Journal of Mammalogy 53: 601 - 603." type="journal article" year="1972">Steiner 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Batzli and Sobaski 1980). Such aggression may act to enforce dispersal, either for population control (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF8389CEFBECFC87C135" author="STEINER, A. L." pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="601 - 603" refId="ref19016" refString="STEINER, A. L. 1972. Mortality resulting from intraspecific fighting in some ground squirrel populations. Journal of Mammalogy 53: 601 - 603." type="journal article" year="1972">Steiner 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or inbreeding avoidance (Batzli and Sobaski 1980; Byrom and Krebs 1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBAFF838F1AFB4CFA6CC3D5" blockId="10.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838F1AFB4CFBC0C1F5" box="[883,1082,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838F1AFB4CFBC0C1F5" box="[883,1082,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maintains a circadian rhythm throughout the active season despite the fact that some high-latitude populations experience 24 h of daylight. Individuals of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838911FB0CFC7CC055" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
occurring north of the Arctic Circle were active 14–16 h/ day, largely between 500 and 2,200 h (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF83888FFACCFA78C075" author="CHAPPELL, M. A." box="[1254,1410,1291,1314]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="397 - 403" refId="ref14996" refString="CHAPPELL, M. A. 1981. Standard operative temperatures and cost of thermoregulation in the Arctic ground squirrel, Spermophilus undulatus. Oecologia 49: 397 - 403." type="journal article" year="1981">Chappell 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The percent of time spent above ground is correlated with mean surface temperatures, being higher in June and July and lower in early and late portions of the active season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF83889EFAACFA4AC0D5" author="LONG, R. A. & T. J. MARTIN & B. M. BARNES" box="[1271,1456,1387,1410]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="314 - 322" refId="ref16986" refString="LONG, R. A., T. J. MARTIN, AND B. M. BARNES. 2005. Body temperature and activity patterns in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 314 - 322." type="journal article" year="2005">Long et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The circadian clock is either fully inhibited or significantly desynchronized during hibernation, leading to the cessation of body temperature and clock protein expression oscillations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF8389DFFA0CFC4EC355" author="IKENO, T. & C. T. WILLIAMS & C. L. BUCK & B. M. BARNES & L. YAN" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="246 - 256" refId="ref16491" refString="IKENO, T., C. T. WILLIAMS, C. L. BUCK, B. M. BARNES, AND L. YAN. 2017. Clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hibernating Arctic ground squirrels. Journal of Biological Rhythms 32: 246 - 256." type="journal article" year="2017">Ikeno et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Entrainment of the circadian clock to a roughly 24-h periodicity following the final torpor bout requires 10–27 days in males but occurs more rapidly in females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838962F9ECFA11C315" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[1291,1515,1579,1602]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref19668" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 a. Daily body temperature rhythms persist under the midnight sun but are absent during hibernation in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Biology Letters 8: 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="2012">Williams et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF838F21F98CFC6AC335" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & B. M. BARNES & M. RICHTER & C. L. BUCK" box="[840,912,1611,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="397 - 404" refId="ref19719" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, M. RICHTER, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 b. Hibernation and circadian rhythms of body temperature in free-living arctic ground squirrels. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85: 397 - 404." type="journal article" year="2012">2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is hypothesized that this clock has retrainment cues other than exposure to daylight (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBAFF8388CAF9ACFA7CC3D5" author="WILLIAMS, C. T. & B. M. BARNES & C. L. BUCK" box="[1187,1414,1643,1666]" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref19668" refString="WILLIAMS, C. T., B. M. BARNES, AND C. L. BUCK. 2012 a. Daily body temperature rhythms persist under the midnight sun but are absent during hibernation in free-living Arctic ground squirrels. Biology Letters 8: 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="2012">Williams et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBAFF828F1AF94CFD25C455" blockId="10.[838,1525,203,1922]" lastBlockId="11.[109,792,203,706]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Foraging strategies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF838831F94CFB3AC3F5" box="[1112,1216,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838831F94CFB3AC3F5" box="[1112,1216,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during the active season may be adapted to local habitat conditions in an effort to minimize predation risk. In
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBAFF838863F90CFB75C3B5" box="[1034,1167,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="94">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBAFF83882FF90CFB75C3B5" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1094,1167,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="94" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, giving-up densities (amounts of food left in a food patch when an animal will choose to move to other patches) are greater in lower visibility, shrub-dominated habitats relative to open tundra or meadow habitats, and the time spent in erect vigilance posture is greater in the former (Wheeler and Hik 2014b). As a result, foraging may be less efficient in shrubby habitats where individuals have more difficulty acquiring information about predators (Wheeler and Hik 2014b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828CF1FECCFE73C795" blockId="11.[109,792,203,706]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828CF1FECCFE91C475" box="[152,363,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828CF1FECCFE91C475" box="[152,363,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to swim (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828E08FECCFD11C475" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[609,747,267,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as well as climb in shrubs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828DECFEECFDE4C415" author="MCLEAN, I. G." box="[389,542,299,322]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1298 - 1301" refId="ref17168" refString="MCLEAN, I. G. 1985. Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 1298 - 1301." type="journal article" year="1985">McLean 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or lower branches of small trees (observed by BSM). Juveniles exhibit play behavior (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828CF6FEACFEDCC4D5" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[159,294,363,386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828D28FEACFE4BC4D5" box="[321,433,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828D28FEACFE4BC4D5" box="[321,433,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is capable of a wide variety of vocalizations, including alarm calls, fright calls, and belligerence calls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828D6EFE6CFE82C495" author="CARL, E. A." box="[263,376,427,450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Multiple alarm calls exist, including loud, piercing whistles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828DD9FE0CFDC2C4B5" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[432,568,459,482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some alarm calls may be courtship specific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828DC1FE2CFD88C755" author="LACEY, E. A. & J. R. WIECZOREK & P. K. TUCKER" box="[424,626,491,514]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="767 - 779" refId="ref16825" refString="LACEY, E. A., J. R. WIECZOREK, AND P. K. TUCKER. 1997. Male mating behaviour and patterns of sperm precedence in Arctic ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 53: 767 - 779." type="journal article" year="1997">Lacey et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Belligerence calls include molar rattling, growling, or hissing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828EF3FDCCFCF2C775" author="CARL, E. A." box="[666,776,523,546]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref14918" refString="CARL, E. A. 1971. Population control in Arctic ground squirrels. Ecology 52: 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1971">Carl 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828C04FDECFF26C715" box="[109,220,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828C04FDECFF26C715" box="[109,220,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally more vocal near burrows than in open ground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828CA7FD8CFEACC735" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[206,342,587,610]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tail-flicking behavior is common and is often be accompanied by piloerection of tail hairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828EB8FDACFF59C7F5" author="MAYER, W. V." pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828CD2FD4CFEA8C7F5" author="MAYER, W. V." box="[187,338,651,674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="334 - 345" refId="ref17056" refString="MAYER, W. V. 1953. A preliminary study of the barrow ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 334 - 345." type="journal article" year="1953">Mayer (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented individuals taking dirt baths in loose or excavated soil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFBBFF828D1EFD3AFA7DC0D5" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFBBFF828D1EFD3AFA7DC0D5" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828D1EFD3AFDF5C640" blockId="11.[375,527,765,791]" box="[375,527,765,791]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFBBFF828D1EFD3AFDF5C640" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[375,527,765,791]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828D1EFD3AFDF5C640" bold="true" box="[375,527,765,791]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828CF1FC86FEB7C04F" blockId="11.[107,794,833,1944]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828CF1FC86FE99C60F" box="[152,355,833,856]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828CF1FC86FE99C60F" box="[152,355,833,856]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a diploid (2
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828E77FC86FDD1C60F" box="[542,555,833,856]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">n</emphasis>
|
||
) number of 34 chromosomes, which it shares with 2 other species in the big-eared group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828CA9FC46FEC6C6CF" baseAuthorityName="Kennicott" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[192,316,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828CA9FC46FEC6C6CF" box="[192,316,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. armatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828D26FC46FE3EC6CF" baseAuthorityName="Nadler" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[335,452,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828D26FC46FE3EC6CF" box="[335,452,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The fundamental number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828C04FC66FF2DC6EF" box="[109,215,929,952]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828C04FC66FF2DC6EF" box="[109,215,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<quantity id="0F789B2EFFBBFF828C9EFC66FED7C6EF" box="[247,301,929,952]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6256" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" unit="in" value="64.0">64 in</quantity>
|
||
all populations across its range (Nadler 1966;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828C04FC06FED6C68F" author="NADLER, C. F. & E. A. LYAPUNOVA & R. S. HOFFMANN & N. N. VORONTSOV & L. L. SHAITAROVA & Y. M. BORISOV" box="[109,300,961,984]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="78 - 90" refId="ref17554" refString="NADLER, C. F., E. A. LYAPUNOVA, R. S. HOFFMANN, N. N. VORONTSOV, L. L. SHAITAROVA, AND Y. M. BORISOV. 1984. Chromosomal evolution in Holarctic ground squirrels II. Giemsa-band homologies of chromosomes and the tempo of evolution. Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde 49: 78 - 90." type="journal article" year="1984">Nadler et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The karyotype contains 20 metacentrics and 12 submetacentrics. X and Y chromosome morphology differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828CC0FBC6FEDBC14F" baseAuthorityName="Kennicott" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[169,289,1025,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828CC0FBC6FEDBC14F" box="[169,289,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. armatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not demonstrably from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828E26FBC6FF54C16F" authority="(Nadler 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Nadler" baseAuthorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828E26FBC6FD3AC14F" box="[591,704,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
(Nadler 1966)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarity in chromosome Giemsa-banding patterns exists among populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828D2FFB86FDFBC10F" author="NADLER, C. F. & E. A. LYAPUNOVA & R. S. HOFFMANN & N. N. VORONTSOV & L. L. SHAITAROVA & Y. M. BORISOV" box="[326,513,1089,1112]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="78 - 90" refId="ref17554" refString="NADLER, C. F., E. A. LYAPUNOVA, R. S. HOFFMANN, N. N. VORONTSOV, L. L. SHAITAROVA, AND Y. M. BORISOV. 1984. Chromosomal evolution in Holarctic ground squirrels II. Giemsa-band homologies of chromosomes and the tempo of evolution. Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde 49: 78 - 90." type="journal article" year="1984">Nadler et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828E7EFB86FD1EC10F" author="NADLER, C. F. & E. A. LYAPUNOVA & R. S. HOFFMANN & N. N. VORONTSOV & L. L. SHAITAROVA & Y. M. BORISOV" box="[535,740,1089,1112]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="78 - 90" refId="ref17554" refString="NADLER, C. F., E. A. LYAPUNOVA, R. S. HOFFMANN, N. N. VORONTSOV, L. L. SHAITAROVA, AND Y. M. BORISOV. 1984. Chromosomal evolution in Holarctic ground squirrels II. Giemsa-band homologies of chromosomes and the tempo of evolution. Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde 49: 78 - 90." type="journal article" year="1984">Nadler et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the 2
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828D71FBA6FEDFC12F" box="[280,293,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 34 karyotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828D82FBA6FDAEC12F" box="[491,596,1121,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828D82FBA6FDAEC12F" box="[491,596,1121,1144]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be the ancestral condition in the big-eared clade from which all other known karyotypes (2
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828D69FB66FEF7C1EF" box="[256,269,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 30–36) evolved. However, this is unsupported by DNA sequence analyses, which confirm that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828EE4FB06FD01C18F" box="[653,763,1217,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828EE4FB06FD01C18F" box="[653,763,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived within the big-eared species group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828E57FB26FCEAC1AF" author="HARRISON, R. G. & S. M. BOGDANOWICZ & R. S. HOFFMANN & E. YENSEN & P. W. SHERMAN" box="[574,784,1249,1272]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="249 - 276" refId="ref16128" refString="HARRISON, R. G., S. M. BOGDANOWICZ, R. S. HOFFMANN, E. YENSEN, AND P. W. SHERMAN. 2003. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the ground squirrels (Rodentia: Marmotinae). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10: 249 - 276." type="journal article" year="2003">Harrison et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828C04FAC6FEC6C04F" author="MCLEAN, B. S. & D. J. JACKSON & J. A. COOK" box="[109,316,1281,1304]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="174 - 188" refId="ref17086" refString="MCLEAN, B. S., D. J. JACKSON, AND J. A. COOK. 2016. Rapid divergence and gene flow at high latitudes shape the history of Holarctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 174 - 188." type="journal article" year="2016">McLean et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828CF1FAE6FE73C20F" blockId="11.[107,794,833,1944]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Unlike karyotypic data, significant geographic and subspecific-level protein electrophoretic variation has been documented in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828CE4FAA6FF01C02F" box="[141,251,1377,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828CE4FAA6FF01C02F" box="[141,251,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Serum transferrin is the most widely examined electrophoretic locus in the context of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828E68FA46FD90C0CF" box="[513,618,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828E68FA46FD90C0CF" box="[513,618,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
systematics and phylogeography. This and other loci (both genotypes and allele frequencies) suggest shallow divergence between Palearctic and North American Arctic populations, but more significant divergence between these populations and those in the North American subarctic (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828D24F9E6FDFFC36F" box="[333,517,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828E7BF9E6FD6DC36F" box="[530,663,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828E27F9E6FD6DC36F" box="[590,663,1569,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828ECCF9E6FF75C30F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828CCDF986FECCC30F" box="[164,310,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828C85F986FECCC30F" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[236,310,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—Nadler and Hughes 1966;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828EECF986FCEAC30F" author="NADLER, C. F." box="[645,784,1601,1624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="487 - 503" refId="ref17439" refString="NADLER, C. F. 1968. The serum proteins and transferrins of the ground squirrel subgenus Spermophilus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 27: 487 - 503." type="journal article" year="1968">Nadler 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nadler and Youngman 1969, 1970;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828D88F9A6FD66C32F" author="NADLER, C. F. & N. N. VORONTSOV & R. S. HOFFMANN & I. I. FORMICHOVA & C. F. NADLER, Jr." box="[481,668,1633,1656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="33 - 40" refId="ref17621" refString="NADLER, C. F., N. N. VORONTSOV, R. S. HOFFMANN, I. I. FORMICHOVA, AND C. F. NADLER, Jr. 1973. Zoogeography of transferrins in Arctic and long-tailed ground squirrel populations. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 44: 33 - 40." type="journal article" year="1973">Nadler et al. 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, 2
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828CECF946FF33C3CF" box="[133,201,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">G6PD</emphasis>
|
||
alleles that are unique to Palearctic populations have been identified (Nadler and Hoffmann 1977). High levels of polymorphism and significant divergence (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828E7AF906FDD9C38F" box="[531,547,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">F</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="5404348EFFBBFF828E4AF917FDD4C389" attach="left" box="[547,558,1744,1758]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">st</subScript>
|
||
) in microsatellite loci among insular and mainland populations of southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFBBFF828EA7F926FCE2C3AF" box="[718,792,1761,1784]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
have also been identified; among the most distinctive insular populations were those on Ushagat, Unalaska, and Kavalaga Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828CA1F886FE82C20F" author="COOK, J. A. & A. A. EDDINGSAAS & J. L. LOXTERMAN & S. EBBERT & S. O. MACDONALD" box="[200,376,1857,1880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1401 - 1412" refId="ref15172" refString="COOK, J. A., A. A. EDDINGSAAS, J. L. LOXTERMAN, S. EBBERT, AND S. O. MACDONALD. 2010. Insular Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) of the North Pacific: indigenous or exotic? Journal of Mammalogy 91: 1401 - 1412." type="journal article" year="2010">Cook et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828CF1F8A6FAA4C715" blockId="11.[107,794,833,1944]" lastBlockId="11.[839,1525,203,1410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Range-wide phylogeographic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data recover 4 major clades within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828EDBF846FCE2C2CF" box="[690,792,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828EDBF846FCE2C2CF" box="[690,792,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with subspecies inclusive): Arctic (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8288DCFF0CFAA2C5B5" box="[1205,1368,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF82890CFF0CFA19C5B5" box="[1381,1507,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8289F4FF0CFA19C5B5" box="[1437,1507,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), Northern Beringian (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828875FF2CFB33C455" box="[1052,1225,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828838FF2CFB33C455" baseAuthorityName="Brandt" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[1105,1225,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostictus">leucostictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8288BCFF2CFAAAC455" box="[1237,1360,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828963FF2CFAAAC455" box="[1290,1360,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828934FF2CFA19C455" box="[1373,1507,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8289FBFF2CFA19C455" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1426,1507,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), Southern Beringian (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF82884BFECCFB56C475" box="[1058,1196,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8288D2FECCFA97C475" box="[1211,1389,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828915FECCFC78C415" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8289D2FECCFC78C415" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulicola">nebulicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828FF8FEECFBCBC415" box="[913,1073,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828FA7FEECFBCBC415" baseAuthorityName="Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[974,1073,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stejnegeri">stejnegeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), and Southeast (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828883FEECFA94C415" box="[1258,1390,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828941FEECFA94C415" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1320,1390,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828917FEECFC43C435" author="EDDINGSAAS, A. A. & B. K. JACOBSEN & E. P. LESSA & J. A. COOK" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="601 - 610" refId="ref15443" refString="EDDINGSAAS, A. A., B. K. JACOBSEN, E. P. LESSA, AND J. A. COOK. 2004. Evolutionary history of the Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) in Nearctic Beringia. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 601 - 610." type="journal article" year="2004">Eddingsaas et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828FA0FE8CFB52C435" author="GALBREATH, K. E. & J. A. COOK & A. A. E DDINGSAAS & E. G. DECHAINE" box="[969,1192,331,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1879 - 1896" refId="ref15580" refString="GALBREATH, K. E., J. A. COOK, A. A. E DDINGSAAS, AND E. G. DECHAINE. 2011. Diversity and demography in Beringia: multilocus tests of paleodistribution models reveal the complex history of Arctic ground squirrels. Evolution 65: 1879 - 1896." type="journal article" year="2011">Galbreath et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8288D1FE8CFA72C435" author="MCLEAN, B. S. & D. J. JACKSON & J. A. COOK" box="[1208,1416,331,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="174 - 188" refId="ref17086" refString="MCLEAN, B. S., D. J. JACKSON, AND J. A. COOK. 2016. Rapid divergence and gene flow at high latitudes shape the history of Holarctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 174 - 188." type="journal article" year="2016">McLean et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8289F0FE8CFC4DC4D5" author="FAERMAN, M." pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15495" refString="FAERMAN, M., ET AL. 2017. DNA analysis of a 30,000 - year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day Arctic ground squirrels. Scientific Reports 7: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2017">Faerman et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As suggested by their names, both the Northern and Southern Beringian mitochondrial clades have amphi-Beringian distributions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828FB1FE6CFB53C495" author="MCLEAN, B. S. & D. J. JACKSON & J. A. COOK" box="[984,1193,427,450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="174 - 188" refId="ref17086" refString="MCLEAN, B. S., D. J. JACKSON, AND J. A. COOK. 2016. Rapid divergence and gene flow at high latitudes shape the history of Holarctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 174 - 188." type="journal article" year="2016">McLean et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Results of sequence analyses along with karyotypic, electrophoretic, and geographic considerations (e.g., insularity) support the majority of current subspecific arrangements. There is, however, conflict among the evolutionary histories that have been inferred from these datasets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828F1AFD8CFA7DC0D5" blockId="11.[839,1525,203,1410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Morphological, enzymatic, and parasitological data have been summarized and a model of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8288DFFDACFADAC7D5" box="[1206,1312,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8288DFFDACFADAC7D5" box="[1206,1312,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
migration and evolution outlined (Nadler and Hoffmann 1977). This model consisted of 1) initial divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8288C7FD6CFAE1C795" box="[1198,1307,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8288C7FD6CFAE1C795" box="[1198,1307,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Palearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828F21FD0CFC2BC7B5" box="[840,977,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828F21FD0CFC2BC7B5" box="[840,977,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. undulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Siberia, 2) eastward colonization of Beringia by forms ancestral to
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828867FD2CFB69C655" box="[1038,1171,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828820FD2CFB69C655" box="[1097,1171,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8288AFFD2CFAA8C655" box="[1222,1362,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. ablusus</emphasis>
|
||
, and 3) further diversification within Nearctic Beringia of Arctic (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF82890FFCCCFA16C675" box="[1382,1516,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8289CAFCCCFA16C675" box="[1443,1516,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828F21FCECFC08C615" box="[840,1010,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828869FCECFB74C615" box="[1024,1166,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828853FCECFB74C615" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1082,1166,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) and subarctic (
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828953FCECFA44C615" box="[1338,1470,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF82891DFCECFA44C615" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1396,1470,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plesius">plesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) lineages. Nadler and Youngman (1970) and Nadler and Hoffmann (1977) also considered
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828833FCACFB02C6D5" box="[1114,1272,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8288CDFCACFB02C6D5" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1188,1272,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osgoodi">osgoodi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as closely related to
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828F21FC4CFC0DC6F5" box="[840,1015,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. p. kennicottii</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828847FC4CFB46C6F5" box="[1070,1212,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828802FC4CFB43C6F5" box="[1131,1209,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">parryii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Available data disagree with these hypotheses in several respects. First, sequence data support Nearctic populations as ancestral within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828896FC0CFA90C6B5" box="[1279,1386,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828896FC0CFA90C6B5" box="[1279,1386,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828910FC0CFC40C155" author="EDDINGSAAS, A. A. & B. K. JACOBSEN & E. P. LESSA & J. A. COOK" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="601 - 610" refId="ref15443" refString="EDDINGSAAS, A. A., B. K. JACOBSEN, E. P. LESSA, AND J. A. COOK. 2004. Evolutionary history of the Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) in Nearctic Beringia. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 601 - 610." type="journal article" year="2004">Eddingsaas et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828FA1FC2CFB50C155" author="GALBREATH, K. E. & J. A. COOK & A. A. E DDINGSAAS & E. G. DECHAINE" box="[968,1194,1003,1026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1879 - 1896" refId="ref15580" refString="GALBREATH, K. E., J. A. COOK, A. A. E DDINGSAAS, AND E. G. DECHAINE. 2011. Diversity and demography in Beringia: multilocus tests of paleodistribution models reveal the complex history of Arctic ground squirrels. Evolution 65: 1879 - 1896." type="journal article" year="2011">Galbreath et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting westward colonization of the Palearctic during the late Pleistocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8289E3FBCCFC4EC115" author="GALBREATH, K. E. & J. A. COOK & A. A. E DDINGSAAS & E. G. DECHAINE" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1879 - 1896" refId="ref15580" refString="GALBREATH, K. E., J. A. COOK, A. A. E DDINGSAAS, AND E. G. DECHAINE. 2011. Diversity and demography in Beringia: multilocus tests of paleodistribution models reveal the complex history of Arctic ground squirrels. Evolution 65: 1879 - 1896." type="journal article" year="2011">Galbreath et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828FABFBECFB6AC115" author="FAERMAN, M." box="[962,1168,1067,1090]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15495" refString="FAERMAN, M., ET AL. 2017. DNA analysis of a 30,000 - year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day Arctic ground squirrels. Scientific Reports 7: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2017">Faerman et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Second, Nearctic subspecies do not appear to be each other’s closest relatives, inconsistent with a narrative of diversification following singular colonization of North America. Instead, multiple mitochondrial clades occupied core Beringia during the late Pleistocene, each of which are now trans-Beringian in distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8288CBFB0CFA73C1B5" author="GALBREATH, K. E. & J. A. COOK & A. A. E DDINGSAAS & E. G. DECHAINE" box="[1186,1417,1227,1250]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1879 - 1896" refId="ref15580" refString="GALBREATH, K. E., J. A. COOK, A. A. E DDINGSAAS, AND E. G. DECHAINE. 2011. Diversity and demography in Beringia: multilocus tests of paleodistribution models reveal the complex history of Arctic ground squirrels. Evolution 65: 1879 - 1896." type="journal article" year="2011">Galbreath et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8289F3FB0CFC4CC055" author="MCLEAN, B. S. & D. J. JACKSON & J. A. COOK" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="174 - 188" refId="ref17086" refString="MCLEAN, B. S., D. J. JACKSON, AND J. A. COOK. 2016. Rapid divergence and gene flow at high latitudes shape the history of Holarctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 174 - 188." type="journal article" year="2016">McLean et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most data accumulated to date support a scenario of in situ Beringian range shifts and diversification within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8289CCFACCFC97C015" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8289CCFACCFC97C015" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in response to late Pleistocene climate change and glaciation (Nadler and Hoffmann 1977;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8288E1FA8CFA80C035" author="EDDINGSAAS, A. A. & B. K. JACOBSEN & E. P. LESSA & J. A. COOK" box="[1160,1402,1355,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="601 - 610" refId="ref15443" refString="EDDINGSAAS, A. A., B. K. JACOBSEN, E. P. LESSA, AND J. A. COOK. 2004. Evolutionary history of the Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) in Nearctic Beringia. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 601 - 610." type="journal article" year="2004">Eddingsaas et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8289E3FA8CFC42C0D5" author="GALBREATH, K. E. & J. A. COOK & A. A. E DDINGSAAS & E. G. DECHAINE" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1879 - 1896" refId="ref15580" refString="GALBREATH, K. E., J. A. COOK, A. A. E DDINGSAAS, AND E. G. DECHAINE. 2011. Diversity and demography in Beringia: multilocus tests of paleodistribution models reveal the complex history of Arctic ground squirrels. Evolution 65: 1879 - 1896." type="journal article" year="2011">Galbreath et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828FAFFAACFB6FC0D5" author="MCLEAN, B. S. & D. J. JACKSON & J. A. COOK" box="[966,1173,1387,1410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="174 - 188" refId="ref17086" refString="MCLEAN, B. S., D. J. JACKSON, AND J. A. COOK. 2016. Rapid divergence and gene flow at high latitudes shape the history of Holarctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 174 - 188." type="journal article" year="2016">McLean et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8288CAFAACFA8CC0D5" author="FAERMAN, M." box="[1187,1398,1387,1410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref15495" refString="FAERMAN, M., ET AL. 2017. DNA analysis of a 30,000 - year-old Urocitellus glacialis from northeastern Siberia reveals phylogenetic relationships between ancient and present-day Arctic ground squirrels. Scientific Reports 7: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2017">Faerman et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFBBFF858843FA7AFE04C1D5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFBBFF858843FA7AFE04C1D5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828843FA7AFAEBC080" blockId="11.[1066,1297,1469,1495]" box="[1066,1297,1469,1495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFBBFF828843FA7AFAEBC080" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,1469,1495]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828843FA7AFAEBC080" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,1469,1495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBBFF828F1AF9C6FA62C2CF" blockId="11.[837,1526,1537,1944]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Due to a relatively large geographic range and sometimes locally high abundance,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF828852F9E6FB0FC36F" box="[1083,1269,1569,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF828852F9E6FB0FC36F" box="[1083,1269,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not currently a conservation concern. It is currently classified as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF828F39F946FC22C3CF" author="CASSOLA, F." box="[848,984,1665,1688]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="22262403" refId="ref14940" refString="CASSOLA, F. 2016. Urocitellus parryii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: eT 20488 A 22262403. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T 20488 A 22262403. en. Accessed 8 May 2018." type="book chapter" year="2016">Cassola 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Overhunting at local to regional scales may be the most significant conservation threat to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBBFF8288A5F966FAD5C3EF" box="[1228,1327,1697,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBBFF8288A5F966FAD5C3EF" box="[1228,1327,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8289CCF966FC80C38F" author="CASSOLA, F." pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="22262403" refId="ref14940" refString="CASSOLA, F. 2016. Urocitellus parryii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: eT 20488 A 22262403. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T 20488 A 22262403. en. Accessed 8 May 2018." type="book chapter" year="2016">Cassola 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although once used more intensively as a food source and for pelts by indigenous peoples (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF8288F8F926FB00C3AF" author="ROSS, B. R." box="[1169,1274,1761,1784]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref18712" refString="ROSS, B. R. 1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 6: 433 - 441." type="journal article" year="1861">Ross 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBBFF82896FF926FA5BC3AF" author="WEST, C. & C. A. HOFMAN & S. EBBERT & J. MARTIN & S. SHIRAZI & S. DUNNING & J. E. MALDONADO" box="[1286,1441,1761,1784]" pageId="11" pageNumber="95" pagination="1163 - 1172" refId="ref19486" refString="WEST, C., C. A. HOFMAN, S. EBBERT, J. MARTIN, S. SHIRAZI, S. DUNNING, AND J. E. MALDONADO. 2017. Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska. Conservation Biology 31: 1163 - 1172." type="journal article" year="2017">West et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which may have resulted in reductions in local densities and abundance (Bee and Hall 1956), current impacts of hunting on range-wide stability are today likely minimal. However, evidence of this is still needed in areas where the species has been historically understudied and undersampled (e.g.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFBBFF828FB1F846FB57C2CF" box="[984,1197,1921,1944]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0A44F829FFBBFF8288B2F846FACEC2CF" box="[1243,1332,1921,1944]" country="Canada" name="Nunavut" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">Nunavut</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B097765BFFBBFF828954F846FA77C2CF" box="[1341,1421,1921,1944]" name="Canada" pageId="11" pageNumber="95">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBCFF858CF1FF0CFD50C735" blockId="12.[108,794,203,1154]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Direct anthropogenic threats such as land use changes, conflicts with livestock, and pest management may impact some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858C04FECCFF26C475" box="[109,220,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858C04FECCFF7AC475" box="[109,128,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">U</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858CFBFECCFF26C475" box="[146,220,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBCFF858DC4FECCFD6EC475" author="DAVIDSON, A. D. & J. K. DETLING & J. H. BROWN" box="[429,660,267,290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" pagination="477 - 486" refId="ref15230" refString="DAVIDSON, A. D., J. K. DETLING, AND J. H. BROWN. 2012. Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world's grasslands. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10: 477 - 486." type="journal article" year="2012">Davidson et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The overall magnitude of these threats is probably lower in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858EC3FEECFCE2C415" box="[682,792,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858EC3FEECFCE2C415" box="[682,792,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than southern congeners; still, patchy distributions typical of this species render it locally vulnerable to such pressures.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858EC7FEACFCE2C4D5" box="[686,792,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858EC7FEACFCE2C4D5" box="[686,792,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits boreal forests in some southern parts of its range; these habitats are considered marginal and function as population sinks relative to tundra and meadows (Donker and Krebs 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBCFF858C04FE2CFECEC755" author="WERNER, J. R. & C. J. KREBS & S. A. DONKER & R. BOONSTRA & M. J. SHERIFF" box="[109,308,491,514]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" pagination="176 - 184" refId="ref19432" refString="WERNER, J. R., C. J. KREBS, S. A. DONKER, R. BOONSTRA, AND M. J. SHERIFF. 2015. Arctic ground squirrel population collapse in the boreal forests of the Southern Yukon. Wildlife Research 42: 176 - 184." type="journal article" year="2015">Werner et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is high potential for local extirpation in these populations, and continued assessment of possible negative effects of land use activities (such as forest resource extraction) is therefore necessary in these areas specifically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBCFF858CF1FDACFE04C1D5" blockId="12.[108,794,203,1154]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Perhaps most importantly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858DC9FDACFDF8C7D5" box="[416,514,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858DC9FDACFDF8C7D5" box="[416,514,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
faces an evolving variety of threats related to global climate change. High northern latitudes are experiencing rates of warming that are elevated relative to global averages.At landscape scales, this results in increased active season temperatures, reduced snowpack and earlier spring snowmelt, and changing composition of tundra plant communities, including encroachment of shrubs and boreal forest. The latter in particular is known to impact the foraging ecology and population dynamics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858E3DFC8CFD4CC635" box="[596,694,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858E3DFC8CFD4CC635" box="[596,694,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Changes in hydrology, soil drainage, and potential phenological mismatches with important plant or arthropod food sources are further local-scale threats. Wheeler and Hik (2013) provide a comprehensive review of these and other climate-related issues. Finally, sea-level rise presents an additional challenge for insular populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858E01FC2CFD37C155" box="[616,717,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858E01FC2CFD37C155" box="[616,717,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">U. parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858C06FBCCFF17C175" box="[111,237,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">
|
||
U. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858CC0FBCCFF17C175" box="[169,237,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyratus">lyratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a true island endemic, conservation prioritization of
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858C04FBECFEE9C115" box="[109,275,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">U. p. kodiacensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858D77FBECFE43C115" box="[286,441,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">
|
||
U.p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858D38FBECFE43C115" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[337,441,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Citellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulicola">nebulicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and other unnamed insular populations is a more complex issue that requires further assessment of their endemicity and evolutionary uniqueness.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="A10F2F20FFBCFF858D11FB7AFCEDC0CF" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="809A6540FFBCFF858D11FB7AFCEDC0CF" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBCFF858D11FB7AFDF4C180" blockId="12.[376,526,1213,1239]" box="[376,526,1213,1239]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<heading id="937781A7FFBCFF858D11FB7AFDF4C180" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[376,526,1213,1239]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858D11FB7AFDF4C180" bold="true" box="[376,526,1213,1239]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C83F36CBFFBCFF858CF1FAC6FCEDC0CF" blockId="12.[109,794,1281,1432]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">
|
||
The generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858D0BFAC6FE23C04F" box="[354,473,1281,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858D0BFAC6FE23C04F" box="[354,473,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">Urocitellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858E9CFAC6FCE3C04F" box="[757,793,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">uro</emphasis>
|
||
for tail and
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858C99FAE6FEC7C06F" box="[240,317,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">citellus</emphasis>
|
||
for ground squirrel. The specific epithet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F804D48FFBCFF858C04FA86FECCC00F" box="[109,310,1345,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Urocitellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parryii">
|
||
<emphasis id="FAF4EAD9FFBCFF858C04FA86FECCC00F" box="[109,310,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">Urocitellus parryii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
honors English Admiral and Arctic explorer Sir William Edward Parry, commander of the expedition on which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="173B8869FFBCFF858CB5FA46FEF0C0CF" box="[220,266,1409,1432]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series was collected, in 1821 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC114B3AFFBCFF858E3BFA46FCFDC0CF" author="RICHARDSON, J." box="[594,775,1409,1432]" pageId="12" pageNumber="96" pagination="1821 - 22" refId="ref18550" refString="RICHARDSON, J. 1825. Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821 - 22 - 23. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book chapter" year="1825">Richardson 1825</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |