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<taxonomicName id="0C214EDD183B5CA01EA5D6712A2C7353" ID-CoL="3863T" authority="Adams, 1800" authorityName="Adams" authorityYear="1800" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata (Adams, 1800)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="FBCC88F75345FC97CF886500B7C2E174" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="synonymy">
<paragraph id="E5C3BFB7E1B4B31FFD42FD40D00EEDCF" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Restricted synonymy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2CBCCDC93CE545D9F01840F667EE0D68" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="F68F5EEF9EA0D821A186DE727354DEA0" class="Copepoda" family="Pandaridae" genus="Oniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oniscus bidentatus" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatus">Oniscus bidentatus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="90103FD93EF83F13979CE734C7C490F3" author="Adams, J" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="7 - 13" title="Description of some marine animals found on the coast of Wales." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1800.tb00574.x" volume="5" year="1800">Adams (1800)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67A11D1EB022690B7C20502C561277FE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="F8400B9AB951804A47C60312CDC70479" class="Malacostraca" family="Ancinidae" genus="Naesa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Naesa bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Naesa bidentata</taxonomicName>
: Leach (1815).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0FD9B53076430CBE3BF87372D57461F8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="8631A27C1EFDD8587561C361E0B3BC47" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="3C49BFED61F43D95014803ACCFDC6B15" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="401 - 426" title="A systematic revision of the genus Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda) with description of three new species." volume="36" year="1968 a">Holdich (1968a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="BCF36E99B06CF2A9062E369199D068FA" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="137 - 153" title="Reproduction growth and bionomics of Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea - Isopoda)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05925.x" volume="156" year="1968 b">b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="46E94E79378AE6B1698B5A21C543C3AF" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="University of Wales, Swansea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="The biology of Dynamenebidentata (Adams) and some related sphaeromatid Isopoda" year="1968 c">c</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="92E39C313F805F513DC7170D7934B14C" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="18 - 27" title="Polychromatism in the genus Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda)." volume="37" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="BAEBA8A28621A1A22C9A2070138F91C0" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="419 - 438" title="The distribution and habitat preferences of the Afro-European species of Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda)." url="10.1080/00222937000770401" volume="4" year="1970">1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="935A2E5759CA13D165AC8FF54A5F88C5" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="35 - 47" title="Changes in physiology, structure and histochemistry occurring during the life-history of the sexually dimorphic isopod Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea: Peracarida)." url="10.1007/BF00349343" volume="8" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7A64119B801F40ACC253CF293F4FC44E" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 149" title="A comparison of the ecology and life cycles of two species of littoral isopod." url="10.1016/0022-0981(76)90099-X" volume="24" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="6B40A04E8598222F8B61C30AC28D7467" author="Kussakin, OG" journalOrPublisher="Opred Faune SSSR Akad Nauk" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 470" volume="122" year="1979">Kussakin (1979)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61DDA66852EE57F78E022EC441F4B985" author="Harrison, K" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="915 - 952" title="The genera of the Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea: Isopoda): a key and distribution list." url="10.1071/IT9910915" volume="5" year="1991">Harrison and Ellis (1991)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C2FEC2E254B2EAF6CB582A1218E0E51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
An extensive synonymy was given by
<bibRefCitation id="8610F326465E9D7859568C317A70F1E1" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="401 - 426" title="A systematic revision of the genus Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda) with description of three new species." volume="36" year="1968 a">Holdich (1968a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5CB006AF21349E35A53ABCA57CDED767" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="University of Wales, Swansea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="The biology of Dynamenebidentata (Adams) and some related sphaeromatid Isopoda" year="1968 c">c</bibRefCitation>
) for citations prior to 1968.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A2F55A90F785DDD462FA5DF2D0A056" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="DD7207F1866D41B120C032A89FC025FA" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5DB0B3461599E759A9320BF7AD59780" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Specimens have been examined from 129 locations in the NE Atlantic, mainly from the British Isles, Channel Islands, France, Spain, Portugal and Morocco - see the Suppl. materials 1 and 2. A number of literature records have been included where the diagrams clearly indicate this species. In addition, there are 76 records from the NBN database.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B38581499AAFFE8C52D0FEE90059B178" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="key">
<paragraph id="95624FDF9C93241A3CAA16DF178C13C7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Key morphological characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A7968008E535F40DB323665D49C73B0F" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Body convex; in stage 8 males the pleotelsonic boss is large and bilobed, the two halves are separated by a wide v-shaped groove; the arms of the bidentate process taper to a point, and are sparsely rugose dorsally (Fig. 2
<normalizedToken id="DE1304DA44101F832B1ED1444BC02455" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
). In stage 7 females the pleotelsonic dome is smoothly rounded in side view and the pleotelsonic foramen is open and flush with the edge of the pleotelson (Fig. 3
<normalizedToken id="0E406CF222D39D6BB10E4B921257ACC1" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
). In populations from Atlantic coasts the smooth outline of the pleotelsonic dome in females and juveniles is key to separating this species from
<taxonomicName id="67F7E4C6D17D571ECFB9CCE547EEE28A" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene magnitorata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnitorata">Dynamene magnitorata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="ACC47AB369757304C050F7909C263D10" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene edwardsi" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">Dynamene edwardsi</taxonomicName>
, where it is keeled in side view. Further details are provided by the scanning electron microscope pictures of the posterior body of a stage 8 male and a stage 7 female in
<bibRefCitation id="FE32201793FE459B0874805D55EB2485" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 149" title="A comparison of the ecology and life cycles of two species of littoral isopod." url="10.1016/0022-0981(76)90099-X" volume="24" year="1976">Holdich (1976)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="181A0F4A06068F24CF1784D33E5224F4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="52CD9E7A6527C76D2C5BA69A49C74923" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Figure 2. Main features of adult males (stage 8) of the NE Atlantic-Black Sea axis
<taxonomicName id="124A4DBB41CA1FD9ACCB2AA27235B0F8" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynamene</taxonomicName>
spp. A, B
<taxonomicName id="64ED4F7AC40A19860FE462B575F2BA63" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
(S. Wales). Arrows indicate shape of the bidentate process (A), uropods (A, B) and pleotelsonic boss (B) C, D
<taxonomicName id="15FB874831DB3FCBB568D691046C38A0" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene magnitorata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnitorata">Dynamene magnitorata</taxonomicName>
(Roscoff, France). Arrows indicate shape of the bidentate process (C), the uropods (C, D) and the pleotelsonic boss (C, D). Note the difference in the shape of the boss and the ends of the arms of the bidentate process to those of
<taxonomicName id="F57C213DCBC084EE2F630D9128B1BD41" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
E, F
<taxonomicName id="76C1D51FC615D86355D4B30649C392A4" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene edwardsi" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">Dynamene edwardsi</taxonomicName>
(E Canaries F Azores). Arrows indicate shape of the bidentate process (E, F), uropods (F) and pleotelsonic boss (E, F). Specimen in E shows relatively little dorso-lateral setation, whilst that in F is hirsute. Note the differences in the shape of the boss and the tips of the arms of the bidentate process compared to those of
<taxonomicName id="00F133D19CAE27938328A1E80F2AA345" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CA889E8DD1CE46E89712AD9F9F27FF35" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene magnitorata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnitorata">Dynamene magnitorata</taxonomicName>
G, H
<taxonomicName id="8F485FB13ACF01AD2E61AAE1ED170EE8" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bifida" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifida">Dynamene bifida</taxonomicName>
(France, Mediterranean). Arrows indicate shape of the bidentate process (G, H), uropodal exopod (H) and pleotelsonic boss (G). Note the large accessory process on each arm of the bidentate process, the small sessile pleotelsonic boss and the long narrow uropodal exopods I
<taxonomicName id="6FA34C24198027C03EBDFFA537182A56" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene tubicauda" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tubicauda">Dynamene tubicauda</taxonomicName>
(Bay of Naples, Italy). Arrows indicate the unique body shape, tubular respiratory channel, peg-like pleotelsonic bosses, and the curved uropodal exopods J, K
<taxonomicName id="888F94518135B019856A412611CD8B71" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bicolor" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">Dynamene bicolor</taxonomicName>
(Bay of Naples, Italy). Arrows indicate shape of the bidentate process (J), and pleotelsonic boss (J, K). Note in particular the rugose nature of the dorsal surface of the bidentate arms, and the triangular shape of each half of the boss - in specimens from the Black Sea the boss is of a similar shape but much less prominent.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="12DCABAFC691472677E8A6FFA16BD2EB" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="60E6AFEBB3B249267A62B15EF06FD769" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Figure 3. Main features of females and juveniles of the NE Atlantic-Black Sea axis
<taxonomicName id="0A940E83315312A6C17ED0096C62377A" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynamene</taxonomicName>
spp. A, B
<taxonomicName id="E7BF8259EC046F21BF06AE6DF509C0F5" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
(S. Wales). Arrows indicate smooth outline of pleotelsonic dome (A) and non-tubular pleotelsonic foramen (B) C, D
<taxonomicName id="80B511A39447C663EFF2CA62554E5994" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene magnitorata" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnitorata">Dynamene magnitorata</taxonomicName>
(Roscoff, France). Arrows indicate angular outline of pleotelsonic dome (C), posterior extension of pleotelsonic keel and non-tubular pleotelsonic foramen (D) E, F, G
<taxonomicName id="864931680A9328B29332EB87A76E52F7" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene edwardsi" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">Dynamene edwardsi</taxonomicName>
(Italy). Arrows indicate angular outline of pleotelsonic dome (E) with central bulge (E, F, G) and tubular pleotelsonic foramen. (E and F from Naples, Italy G hirsute female from the Venice Lagoon, Italy) H, I
<taxonomicName id="E9F2A97D32C6E5EF917441BEF6FC8B6F" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bicolor" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">Dynamene bicolor</taxonomicName>
(Naples, Italy). Arrows indicate angular outline of pleotelsonic dome (I) and non-tubular pleotelsonic foramen (H) J, K
<taxonomicName id="232AD33AF207A4392E76675EC1BA5C73" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene tubicauda" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tubicauda">Dynamene tubicauda</taxonomicName>
(Ischia, Italy). Arrows indicate flattened epimera surrounding body that give this species a unique body shape (J, K) and the tubular pleotelsonic foramen (J, K) L, M.
<taxonomicName id="04F0445B03FC12D8C2652E24508BC27C" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bifida" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifida">Dynamene bifida</taxonomicName>
(Ischia, Italy). Arrows indicate smooth outline to pleotelsonic dome (L) and pleotelsonic foramen at end of short tube (M).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C8C2EE7168BF46FE63345F2E8B9E153B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="89F45DD2A7CCECF74F39B11BB11523F3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<pageBreakToken id="8263623DD5281782554F4D0E4FCFFE7C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">Size</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DE0259ECEA77D961ECE0F515A8D44718" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Adult males (stage 8) typically 7.0
<normalizedToken id="0C89AB52AAEF6946E705C5E8F0E24903" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.0 mm, although specimens 10 mm in length have been seen; pre-ovigerous females (stage 7) typically 6.0
<normalizedToken id="BC8AB2B4CCACE51D529B44061BEE0B78" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.9 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BCEB469CC5CAA7F778C74519ACEAC3F5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="life-history">
<paragraph id="6C75FCCD0E1F1C3C010B4BD982672B7A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Life-history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4CD8E3B679B51BA517B1971A534BE30F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
There are eight life-history stages in both males and females (
<bibRefCitation id="B069DAEE93354E05D5A1E80820B43551" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="137 - 153" title="Reproduction growth and bionomics of Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea - Isopoda)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05925.x" volume="156" year="1968 b">Holdich 1968b</bibRefCitation>
). Sexual dimorphism becomes apparent in stage 6 males with the appearance of a very small bidentate process, this increases in size at the seventh, and is fully developed by the eighth and terminal stage (Figs 1D, 4-lower row 6-8). This process is absent from juveniles and females (Figs 1A-B, 4-upper row 6-8, 2
<normalizedToken id="447CBB023B6720587F3E3D4D68A93F01" originalValue="A–M">A-M</normalizedToken>
). Juveniles and females up to and including stage 7 are very similar to each other morphologically. At the moult to stage 8 females become ovigerous and are very similar morphologically between the species. Their mouthparts are strongly metamorphosed, and they die after releasing their broods (
<bibRefCitation id="41701AC85AB3055B1CA304CE98A8C4C0" author="Hansen, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Quartely Journal of Microscopical Science" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="69 - 135" title="On the propagation, structure, and classification of the Family Sphaeromidae." url="http://biostor.org/reference/60090" volume="49" year="1905">Hansen 1905</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="BB8324645F76FC9A8B685C5C2B2A3FDA" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="137 - 153" title="Reproduction growth and bionomics of Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea - Isopoda)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05925.x" volume="156" year="1968 b">Holdich 1968b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="058416712FA8925ED0B0716CDBAF9BB3" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="35 - 47" title="Changes in physiology, structure and histochemistry occurring during the life-history of the sexually dimorphic isopod Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea: Peracarida)." url="10.1007/BF00349343" volume="8" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
). Stage 8 males live for two breeding seasons, at least in the British Isles, and remain in their cryptic habitat for the entire period without apparently feeding (
<bibRefCitation id="F92AFBA93AC464A04A7F41AE8BDC59FA" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="35 - 47" title="Changes in physiology, structure and histochemistry occurring during the life-history of the sexually dimorphic isopod Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea: Peracarida)." url="10.1007/BF00349343" volume="8" year="1971">Holdich 1971</bibRefCitation>
). Those in their second year are recognizable from the growths of algae, and sometimes serpulids, on the pleotelson.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6522E7F983E972501E641E32BC9E9F74" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="16C3F966C0FC27F037DAAA0102981FED" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 4. Dorsal views of the posterior halves of the bodies of various life history stages (5-8) of
<taxonomicName id="F854919DC398FC1AD9B8F3EBAADC2499" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
. 5 juvenile Upper row female stages 6, 7, 8 (ovigerous) Lower row male stages 6, 7, 8. Adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="65AF6B993FC473494528F6C263BA47E1" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="137 - 153" title="Reproduction growth and bionomics of Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea - Isopoda)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05925.x" volume="156" year="1968 b">Holdich 1968b</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58DA63B0B6D435C04B42176B1D543297" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="6BC978697AB478BB066F9E624C5B61FE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98AF97F88BC77A0F066BC86F2C99E548" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
All stages can be found on a wide variety of mid- to lower littoral algae, and also in rock pools in the upper littoral zone. Fenwick (pers. comm., July 2016) has found this species commonly amongst lower shore and sublittoral coralline algae in Cornwall, and he has also recorded adults from under large lower shore pebbles. Stage 7 females and stage 8 males move from the algae into cryptic habitats, such as crevices and empty barnacle tests, particularly
<taxonomicName id="CED71EFAFC092C1B8697D07A00AE9678" genus="Balanus" lsidName="Balanus perforatus" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="perforatus">Balanus perforatus</taxonomicName>
, to breed (
<bibRefCitation id="CF4737117BD0756D460D07A166320329" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="419 - 438" title="The distribution and habitat preferences of the Afro-European species of Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda)." url="10.1080/00222937000770401" volume="4" year="1970">Holdich 1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF1F94FE947295854329A22375E13247" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="133 - 149" title="A comparison of the ecology and life cycles of two species of littoral isopod." url="10.1016/0022-0981(76)90099-X" volume="24" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
). Stage 7 females moult into stage 8 females within such a habitat and reach peak numbers in April/May each year (
<bibRefCitation id="A30832456B8EEA4B607D90F376CC4BDC" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="137 - 153" title="Reproduction growth and bionomics of Dynamenebidentata (Crustacea - Isopoda)." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05925.x" volume="156" year="1968 b">Holdich 1968b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="101B6BD7EDEDF91D5897ADC634F304EF" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="colour">
<paragraph id="01083A44996ADC04F4CCBFB579AECAF3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colour.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="510295D1D14EA59354DE05181D52AEF4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Some degree of camouflage in the algal habitat is given by green, yellow and brown
<normalizedToken id="249F994450ECE66DEA39456E13350D2D" originalValue="‘uniformis’">'uniformis'</normalizedToken>
phenotypic varieties, and this is enhanced by the development in some individuals of patterns of white or red, dorsal, non-adaptable chromatophores (
<bibRefCitation id="3B4C63574C88A4A799A428921936BB3E" author="Tinturier-Hamelin, E" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des Sciences" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="3906 - 3908" title="Sur le polychromatism de l'Isopode Flabellifere Dynamenebidentata (Adams). I. Premiers resultats d'une etude genetique." volume="254" year="1962">Tinturier-Hamelin 1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="DC537EC3BAB86D2BDFD6D65657033871" author="Tinturier-Hamelin, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de zoologie experimentale et generale" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="511 - 520" title="Sur le polychromatism de l'Isopode Flabellifere Dynamenebidentata (Adams). II. Etude genetique due mutant bimaculata partiellement lie au sexe." volume="108" year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="715DB856FD05CAC5B7E8669D3A59A70F" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="18 - 27" title="Polychromatism in the genus Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda)." volume="37" year="1969">Holdich 1969</bibRefCitation>
, Arrontes 2009). In the past some workers have given specific status to the red and green colour varieties, e.g. rubra and viridis (see
<bibRefCitation id="23CFD9968FD4027D87F1524F21CF727C" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="University of Wales, Swansea" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="The biology of Dynamenebidentata (Adams) and some related sphaeromatid Isopoda" year="1968 c">Holdich 1968c</bibRefCitation>
). Adult males are particularly colourful when found amongst red algae on the lower shore, with the margins of the body segments and uropods bordered in orange.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6D0106F0024A085984B366E05C3BA26B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5FB1131398A68DE52EAEEE654F5A0FCD" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Geographical distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63F898F8766B0EB7804C40DCCCC4E229" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The distribution of this species shown in
<bibRefCitation id="32EAF1A7ED673FE63A1C73A1D23B5A6C" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="419 - 438" title="The distribution and habitat preferences of the Afro-European species of Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda)." url="10.1080/00222937000770401" volume="4" year="1970">Holdich (1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1EB35AAACE808770FA251C1F32433028" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Field Studies" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="97 - 104" title="The distribution and habitat preferences of marine isopods: A survey Scheme." url="http://www.nmbl.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=189674" volume="4" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
) has been extended by the present study. It occurs from the Shetland Islands to Tarfaya in western Morocco and Tenerife and Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, which are the only two records of the species in Macaronesia (Fig. 5A). Within this range
<taxonomicName id="F45AE234D964609A0B4E5AB3E21A0654" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
occurs in the north, northwest (including the outer islands), west and south coasts (as far as the Isle of Wight) of Great Britain, around Northern and Southern Ireland, the Channel Islands, northwest France, Atlantic Iberian Peninsula and in northwest Africa.
<bibRefCitation id="8A112AE74B12FFF6ED0480FFBBD6CB5F" author="Arrontes, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="749 - 758" title="Colour polymorphism in relation to spatial distribution in some intertidal isopods in Northern Spain." url="10.1017/S002531540005342X" volume="71" year="1991">Arrontes (1991)</bibRefCitation>
cites
<taxonomicName id="5B6D74ADA7A94BE61443E2BDCC571EC9" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
as being the most abundant isopod species on shores in northern Spain. It is the only species present in the British Isles (with the exception of a single record of
<taxonomicName id="03340C0E65604932DA2457E26ADF085A" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene magnitorata" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnitorata">Dynamene magnitorata</taxonomicName>
in southern England). It is particularly common in SW England and SW Wales, especially where the large barnacle,
<taxonomicName id="297CBDA734E3EEF58B0799F9F123241E" genus="Balanus" lsidName="Balanus perforatus" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="perforatus">Balanus perforatus</taxonomicName>
is present. There is one recent record for north-eastern England, which may be the result of a stranding, as are records for The Neth
<pageBreakToken id="2E6C245278D970ED57DA88F4F4FAA911" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">erlands</pageBreakToken>
, where it is not considered indigenous (
<bibRefCitation id="1B26B081216F5ECF065D1B55992C3480" author="Holthuis, LB" journalOrPublisher="Fauna van Nederland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 280" title="Isopoda en Tanaidacea." volume="16" year="1956">Holthuis 1956</bibRefCitation>
). The closest record to the Mediterranean of
<taxonomicName id="5E9752646D8F9888A3019D1A2B5F1B3C" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
is Tarifa, in southern Spain (
<bibRefCitation id="B5136C686C1A5A5CA1829AD6764CD673" author="Guerra-Garcia, JM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Sea Research" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="256 - 264" title="Vertical distribution and seasonality of peracarid crustaceans associated with intertidal macroalgae." url="10.1016/j.seares.2010.12.001" volume="65" year="2011">
<normalizedToken id="E6E298BD0FD235002077CCFA83439E63" originalValue="Guerra-García">Guerra-Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EE3E4BC82CCFA29692ABEBDB74D01BEB" author="Izquierdo, D" journalOrPublisher="Helgoland Marine Research" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="233 - 243" title="Distribution patterns of the peracarid crustaceans associated with the alga Corallinaelongata along the intertidal rocky shores of the Iberian Peninsula." url="10.1007/s10152-010-0219-y" volume="65" year="2011">
Izquierdo and
<normalizedToken id="D8252046BA2BC033894BA7525A7A02C5" originalValue="Guerra-García">Guerra-Garcia</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6F90608FE0A7A667C13FF453E49DB5EB" author="Guerra-Garcia, JM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="121 - 128" title="The invasive Asparagopsisarmata versus the native Corallinaelongata: differences in associated peracarid assemblages." url="10.1016/j.jembe.2012.02.018" volume="416 / 417" year="2012">
<normalizedToken id="58E170F6FF000BD9C39DD4FE5D6107DA" originalValue="Guerra-García">Guerra-Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D729CD781D5D36011793F659204B312F" author="Torrecilla-Roca, I" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Baetica" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="39 - 47" title="Feeding habits of the peracarid crustaceans associated to the alga Fucusspiralis in Tarifa Island, Cadiz (Southern Spain)." url="https://idus.us.es/xmlui/handle/11441/28212" volume="23" year="2012">
Torrecilla-Roca and
<normalizedToken id="2652772E8F6EC01BF13CDEC36244D8E6" originalValue="Guerra-García">Guerra-Garcia</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="B369BC403F7B0C02336091D1840C4338" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="34F7B103E3095FC042F16FF85A2BBE6D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 5. Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="B2619B383316DC89D26B2F1F24E115B8" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynamene</taxonomicName>
species along the NE Atlantic-Black Sea axis based on material validated during the present study. A
<taxonomicName id="311FA4E9351738527F1DC33828C5B065" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
B
<taxonomicName id="CCF07C025F7146F12BC38A89CE04EBB6" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bicolor" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">Dynamene bicolor</taxonomicName>
C
<taxonomicName id="7868B1CF21AFAFAB54C6FBA0833DFE1C" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bifida" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifida">Dynamene bifida</taxonomicName>
D
<taxonomicName id="A86B279B289F1CA07B1A6B130CFFE271" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene edwardsi" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">Dynamene edwardsi</taxonomicName>
E
<taxonomicName id="4B026C1FAE4319B304E58E0376CC294D" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene magnitorata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnitorata">Dynamene magnitorata</taxonomicName>
F
<taxonomicName id="011487B042802A0A2D90BEDEDA07C1F5" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene tubicauda" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tubicauda">Dynamene tubicauda</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC90F40F3B7BAE6AE4D2CC368F115AA1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="D9A74940CFD7D240C7F63EAF41F01F12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C3E75B19C957305865EECC165FC7FFD" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<bibRefCitation id="220BA6BD8CB0F35B4BAF18AC679B8F13" author="Maggiore, F" journalOrPublisher="Crustaceana" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="309 - 313" title="Presence of Dynamenebidentata (Adams, 1800) in the Mediterranean (Isopoda)." url="10.1163/156854084X00234" volume="46" year="1984">Maggiore and Fresi (1984)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="56B324D95772ED8CBF6118EE3D51B8A4" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
from the Gulf of Naples (publishing descriptions and figures), and several authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="36B498500F9A33CCDD37877190E56721" author="Castello, J" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="221 - 241" title="Isopod fauna, excluding Epicaridea, from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearby areas (Southern Iberian Peninsula)." url="10.3989/scimar.2001.65n3221" volume="65" year="2001">
<normalizedToken id="F43F820DBED845A13746CCD158ACDC62" originalValue="Castelló">Castello</normalizedToken>
and Carballo 2001
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8E4EFF4E615A907A50513897187455D9" author="Castellanos, C" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="219 - 233" title="Isopodos marinos (Crustacea: Isopoda) de las islas Chafarinas (Mediterraneo occidental)." url="http://www.revistas.ieo.es/index.php/boletin_ieo/article/view/133/126" volume="19" year="2003">Castellanos et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5472581229E0EFCF9A454CBAFEF691F6" author="Junoy, J" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="293 - 325" title="Catalogo de las especies ibericas y baleares de isopodos marinos (Crustacea: Isopoda)." url="http://www.revistas.ieo.es/index.php/boletin_ieo/article/view/139/132" volume="19" year="2003">
Junoy and
<normalizedToken id="3F49F797D0EDF5A475AA7D1E652E2FFB" originalValue="Castelló">Castello</normalizedToken>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
) have used
<bibRefCitation id="E9EA4F139234D9B79E04FE8C1FB902AA" author="Maggiore, F" journalOrPublisher="Crustaceana" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="309 - 313" title="Presence of Dynamenebidentata (Adams, 1800) in the Mediterranean (Isopoda)." url="10.1163/156854084X00234" volume="46" year="1984">
Maggiore and
<normalizedToken id="A4E29A87127EC30422C58DFBCE8F47ED" originalValue="Fresi’s">Fresi's</normalizedToken>
(1984)
</bibRefCitation>
observations to justify their findings of
<taxonomicName id="E40628EC3EB46343AE8BFF1E613E9FBD" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
in the Mediterranean. Yet, examination of the single specimen found by
<bibRefCitation id="DA2B05B46DC23888AF562C92C375C791" author="Maggiore, F" journalOrPublisher="Crustaceana" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="309 - 313" title="Presence of Dynamenebidentata (Adams, 1800) in the Mediterranean (Isopoda)." url="10.1163/156854084X00234" volume="46" year="1984">Maggiore and Fresi (1984)</bibRefCitation>
showed that it was in fact a
<taxonomicName id="68FC2F165448F6CA87AED1BAB43E08FC" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene magnitorata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnitorata">Dynamene magnitorata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C44C87A1B05E0EF601E4BEC9865BCBFF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
A lot of confusion regarding the identification of
<taxonomicName id="4475AADEDB9656240FEEEC79E46349D8" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
was caused by
<bibRefCitation id="D65B7A1FD366900609FB8D1B1DB2E18A" author="Torelli, B" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="297 - 343" title="Sferomidi del Golfo di Napoli: revisione degli sferomoidi mediterranei." volume="10" year="1930">Torelli (1930)</bibRefCitation>
who figured what she called
<taxonomicName id="BC76BF196C1B290FFD28B902AE48956C" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
(a stage 8 male and a stage 8 ovigerous female), from the Bay of Naples, Italy.
<bibRefCitation id="FCFB822B5AE3EAA2BFE176D3FD51AFDC" author="Omer-Cooper, J" journalOrPublisher="Reports of the Dove Marine Laboratory" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 58" title="Notes on the British Sphaeromatidae (Crustacea, Isopoda)." volume="3" year="1934">Omer-Cooper and Rawson (1934)</bibRefCitation>
used
<normalizedToken id="4DC436E11A2C8141780051DBB93976E7" originalValue="Torelli’s">Torelli's</normalizedToken>
figures to illustrate
<taxonomicName id="A56BEAA2A4CAE48483063EA653EBA03A" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
from Britain, which was then proliferated in some British identification guides, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="9AA5EDB9C0C546E4FF1DF3DB6AE219EF" author="Barrett, J" journalOrPublisher="Collins, Ammanford" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" title="Collins Pocket Guide to the Sea Shore." year="1964">Barrett and Yonge (1964)</bibRefCitation>
, although this has been corrected in more modern guides, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="6962819F675197F9023D83ACFFECD563" author="Hayward, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" title="Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-west Europe." year="1995">Hayward and Ryland (1995)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="0E6581B7FD8A6D505698E9405EF54923" author="Pauli, VL" journalOrPublisher="Travaux of the Sevastopol Biological Station" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="100 - 135" title="Free living isopods of the Black Sea." volume="8" year="1954">Pauli (1954)</bibRefCitation>
also used
<normalizedToken id="3809CA2FCDEB2E785C9B8149EE096358" originalValue="Torelli’s">Torelli's</normalizedToken>
figures to illustrate
<taxonomicName id="8087ED8C22D016F96B35EF3B68DAFC10" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
from the Black Sea.
<bibRefCitation id="26389D1248C7D7C1BD2C9DA41EA56BA4" author="Holdich, DM" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="401 - 426" title="A systematic revision of the genus Dynamene (Crustacea: Isopoda) with description of three new species." volume="36" year="1968 a">Holdich (1968a)</bibRefCitation>
collected material from Naples and decided that
<normalizedToken id="6DD07C770A53E545BB73A01B2969AF31" originalValue="Torelli’s">Torelli's</normalizedToken>
figures were in fact of a new species, commonly found in the Bay of Naples, which he named
<taxonomicName id="C54FB4A96145E2B28DDF2C4DB1B2DE74" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene torelliae" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torelliae">Dynamene torelliae</taxonomicName>
Holdich, 1968. However,
<bibRefCitation id="38DB6C3EEE76E3A66CA3098C3E3458DD" author="Kussakin, OG" journalOrPublisher="Opred Faune SSSR Akad Nauk" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 470" volume="122" year="1979">Kussakin (1979)</bibRefCitation>
decided that
<taxonomicName id="74085DDDB602EF5F46580573700BAF09" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene torelliae" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torelliae">Dynamene torelliae</taxonomicName>
was in fact synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="7448CD6ACDCF178655F1BEE7E5402CC5" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bicolor" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">Dynamene bicolor</taxonomicName>
(Rathke, 1837). This species was in fact unknown to Holdich at the time of his studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C24519E8AC04FC9C9B3AF78C8134EA4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Databases we have consulted indicate that
<taxonomicName id="2CEEF95AD6951EB371E62DE2DBD53E48" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
commonly occurs around Northern and Southern Ireland. However, we could only find one modern published record, i.e.,
<bibRefCitation id="8F28C0320A7D817266B0018584C8A673" author="De Grave, S" journalOrPublisher="Biology &amp; Environment, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="23 - 30" title="The distribution of marine isopods (Crustacea) in Lough Hyne." url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20500015" volume="98 B" year="1998">de Grave and Holmes (1998)</bibRefCitation>
from Lough Hyne in County Cork.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="74F30CABD456A68B0072162B7DB56484" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Unlike most other isopods, stage 8 male
<taxonomicName id="5793E06851F503BEF32FD52843D6A39C" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene bidentata" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentata">Dynamene bidentata</taxonomicName>
do not have appendix masculina on the endopods of the second pair of pleopods, this is also the case in the other
<taxonomicName id="F371D10E79A57BB807DF382FED917C09" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynamene</taxonomicName>
species. This phenomenon has also been noted by
<bibRefCitation id="9D3A613A271391B414A0287DA6C6E82C" author="Messana, G" journalOrPublisher="Crustaceana" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="499 - 515" title="How can I mate without an appendix masculina? The case of Sphaeromaterebrans Bate, 1866 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae)." url="10.1163/1568540041643346" volume="77" year="2004">Messana (2004)</bibRefCitation>
in
<taxonomicName id="5D8FC4DB8309D524B8E805295431FE5E" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Sphaeroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeroma terebrans" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terebrans">Sphaeroma terebrans</taxonomicName>
Bate, 1866. It is very difficult to observe mating in
<taxonomicName id="408F3F912BE4DF4ECA81E3FA7A366F48" class="Malacostraca" family="Sphaeromatidae" genus="Dynamene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dynamene" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dynamene</taxonomicName>
due to the cryptic habitat of the adults. It is probable that sperm are released directly into the marsupium as the eggs are laid.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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