322 lines
54 KiB
XML
322 lines
54 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DD289D9ACAC16702739AD57246ECEA48">A revision of the West Palaearctic species of Colobostema Enderlein, 1926 (Diptera, Scatopsidae). Part I. European subregion</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2B6946556F3C9C5AC954E6CBD3F8499F">Jean-Paul Haenni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E2D6720AEE4D7CBAD8B101D79DEE0B37">Mitteilungen Der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="74F13CEE7635EB25A9D08E48C19EB971">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8F9B6B314F1E543522DDFC724096FC7D">2013-12-31</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0A78FC5B22445807C48D003BFEF5FD0D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6157663" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119329155" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6157663" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A78FC5B22445807C48D003BFEF5FD0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A78FC5B22445807C48D003BFEF5FD0D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
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<subSubSection id="CACB1EC622445803C48D003BFC3CFBBC" box="[486,975,1068,1097]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22445803C48D003BFC3CFBBC" blockId="2.[486,975,1068,1097]" box="[486,975,1068,1097]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
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<heading id="D926FA2122445803C48D003BFC3CFBBC" bold="true" box="[486,975,1068,1097]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22445803C48D003BFC3CFBBC" bold="true" box="[486,975,1068,1097]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22445803C72D003BFC3CFBBC" ID-CoL="3SFN" ID-ENA="2891108" authority="Enderlein, 1926" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1926" box="[582,975,1068,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="n.sp." subFamily="Scatopsinae">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22445803C72D003BFD02FBBC" bold="true" box="[582,753,1068,1097]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Colobostema</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C793003BFC3CFBBC" author="Enderlein, G." box="[760,975,1068,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="137 - 142" part="68" refId="ref26443" refString="Enderlein, G. 1926. Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden. - Zoologischer Anzeiger 68 (5 / 6): 137 - 142." title="Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden" type="journal article" year="1926">Enderlein, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CACB1EC622445803C5C40049FE1EFB1D" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22445803C5C40049FE1EFB1D" blockId="2.[175,1289,1118,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C5C40049FEAAFB83" author="Enderlein, G." box="[175,345,1118,1142]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="137 - 142" part="68" refId="ref26443" refString="Enderlein, G. 1926. Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden. - Zoologischer Anzeiger 68 (5 / 6): 137 - 142." title="Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden" type="journal article" year="1926">Enderlein 1926</bibRefCitation>
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: Zooi. Anz. 68: 140;
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C7220049FD36FB83" author="Cook, E. F." box="[585,709,1118,1142]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the entomological Society of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="325 - 332" part="49" refId="ref26096" refString="Cook, E. F. 1956. A contribution towards a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part V. The genus Colobostema Enderlein. - Annals of the entomological Society of America 49 (4): 325 - 332." title="A contribution towards a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part V. The genus Colobostema Enderlein" type="journal article" year="1956">Cook 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: Ann. ent. Soc, Am. 49: 325-332;
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C12D0049FB31FB83" author="Cook, E. F." box="[1094,1218,1118,1142]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplement 8" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref26241" refString="Cook, E. F. 1971. The Australian Scatopsidae. - Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplement 8: 1 - 90." title="The Australian Scatopsidae" type="book chapter" year="1971">Cook 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: Aust. J. ZooL, Suppl. Ser. 8: 9-29;
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C723006DFD36FB67" author="Cook, E. F." box="[584,709,1146,1170]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="61 - 100" part="8" refId="ref26266" refString="Cook, E. F. 1974. A synopsis of the Scatopsidae of the Palaearctic. Part III. The Scatopsini. - Journal of natural History 8: 61 - 100." title="A synopsis of the Scatopsidae of the Palaearctic. Part III. The Scatopsini" type="journal article" year="1974">Cook 1974</bibRefCitation>
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: J. nat. Hist. 8: 62-64;
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C6BB006DFB9DFB67" author="Amorim, D. de Souza" bookContentInfo="173 pp." box="[976,1134,1146,1170]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" refId="ref25820" refString="Amorim, D. de Souza. 1982. Sistematica filogenetica dos Scatopsidae (Diptera: Oligoneura: Bibionomorpha). - Tese de mestrado, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 173 pp., 76 pi .." title="Sistematica filogenetica dos Scatopsidae (Diptera: Oligoneura: Bibionomorpha). - Tese de mestrado" type="book" year="1982">Amorim 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: Sist. filogén. Scatopsidae: 83-84
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22445803C4BE008FFDD2FB5A" box="[469,545,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">et cd.',</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C747008FFD3DFB5A" author="Freeman, P." box="[556,718,1175,1199]" journalOrPublisher="Freeman, P. & Lane, R. P., Bibionid and Scatopsid Flies. Diptera: Bibionidae and Scatopsidae. - Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="20 - 74" part="9" refId="ref26468" refString="Freeman, P. 1985. Family Scatopsidae. / ": Freeman, P. & Lane, R. P., Bibionid and Scatopsid Flies. Diptera: Bibionidae and Scatopsidae. - Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol. 9, Part 7: 20 - 74." title="Family Scatopsidae" type="journal article" year="1985">Freeman 1985</bibRefCitation>
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: Hdbk Ident. Br. Ins. 9(7): 38;
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C1500080FB3EFB5A" author="Haenni, J. - P." box="[1083,1229,1175,1199]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="405 - 414" part="23" refId="ref26614" refString="Haenni, J. - P. 1993 a. The genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) in tropical Africa. - Entomologica scandinavica 23 (1992): 405 - 414." title="The genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) in tropical Africa" type="journal article" year="1993">Haenni 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: Ent. Scand. 23: 405-414;
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C48B00A3FD56FB39" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[480,677,1204,1228]" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Dipterological Research" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="73 - 77" part="12" refId="ref27646" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. 2001. To the fauna of scatopsid flies of the genus Colobostema Enderlein of Finland, with the description of a new species (Diptera, Scatopsidae). - International Journal of Dipterological Research 12 (2): 73 - 77." title="To the fauna of scatopsid flies of the genus Colobostema Enderlein of Finland, with the description of a new species (Diptera, Scatopsidae)" type="journal article" year="2001">Krivosheina 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: Int. J. Dipteral. Res. 12(2): 73-77;
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C15E00A2FB33FB39" author="Huerta, H." box="[1077,1216,1204,1228]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="183 - 194" part="3619" refId="ref27480" refString="Huerta, H. 2013. New species of the genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) from Mexico. - Zootaxa 3619 (2): 183 - 194." title="New species of the genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) from Mexico" type="journal article" year="2013">Huerta 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: Zootaxa 3619(2): 183-194.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="CACB1EC622445803C5930107FD48FAA4" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22445803C5930107FD48FAA4" blockId="2.[174,1290,1295,1958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22445803C5930107FD09FAD9" box="[248,762,1295,1324]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
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Type species.
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<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22445803C4D30118FC2DFAD9" authority="Enderlein, 1926" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1926" box="[440,990,1295,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oldenbergi">
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Colobostema oldenbergi
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C6630118FC2DFAD9" author="Enderlein, G." box="[776,990,1295,1324]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="137 - 142" part="68" refId="ref26443" refString="Enderlein, G. 1926. Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden. - Zoologischer Anzeiger 68 (5 / 6): 137 - 142." title="Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden" type="journal article" year="1926">Enderlein, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, by original designation (=
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<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22445803C4660122FD41FAA4" authority="Zetterstedt, 1850" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1850" box="[269,690,1332,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Scatopse" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristis">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22445803C4660122FE3CFAA4" box="[269,463,1333,1361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Scatopse tristis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22445803C4BC0123FD41FAA4" author="Zetterstedt, J. W." box="[471,690,1332,1361]" journalOrPublisher="Lundae" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" pagination="3367 - 3710" part="9" refId="ref28649" refString="Zetterstedt, J. W. 1850. Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta. - Lundae, 9: 3367 - 3710." title="Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta" type="journal article" year="1850">Zetterstedt, 1850</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CACB1EC622445802C593014CFD20F93D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" type="description">
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22445803C593014CFC7FF853" blockId="2.[174,1290,1295,1958]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22445803C593014CFE64FA82" box="[248,407,1371,1399]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Description.</emphasis>
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Comparatively medium to large sized scatopsids (1.5-2.5 mm), usually velvety black, dull, except on lower parts of pleurae, shining; presence of more or less extended pale (whitish to bright orange yellow) parts on tibiae and tarsi, hind comers of thorax posterior to wing bases and, in females only in European species, basal segments of antennal flagellum. Pilosity well developed, more or less adpressed, except on head and dorsum, where it is more erect; microtrichosity generally distributed on body and legs giving a dull appearance; microtrichosity absent from katepisternum, most of meron (except broad dorsal margin and narrow posterior margin), mediotergite, posterior half of outer surface of fore and mid coxae, inner surface of mid and hind trochanters, inner half of hind coxa; consequently all these parts are shining black. Due to the dense microtrichosity, parts of the body, especially tibiae and tarsi, can appear whitish grey, more or less pollinose according to the direction of light. On the other hand old specimens in collections are very often faded and appear generally entirely brown, more or less blackish. Wings more or less infuscated, greyish to brownish, covered with dense microtrichosity. Halters with knob dark, grey or brown, and lighter, fulvous stem.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22455802C43804C1FC73FDE8" blockId="3.[259,1384,214,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Head rounded, as wide as high, not laterally compressed, eyes densely micropilose, dichoptic in both sexes or hardly touching in one point above the antennae in some males; 3 well developed ocelli; antennae as long as thorax, about twice as long as head height, scape shorter than high, pedicel more or less cup-shaped, longer than wide, flagellum 8-segmented, widening toward apex, easy to count, last segment about twice as long as penultimate; flagellomere setation irregularly distributed; in females of some species, basal flagellomeres 1-4 more or less yellowish; face wide, pilose; labellae small, stipes fused proximally, palpi 1-segmented, short, with a subapical sensorial pit on inner face.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22455802C43B0631FD37FCD7" blockId="3.[259,1384,214,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Thorax stouter than in most other scatopsid genera, not laterally compressed, scutum approximately as wide as long, rather quadrate in shape; supraalar setae developed, but not arranged in a regular row; shorter setae scattered over scutum and scutellum; following groups of setae present on pleural sclerites: anepistemal, upper epistemal, subalar, subspiracular; spiracular sclerite broad, longer than high, more or less triangular in shape, setose, with large, submedian spiracular opening; postnotal phragma well developed.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22455802C43A073CFB4EFBF7" blockId="3.[259,1384,214,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Wings densely covered with microtrichia, macrotrichia present only on sclerotized anterior veins; posterior veins brownish, darker than membrane; M, and M9 vanishing shortly before reaching wing margin, M, with a marked bend at basal third to fourth, often bearing a short spurious vein directed toward R4+5, more or less apparent according to the angle of view; CuA9 with a smooth double curve. Halters elongate, with knob longer than stem, bearing a few setae on stem.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22455802C438001BFBEAFB6D" blockId="3.[259,1384,214,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
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Legs simple, of the usual type in
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<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22455802C646001CFC3AFBDD" box="[813,969,1035,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scatopsidae</taxonomicName>
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, densely pilose; posterior legs much longer than anterior and median pairs; anterior coxa elongated, all femora and tibiae simple, tarsi simple, length of tarsomeres decreasing from tarsomeres 1 to 4, 5th longer than 4th; claws simple, empodium well developed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22455802C43A00B7FC7DFA68" blockId="3.[259,1384,214,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Abdomen with 7 pregenital segments; stemite l sclerotized; tergite 2 with a paired lunula-shaped zone with modified microtrichia along the anterior margin; segment 7 (pregenital) diversely modified in males of different species, always with a nearly complete, heavily sclerotized narrow basal ring; sternite 7 widened, laterally encompassing tergite 7; tergite 7 with posterior margin either produced or with a medial incision, frequently with an inner posterior fold, asymmetric in some species; spiracles of segment 7 on sides of stemite.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22455802C43B01B1FD20F93D" blockId="3.[259,1384,214,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Genitalia: not rotated in male, sclerites fused in some degree to form a genital capsule; epandrium bilobed apically, lobes generally acute in West Palaearctic species, variously modified, tending to asymmetry; parameres well developed, heavily sclerotized; gonocoxites large, well developed; aedeagus with tip diversely modified; spermatic pump lying free in the abdomen. In female tergite 7 simple to more or less deeply notched medially on posterior margin; sternite 8 bearing a pair of valvifers, in some species a pair of basal submedian sclerotized plates; cercus large; spermatheca rounded, simple.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CACB1EC622455805C43B02C5FE19FDB3" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="826E4D4D22455805C43B02C5FE19FDB3" blockId="3.[259,1384,214,1960]" lastBlockId="4.[189,1308,217,1961]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22455802C43B02C5FE29F91B" box="[336,474,1746,1774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The species belonging to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22455802C6B402C7FB7BF918" box="[991,1160,1744,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22455802C6B402C7FB7BF918" box="[991,1160,1744,1773]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Colobostema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are rather stout bodied, velvety black scatopsids with long antennae, broad quadrate thorax and variable yellowish or whitish annulation on legs and sometimes on antennae. This peculiar habitus among scatopsids makes this genus quite easily recognizable, even with bare eyes, which is quite unusual for this family. Rounded head with dichoptic eyes in both sexes (or hardly holoptic in some males) together with notum broad. quadrate, practically as wide as long, not compressed laterally, allow easy recognition of
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<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C44F04E8FE3EFEE9" box="[292,461,255,284]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C44F04E8FE3EFEE9" box="[292,461,255,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Colobostema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C79504E8FC70FEE9" box="[766,899,255,284]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scatopsini">Scatopsini</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C69A04E8FF0EFEB4" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C69A04E8FB75FEE9" box="[1009,1158,255,284]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Holoplagia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holoplagia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C1F304E8FF0EFEB4" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colobostema</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differs from the latter by the absence of a complete cross-vein connecting M j and R4+5 (with at most a weakly developed, anteriorly directed short spurious vein arising from bend of M, towards R4+5). Other characteristic features are antennae very apparent, large, as long as thorax or even longer and about twice as long as head height, flagellomeres usually well separated, with setation not arranged in whorls, genital capsule of male usually not rotated, with a pair of parameres, a pair of well developed gonocoxites, and long, bilobed epandrium, the sternite 8 of female with a pair of valvifers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CACB1EC622425807C4610658FEF5FD0D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="826E4D4D22425805C4610658FED4F8E7" blockId="4.[189,1308,217,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C4610658FDE4FD9E" box="[266,535,590,619]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
As pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C6420659FC0AFD9E" author="Amorim, D. de Souza" bookContentInfo="173 pp." box="[809,1017,590,619]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" refId="ref25820" refString="Amorim, D. de Souza. 1982. Sistematica filogenetica dos Scatopsidae (Diptera: Oligoneura: Bibionomorpha). - Tese de mestrado, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 173 pp., 76 pi .." title="Sistematica filogenetica dos Scatopsidae (Diptera: Oligoneura: Bibionomorpha). - Tese de mestrado" type="book" year="1982">Amorim (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who lists a series of about 25 synapomorphies for
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C7250664FD0CFD65" box="[590,767,627,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C7250664FD09FD65" box="[590,762,627,656]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colobostema</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
this genus is one of the best characterized of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C434068EFE0FFD43" box="[351,508,665,694]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scatopsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, like several other Enderlein genera, it was very poorly characterized when it was originally established in 1926 for two European and one New Guinean species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C73006F4FCDBFCF5" author="Enderlein, G." box="[603,808,739,768]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="137 - 142" part="68" refId="ref26443" refString="Enderlein, G. 1926. Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden. - Zoologischer Anzeiger 68 (5 / 6): 137 - 142." title="Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden" type="journal article" year="1926">Enderlein 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with only trivial wing venation features, The type species designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C7A3071FFC1CFCD0" author="Enderlein, G." box="[712,1007,776,805]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="137 - 142" part="68" refId="ref26443" refString="Enderlein, G. 1926. Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden. - Zoologischer Anzeiger 68 (5 / 6): 137 - 142." title="Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden" type="journal article" year="1926">Enderlein (1926: 140)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
himself as «
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C1CF071FFE51FCBE" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oldenbergi" status="n.sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C1CF071FFE51FCBE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Colobostema oldenbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AB962C2422425805C4C40738FE1AFCBE" box="[431,489,815,843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
» is in fact a synonym of the well known European species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C5D40743FDC1FC85" authority="Zetterstedt" authorityName="Zetterstedt" box="[191,562,851,880]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Sccitopse" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C5D40743FE60FC85" box="[191,403,852,880]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Sccitopse tristis</emphasis>
|
||
Zetterstedt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while the other included species - the European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C06A0743FDEDFC60" authority="(Verrait, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Verrait" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Sccitopse" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incompleta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C06A0743FEBEFC60" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">S. incompleta</emphasis>
|
||
(Verrait, 1886)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- is clearly not congeneric with the type species. Hence, other workers of the family could not properly recognize this genus for a long time, until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C46C07D5FE5DFC2A" author="Cook, E. F." box="[263,430,962,991]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the entomological Society of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="325 - 332" part="49" refId="ref26096" refString="Cook, E. F. 1956. A contribution towards a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part V. The genus Colobostema Enderlein. - Annals of the entomological Society of America 49 (4): 325 - 332." title="A contribution towards a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part V. The genus Colobostema Enderlein" type="journal article" year="1956">Cook (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed the type species and used the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C12207D5FB01FC2A" box="[1097,1266,962,991]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C12207D5FB01FC2A" box="[1097,1266,962,991]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Colobostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a new concept to include a series of morphologically well characterized and clearly related species. It is worth mentioning that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C66C001AFC42FBDF" author="Duda, 0." bookContentInfo="3 Taf" box="[775,945,1037,1066]" editor="Lindner, E." journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart, Stuttgart" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref26368" refString="Duda, 0. 1928. Scatopsidae. In: Lindner, E. (ed.) Die Fliegen der palaarktischen Region 2 (1), 5: 1 - 62, 3 Taf. - Schweizerbart, Stuttgart." title="Scatopsidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Die Fliegen der palaarktischen Region 2 (1), 5" year="1928">Duda (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his for his time excellent key for the Palaearctic species, had already segregated these species on the basis of the same characters as the
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C702004FFCD5FB81" box="[617,806,1112,1140]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">«nigripenne-G</emphasis>
|
||
ruppe», but without giving a formal taxonomic status inside of genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C7ED0069FCF5FB6F" box="[646,774,1150,1178]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C7ED0069FCF0FB6F" box="[646,771,1150,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Sccitopse" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sccitopse</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Three European species were included in this group by Duda (loc.cit.), but only two of them were recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C1BF00B5FEEBFB11" author="Cook, E. F." journalOrPublisher="Journal of natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="61 - 100" part="8" refId="ref26266" refString="Cook, E. F. 1974. A synopsis of the Scatopsidae of the Palaearctic. Part III. The Scatopsini. - Journal of natural History 8: 61 - 100." title="A synopsis of the Scatopsidae of the Palaearctic. Part III. The Scatopsini" type="journal article" year="1974">Cook (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who accepted all the synonymies established by former authors on the base of comparison of descriptions only. On the other hand, many new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C1AF00FBFED8FADA" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C1AF00FBFED8FADA" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Colobostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described and some older names revised. This includes mainly species from North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C7090120FD0CFAA1" author="Cook, E. F." box="[610,767,1335,1364]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the entomological Society of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="325 - 332" part="49" refId="ref26096" refString="Cook, E. F. 1956. A contribution towards a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part V. The genus Colobostema Enderlein. - Annals of the entomological Society of America 49 (4): 325 - 332." title="A contribution towards a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part V. The genus Colobostema Enderlein" type="journal article" year="1956">Cook 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), South Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C68C0120FB77FAA1" author="Cook, E. F." box="[999,1156,1335,1364]" editor="Hanstrom, B." journalOrPublisher="Lund" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="469 - 481" refId="ref26191" refString="Cook, E. F. 1965. Diptera (Nematocera): Scatopsidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebeck, G. (eds.) - South African Animal Life, Vol. XL 469 - 481. Lund." title="Diptera (Nematocera): Scatopsidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="South African Animal Life" year="1965">Cook 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C5A2014BFE93FA8C" author="Cook, E. F." box="[201,352,1372,1401]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplement 8" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref26241" refString="Cook, E. F. 1971. The Australian Scatopsidae. - Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplement 8: 1 - 90." title="The Australian Scatopsidae" type="book chapter" year="1971">Cook 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Nepal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C4B7014BFD87FA8C" author="Cook, E. F." box="[476,628,1372,1401]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="529 - 536" part="71" refId="ref26300" refString="Cook, E. F. 1978. The Scatopsidae of Nepal. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71 (4): 529 - 536." title="The Scatopsidae of Nepal" type="journal article" year="1978">Cook 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Oriental Region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C61E014BFBCBFA8C" author="Freeman, P." box="[885,1080,1372,1401]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="9 - 19" part="126" refId="ref26523" refString="Freeman, P. 1990. Redescription of seven Oriental species of Scatopsidae (Diptera) described by F. W. Edwards in the genus Scatopse. - Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 126: 9 - 19." title="Redescription of seven Oriental species of Scatopsidae (Diptera) described by F. W. Edwards in the genus Scatopse" type="journal article" year="1990">Freeman 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C1D2014BFEE6FA6A" author="Haenni, J. - P." journalOrPublisher="Entomologica scandinavica" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="405 - 414" part="23" refId="ref26614" refString="Haenni, J. - P. 1993 a. The genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) in tropical Africa. - Entomologica scandinavica 23 (1992): 405 - 414." title="The genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) in tropical Africa" type="journal article" year="1993">Haenni 1993a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), China (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C4F40195FDCEFA6A" author="Yang, C." box="[415,573,1410,1439]" journalOrPublisher="China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, [in Chinese]" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="482 - 486" refId="ref28600" refString="Yang, C. 1995. [Diptera: Scatopsidae.] In: Wu. H. (ed.), [Insects of Baishanzu Mountain, Eastern China]: 482 - 486. - China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, [in Chinese]" title="Diptera: Scatopsidae." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Wu. H. (ed.)" year="1995">Yang 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Russia and adjacent countries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C17D0195FAFEFA6A" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[1046,1293,1410,1439]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 79" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="487 - 498" part="2" refId="ref27591" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. 2000. [On the systematics of the species of the genera Colobostema Enderlein, Holoplagia Enderlein and Cookella Freeman (Diptera, Scatopsidae) from Russia and neighbouring countries.]. - Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 79 (2): 487 - 498. [in Russian]" title="On the systematics of the species of the genera Colobostema Enderlein, Holoplagia Enderlein and Cookella Freeman (Diptera, Scatopsidae) from Russia and neighbouring countries." type="journal article" year="2000">Krivosheina 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Northern Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C4D301B0FD59FA31" author="Krivosheina, N. P." box="[440,682,1447,1476]" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Dipterological Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="73 - 77" part="12" refId="ref27646" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. 2001. To the fauna of scatopsid flies of the genus Colobostema Enderlein of Finland, with the description of a new species (Diptera, Scatopsidae). - International Journal of Dipterological Research 12 (2): 73 - 77." title="To the fauna of scatopsid flies of the genus Colobostema Enderlein of Finland, with the description of a new species (Diptera, Scatopsidae)" type="journal article" year="2001">Krivosheina 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Belize (Haenni & Rapp 2003) and Mexico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C5A301DBFDAFFA1C" author="Huerta, H. & Ibanez-Bernal, S." box="[200,604,1484,1513]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="57 - 65" part="1720" refId="ref27512" refString="Huerta, H. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. 2008. New records of Scatopsidae (Diptera) from southeastern Mexico, and descriptions of new species of Swammerdamella Enderlein and Colobostema Enderlein. - Zootaxa 1720: 57 - 65." title="New records of Scatopsidae (Diptera) from southeastern Mexico, and descriptions of new species of Swammerdamella Enderlein and Colobostema Enderlein" type="journal article" year="2008">Huerta & Ibânez-Bernal 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C70401DAFCEAFA1C" author="Huerta, H." box="[623,793,1484,1513]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="183 - 194" part="3619" refId="ref27480" refString="Huerta, H. 2013. New species of the genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) from Mexico. - Zootaxa 3619 (2): 183 - 194." title="New species of the genus Colobostema Enderlein (Diptera: Scatopsidae) from Mexico" type="journal article" year="2013">Huerta 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The number of described species in the world (including those in the present work) summs up to about 60, but I have seen material of about 15 additional undescribed species from several parts of the world (North Korea, Taiwan, Nepal, New Guinea, East Africa, Australia, Panama), while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C47E0275FE16F98A" author="Amorim, D. de Souza" bookContentInfo="173 pp." box="[277,485,1634,1663]" journalOrPublisher="Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" refId="ref25820" refString="Amorim, D. de Souza. 1982. Sistematica filogenetica dos Scatopsidae (Diptera: Oligoneura: Bibionomorpha). - Tese de mestrado, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 173 pp., 76 pi .." title="Sistematica filogenetica dos Scatopsidae (Diptera: Oligoneura: Bibionomorpha). - Tese de mestrado" type="book" year="1982">Amorim (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported seven undescribed Neotropical species. This would bring the total number to some 90 species worldwide. However, there is no doubt that many more remain undiscovered, not only in the tropical regions, where they might be very numerous, but even in the more intensively collected temperate regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="826E4D4D22425807C462030BFCE9FE71" blockId="4.[189,1308,217,1961]" lastBlockId="6.[193,1310,210,760]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
|
||
The placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C77A030BFD49F8CC" box="[529,698,1820,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C77A030BFD49F8CC" box="[529,698,1820,1849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Colobostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C6AE030BFBADF8CC" box="[965,1118,1820,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scatopsinae">Scatopsinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C5AB0356FE94F8AB" author="Cook, E. F." box="[192,359,1857,1886]" editor="Part VI" journalOrPublisher="The Diptera or True Flies. Fascicle 8. - Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 36" part="9" refId="ref26141" refString="Cook, E. F. 1963. Scatopsidae and Hyperoscelidae. In: Guide to the Insects of Connecticut, Part VI: The Diptera or True Flies. Fascicle 8. - Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey 9: 1 - 36." title="Scatopsidae and Hyperoscelidae" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Guide to the Insects of Connecticut" year="1963">Cook (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is well founded and generally accepted.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C6F90356FBC8F8AB" box="[914,1083,1857,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425805C6F90356FBC8F8AB" box="[914,1083,1857,1886]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Colobostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first placed in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C40A0370FE15F871" box="[353,486,1895,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Scatopsini">Scatopsini</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C74B0370FD33F871" author="Cook, E. F." box="[544,704,1895,1924]" editor="Part VI" journalOrPublisher="The Diptera or True Flies. Fascicle 8. - Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 36" part="9" refId="ref26141" refString="Cook, E. F. 1963. Scatopsidae and Hyperoscelidae. In: Guide to the Insects of Connecticut, Part VI: The Diptera or True Flies. Fascicle 8. - Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey 9: 1 - 36." title="Scatopsidae and Hyperoscelidae" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Guide to the Insects of Connecticut" year="1963">Cook (1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C7BA0370FCE6F871" author="Cook, E. F." box="[721,789,1895,1924]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="61 - 100" part="8" refId="ref26266" refString="Cook, E. F. 1974. A synopsis of the Scatopsidae of the Palaearctic. Part III. The Scatopsini. - Journal of natural History 8: 61 - 100." title="A synopsis of the Scatopsidae of the Palaearctic. Part III. The Scatopsini" type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22425805C60D0370FBC6F871" author="Amorim, D. de Souza" box="[870,1077,1895,1924]" journalOrPublisher="Iheringia, Serie Zoologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" pagination="107 - 112" part="77" refId="ref25858" refString="Amorim, D. de Souza. 1994. A new suprageneric classification of the Scatopsidae (Diptera: Psychodomorpha). - Iheringia, Serie Zoologia 77: 107 - 112," title="A new suprageneric classification of the Scatopsidae (Diptera: Psychodomorpha)" type="journal article" year="1994">Amorim (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425805C5AA039BFE66F85C" box="[193,405,1932,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Colobostematini">Colobostematini</taxonomicName>
|
||
for this genus and the following more or less related genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22425807C1CD039BFDFFFF1A" authority="Enderlein, 1912" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Holoplagia" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="205" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22425807C1CD039BFEE0FF1A" italics="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Holoplagia</emphasis>
|
||
Enderlein, 1912
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C74104C5FC81FF1A" authority="Cook, 1985" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1985" box="[554,882,210,239]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Ferneiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C74104C5FD5CFF1A" box="[554,687,210,239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Ferneiella</emphasis>
|
||
Cook, 1985
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C6FB04C5FB1CFF1A" authority="Haenni, 1998" authorityName="Haenni" authorityYear="1998" box="[912,1263,210,239]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Efcookella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C6FB04C5FBEAFF1A" box="[912,1049,210,239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Efcookella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22405807C15904C5FB1CFF1A" author="Haenni, J. - P." box="[1074,1263,210,239]" editor="Merz, B." journalOrPublisher="Fauna Helvetica" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" pagination="141 - 144" part="1" refId="ref26757" refString="Haenni, J. - P. 1998. 24. Scatopsidae. In: Merz, B., Bachli, G., Haenni, J. - P. & Gonseth, Y. (eds.), Diptera - Checklist. Fauna Helvetica 1: 141 - 144. - CSCF / SEG, Neuchatel." title="24. Scatopsidae" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Diptera - Checklist" year="1998">Haenni, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C06304C5FECAFEE1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">
|
||
(-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C5AE04E0FDFCFEE1" authority="Freeman, 1985" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1985" box="[197,527,247,276]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Cookella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
Cookella
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22405807C42D04EFFDFCFEE1" author="Freeman, P." box="[326,527,247,276]" journalOrPublisher="Freeman, P. & Lane, R. P., Bibionid and Scatopsid Flies. Diptera: Bibionidae and Scatopsidae. - Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" pagination="20 - 74" part="9" refId="ref26468" refString="Freeman, P. 1985. Family Scatopsidae. / ": Freeman, P. & Lane, R. P., Bibionid and Scatopsid Flies. Diptera: Bibionidae and Scatopsidae. - Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol. 9, Part 7: 20 - 74." title="Family Scatopsidae" type="journal article" year="1985">Freeman, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C74704EEFC8EFEE1" authority="Edwards, 1928" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1928" box="[556,893,247,277]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Lumpuria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C74704EEFD59FEE0" box="[556,682,249,277]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Lumpuria</emphasis>
|
||
Edwards, 1928
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C6C504E0FAF4FEE1" authority="Cook, 1978" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1978" box="[942,1287,247,276]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Villoscatopse" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C6C504E0FBA9FEE1" box="[942,1114,247,276]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Villoscatopse</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22405807C10304E0FAF4FEE1" author="Cook, E. F." box="[1128,1287,247,276]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" pagination="529 - 536" part="71" refId="ref26300" refString="Cook, E. F. 1978. The Scatopsidae of Nepal. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71 (4): 529 - 536." title="The Scatopsidae of Nepal" type="journal article" year="1978">Cook, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C5A90509FD94FECC" authority="Freeman, 1990" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1990" box="[194,615,284,314]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Borneoscatopse" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C5A90509FE7DFECF" box="[194,398,286,314]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Borneoscatopse</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22405807C4F6050AFD94FECC" author="Freeman, P." box="[413,615,284,313]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" pagination="9 - 19" part="126" refId="ref26523" refString="Freeman, P. 1990. Redescription of seven Oriental species of Scatopsidae (Diptera) described by F. W. Edwards in the genus Scatopse. - Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 126: 9 - 19." title="Redescription of seven Oriental species of Scatopsidae (Diptera) described by F. W. Edwards in the genus Scatopse" type="journal article" year="1990">Freeman, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the fossil genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C6F0050BFAEBFECC" authority="Cook, 1971" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1971" box="[923,1304,284,313]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Procolobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C6F0050BFB9EFECC" box="[923,1133,284,313]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Procolobostema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22405807C117050BFAEBFECC" author="Cook, E. F." box="[1148,1304,284,313]" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplement 8" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" pagination="1 - 90" refId="ref26241" refString="Cook, E. F. 1971. The Australian Scatopsidae. - Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplement 8: 1 - 90." title="The Australian Scatopsidae" type="book chapter" year="1971">Cook, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oligocène / Miocene). More recently
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22405807C7B80555FC50FEAA" author="Amorim, D. de Souza" box="[723,931,322,351]" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" pagination="1 - 17" part="3227" refId="ref25891" refString="Amorim, D. de Souza. 1998. Amber fossil Scatopsidae (Diptera: Psychodomorpha). I. Considerations on described taxa, Procolobostema rosenl, new species, from Dominican amber, and the position of Procolobostema in the family. - American Museum Novitates 3227; 1 - 17." title="Amber fossil Scatopsidae (Diptera: Psychodomorpha). I. Considerations on described taxa, Procolobostema rosenl, new species, from Dominican amber, and the position of Procolobostema in the family" type="journal article" year="1998">Amorim (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
elucidated the relationships of the genera within the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C7550570FCE5FE71" box="[574,790,359,388]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Colobostematini">Colobostematini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D6AE1DC522435804C466034EFAE3F83D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270242/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" targetBox="[267,1382,218,1836]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="826E4D4D22435804C466034EFAE3F83D" blockId="5.[268,1389,1881,1993]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">
|
||
Fig. 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22435804C434034EFDBAF884" authority="Jean-Paul Haenni, 2013" authorityName="Jean-Paul Haenni" authorityYear="2013" box="[351,585,1881,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuiberti" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22435804C434034EFDBAF884" box="[351,585,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">Colobostema cuiberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AB962C2422435804C738034DFD60F884" box="[595,659,1882,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
: A-B. Tergite 7, ♂, under different angles of view. - C. Sternite 7, ♂. - D. Genital capsule, ♂, ventral,-E, Epandrium, ♂, distal part, dorsal. - F. Wing venation, ♂■ - G. Tergite 7, ♀. - H. Stemite 8, ♀, (detail) with left submedian sclerotized plate and valvifer. (abbreviations: ae = aedeagus; g = gonocoxite; p = paramere; sp = sclerotized plate; v = valvifer 8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="826E4D4D22405807C467059BFEF5FD0D" blockId="6.[193,1310,210,760]" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">
|
||
There has been much confusion concerning the grammatical gender of
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C1A3059BFE9CFE3A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C1A3059BFEDDFE3A" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colobostema</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ihe
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
name being sometimes treated as a feminine word, sometimes as a neutral one. Enderlein himself (1926) in the original description of the genus described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C5AE05EBFE9BFDEC" box="[197,360,508,537]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipenne">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C5AE05EBFE9BFDEC" box="[197,360,508,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">C.fumipenne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(neutral), but also included C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C64905EBFC43FDEC" box="[802,944,508,537]" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Sccitopse" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incompleta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C64905EBFC43FDEC" box="[802,944,508,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">incompleta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(feminine). In fact
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C1AC05EBFEDDFDCA" class="Insecta" family="Scatopsidae" genus="Colobostema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C1AC05EBFEDDFDCA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Colobostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from the Greek words KoXoßocr
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C6150635FBF9FDCA" box="[894,1034,546,575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Ccolobos’,</emphasis>
|
||
truncate, shortened, uncomplete) and aTX|p, a
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C7530651FD48FD96" box="[568,699,582,611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">d sterna’,</emphasis>
|
||
standing piece, button). Etymologically, the name very probably refers to the truncate stem vein arising anteriorly from vein M,, a character pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E64030BC22405807C7590685FCE3FD5A" author="Enderlein, G." box="[562,784,658,687]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" pagination="137 - 142" part="68" refId="ref26443" refString="Enderlein, G. 1926. Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden. - Zoologischer Anzeiger 68 (5 / 6): 137 - 142." title="Zur Kenntnis der Scatopsiden" type="journal article" year="1926">Enderlein (1926)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the original description.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45D136CE22405807C1E00684FB2CFD5A" box="[1163,1247,659,687]" class="Aves" family="Laridae" genus="Sterna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C1E00684FB2CFD5A" box="[1163,1247,659,687]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Sterna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a neutral substantive and the species included in this genus must thus end in
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C1A806AFFB07FD21" box="[1219,1268,696,724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">-um</emphasis>
|
||
or in
|
||
<emphasis id="B0A5915F22405807C58E06CBFEF5FD0D" box="[229,262,732,760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">-e.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |