311 lines
35 KiB
XML
311 lines
35 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9050543B57350B2C2A2D6984CF7FF3C7">Phylogeny of dwarf geckos of the genus Lygodactylus (Gekkonidae) in the Western Indian Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3B8D09F81A25547A32D196903B33EB5">Röll, Beate</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F3A22A4AB12ED4223903668EDC584DB8">Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E52FE3882051F1B57D8F93DB49FA6FDC">Sanchez, Mickaël</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5129E32696CDA6FF26F4F4EB2AA734E5">Nature Océan Indien, 46 rue des Mascarins, 97429 Petite Ile, La Réunion, France; & Laboratoire PVBMT, Université de La Réunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EF8A02FA47FA69EF765F7C456D12E8CB">Gippner, Sven</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="72764F376EEAE3651217265030F15B5A">Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; s. gippner @ tu-braunschweig. de; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2621 - 1001</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3F25316601044AA7BF41E010365AD865" type="email">s.gippner@tu-braunschweig.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="581B7ADA26DB3FFDD72555F26DC94192">Bauer, Aaron M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E39208ABC52AB130C3F3BE33874062D4">Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="697532CC7198989E0DAFE51AACB1B79A">Travers, Scott L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="99D41FAF99C53C3D1493A14969887719" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4656-4613</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="AFD0D8F771530AC979662A603FFF4CD6">Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, 195 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; scott. travers @ rutgers. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4656 - 4613</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D7325B9BD0B2ADF060D246AAB97AC57F" type="email">scott.travers@rutgers.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="EEEE945601C6C4C452BC60BE289832F6">Glaw, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="ACC9A2CDE16EAC4577A7370560EA0B8C">Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 München, Germany;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DC1E20EC0E7D15C40C4C76287532BEB2">Hawlitschek, Oliver</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EEDEEDF013F6F3C73169FB1834E89558">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DE1745C7208B54DFC3202AF0324EB2B0">Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="65274943593C66BA7160F0AC3C044975" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2621-1001</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="40502F6B7F110EC57449B8E52C62AC4E">Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; s. gippner @ tu-braunschweig. de; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2621 - 1001</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="204BD6E7C041F0F12003673FB4285902" type="email">s.gippner@tu-braunschweig.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="06E654E768409152E87DF378795EDDCC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1D308DECB2B01DBAE1FDB9C1AC725867">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8C0895BE1696CD3140007C8E3DFC8EB6">2023-06-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FAED68676CA4763C75FA3848DB009298">5311</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="21936C1E625983DCFE94236CA8F21E45" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="ADAC050ACF7AAE206797FFA035268609">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="2B47A1D22E3DD5121F2DCF996F1F4EA5">232</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="A525EE280C974ED9A7B166F5DA776C2B">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5311.2.4</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="87D8EE5CA310040DF94609762FFA1E63">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="61D1E74F2EEEF5FC43DE89397CE77613" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5311.2.4</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C3016506F544E56327EE9DEC0A85FF3D" box="[151,503,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA4368DF544E56327EE9DEC0A85FF3D" blockId="12.[151,503,151,178]" box="[151,503,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
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<heading id="D0EC81E1F544E56327EE9DEC0A85FF3D" bold="true" box="[151,503,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56327EE9DEC0A85FF3D" bold="true" box="[151,503,151,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
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4.1.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56327B29DEC0A85FF3D" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[203,503,151,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
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<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56327B29DEC0A85FF3D" bold="true" box="[203,503,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Lygodactylus pakenhami</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA4368DF544E56327EE9DA408F1FD0A" blockId="12.[151,1437,223,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
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At present, the taxon ‘
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||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56326F59DA40962FF76" box="[396,528,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">pakenhami’</emphasis>
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||
is considered a subspecies of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56324259D9B08C8FF76" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[860,954,224,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
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||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56324259D9B08C8FF76" box="[860,954,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
in most publications. In our study,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56322479D9B0EEEFF76" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[1342,1436,224,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
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||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56322479D9B0EEEFF76" box="[1342,1436,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56327BC9C7F0A07FE92" box="[197,373,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
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||
L. g.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56327839C780A07FE92" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[250,373,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">pakenhami</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
are genetically distinct lineages, confirming previous results (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E56323649C780F84FE92" author="Gippner, S. & Travers, S. L. & Scherz, M. D. & Colston, T. J. & Lyra, M. L. & Ashwini, V. M. & Multzsch, M. & Nielson, S. V. & Rancilhac, L. & Glaw, F. & Bauer, A. M. & Vences, M." box="[1053,1270,259,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="107311" refId="ref12804" refString="Gippner, S., Travers, S. L., Scherz, M. D., Colston, T. J., Lyra, M. L., Ashwini, V. M., Multzsch, M., Nielson, S. V., Rancilhac, L., Glaw, F., Bauer, A. M. & Vences, M. (2021) A comprehensive phylogeny of dwarf geckos of the genus Lygodactylus, with insights into their systematics and morphological variation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 165, 107311. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107311" type="journal article" year="2021">
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||
Gippner
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||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56323069C7F0FC4FE92" box="[1151,1206,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">et al.</emphasis>
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2021
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56322719C780A43FECE" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56322719C780EEEFE92" box="[1288,1436,259,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lygodactylus</taxonomicName>
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||
g.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56327CF9C5C0A43FECE" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[182,305,295,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">pakenhami</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56326059C5C0964FECE" box="[380,534,295,321]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
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||
differs greatly in 16S and ND2 pairwise distances from mainland individuals considered as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E563264E9C370AEAFEEA" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[311,408,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E563264E9C370AEAFEEA" box="[311,408,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. While
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E563268B9C370921FEEA" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[498,595,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E563268B9C370921FEEA" box="[498,595,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56325F29C370833FEEA" box="[651,833,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
|
||
L. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56325BF9C300833FEEA" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[710,833,331,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">pakenhami</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
as far as known cannot be distinguished in scalation, they clearly differ in coloration. Furthermore, hatchlings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56324499C0B08FDFE06" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[816,911,368,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
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||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56324499C0B08FDFE06" box="[816,911,368,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56324BD9C0B0F05FE06" box="[964,1143,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
|
||
L. g.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56324859C140F05FE06" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[1020,1143,367,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">pakenhami</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
are easily identifiable and distinguishable by the coloration of their trunks and especially of their tails. The reciprocal monophyly suggested by mitochondrial DNA, conspicuously different coloration—both in adults and hatchlings—and the high genetic distance suggest that these taxa most likely represent two distinct species. This is also in agreement with differences in the RAG1 sequences (although these data are not fully conclusive due to low sample sizes: one sequence available each for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56326789F5F0A31FDB2" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[257,323,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56326789F5F0A31FDB2" box="[257,323,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56326F89F580A8EFDB2" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[385,508,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56326F89F580A8EFDB2" box="[385,508,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">pakenhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Therefore, we elevate
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56324679F5F08A8FDB2" box="[798,986,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
|
||
L. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56324269F5808A8FDB2" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[863,986,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">pakenhami</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
to full species status, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56322719F580AAAFDEE" authority="Loveridge, 1941" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56322719F580A60FDEE" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Lygodactylus pakenhami</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E56326629F3C0AAAFDEE" author="Loveridge, A." box="[283,472,583,609]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="175 - 178" refId="ref13512" refString="Loveridge, A. (1941) New geckos (Phelsuma and Lygodactylus), snake (Lepotyphlops) and frog (Phrynobarachits) from Pemba Island, East Africa. Proceedings of the Biological Society, Washington, 54 (8), 175 - 178." type="journal article" year="1941">Loveridge, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being aware that this taxonomic hypothesis requires further testing, especially from nuclear-encoded DNA data sets, ideally at the phylogenomic level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3016506F544E56327BE9FF40F4EFADA" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4368DF544E56327BE9FF40E77FCD2" blockId="12.[151,1437,223,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56327BE9FF40A91FD26" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[199,483,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56327BE9FF40A91FD26" box="[199,483,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Lygodactylus pakenhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56325DB9FF40833FD26" box="[674,833,655,681]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the northernmost and second largest island of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E56327EE9FC80B89FD42" box="[151,251,691,717]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Archipelago.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56326E09FC80A97FD42" box="[409,485,691,717]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba</collectingRegion>
|
||
lies off the continental shelf and is surrounded by water
|
||
<quantity id="4CE39B68F544E563231A9FC80F8BFD41" box="[1123,1273,691,718]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" unit="m" value="675.0" valueMax="850.0" valueMin="500.0">500 to 850 m</quantity>
|
||
deep (Moreau & Pakenham 1941). Geological evidence indicates that
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56324739FAC08D0FD7E" box="[778,930,727,753]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
was separated from the African mainland by faulting that produced the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56326B99F80097EFC9A" box="[448,524,763,789]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba</collectingRegion>
|
||
Channel, possibly during the late Miocene or early Pliocene, 6 million years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E56327E69E640A36FCB6" author="Stockley, G. M." box="[159,324,799,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="233 - 240" refId="ref15210" refString="Stockley, G. M. (1942) The geology of the Zanzibar Protectorate and its relation to the East African mainland. Geological Magazine, 79 (4), 233 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756800073921" type="journal article" year="1942">Stockley 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E56326369E64092BFCB6" author="Clarke, G. P. & Burgess, N. D." box="[335,601,799,826]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref12345" refString="Clarke, G. P. & Burgess, N. D. (2000) Geology and geomorphology. In: Burgess, N. D. & Clarke, G. P. (Eds.), Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. IUCN, Gland, pp. 29 - 40." type="book chapter" year="2000">Clarke & Burgess 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Corresponding to its long period of isolation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E563231F9E640FC0FCB6" box="[1126,1202,799,825]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba</collectingRegion>
|
||
is characterized by a remarkable number of endemic species, including plants, mammals and reptiles (R̂dder
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56323049E3F0FC7FCD2" box="[1149,1205,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4368DF544E56327BE9E1C0F4EFADA" blockId="12.[151,1437,223,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
|
||
The simplest explanation for the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56325B09E130810FC0E" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[713,866,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56325B09E130810FC0E" box="[713,866,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. pakenhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56324F59E1C08AAFC0E" box="[908,984,871,897]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba</collectingRegion>
|
||
is vicariance. Its nearest extant relative,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56327EE9EF70B85FC2A" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,247,908,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56327EE9EF70B85FC2A" box="[151,247,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is widely distributed in south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E56325D49EF00860FC2A" box="[685,786,907,933]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E56324C99EF00F35FC2A" box="[944,1095,907,933]" name="Mozambique" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the coastal regions. Presumably, a population of an ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56325E89ECB0981FC46" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[657,755,944,969]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56325E89ECB0981FC46" box="[657,755,944,969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56324569ECB08B9FC46" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[815,971,943,969]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56324569ECB08B9FC46" box="[815,971,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. pakenhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
already existed on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56323C99ED40E38FC46" box="[1200,1354,943,969]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
before its separation from the mainland. Thereafter, there was no further genetic exchange between the continental and the insular population, so that the latter evolved isolated from its continental congener. While a natural dispersal from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E56327AF99600A49FBBA" box="[214,315,1051,1077]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
after the separation of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E563253399600991FBBA" box="[586,739,1051,1077]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
cannot be excluded, it is considered as unlikely because the geographic position of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56326EE99440A91FBD6" box="[407,483,1087,1113]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba</collectingRegion>
|
||
suggests that the East African Coastal Current or a similar paleocurrent conveyed any drifting material into the open ocean very rapidly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E56325B599180F72FBF2" author="Moreau, R. E. & Pakenham, R. H. W." box="[716,1024,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="97 - 128" refId="ref14055" refString="Moreau, R. E. & Pakenham, R. H. W. (1940) The land vertebrates of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mafia: a zoogeographical study. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 110 (A), 97 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1941. tb 08463. x" type="journal article" year="1940">Moreau & Pakenham 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E563237299180E55FBF2" author="Hawlitschek, O. & Garrido, S. R. & Glaw, G." box="[1035,1319,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="1426 - 1440" refId="ref12974" refString="Hawlitschek, O., Garrido, S. R. & Glaw, G. (2016 a). How marine currents influenced the widespread natural overseas dispersal of reptiles in the Western Indian Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 44, 1426 - 1440. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12940" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Hawlitschek
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56323E7991F0FA4FBF2" box="[1182,1238,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A recent, human-mediated transportation is unlikely, as after such a short period of isolation we would expect the sharing of mitochondrial haplotypes between mainland and island populations, which we did not detect. Although only two samples yielding DNA sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E563255699AB09FFFB66" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[559,653,1232,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E563255699AB09FFFB66" box="[559,653,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have precise georeferenced information, one of these was collected on the mainland directly opposite
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E5632693998809F1FA82" box="[490,643,1267,1293]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
. However, as is always the case with inferences of allopatric occurrence, we cannot fully exclude that undiscovered populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E5632466986308CAFABE" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[799,952,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E5632466986308CAFABE" box="[799,952,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. pakenhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may occur on the African mainland, which would invalidate our biogeographic hypotheses but not our taxonomic conclusions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3016506F544E56327BE981B0846F932" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA4368DF544E56327BE981B0846F932" blockId="12.[151,1437,223,1726]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">
|
||
In contrast to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E563261398240975FAF6" box="[362,519,1375,1401]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E563256C9824090BFAF6" box="[533,633,1375,1401]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Mafia islands lie on the continental shelf and are separated from the mainland only by shallow waters with an average depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CE39B68F544E563240198F8088EFA11" box="[888,1020,1411,1438]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" unit="m" value="32.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="30.0">30 to 35 m</quantity>
|
||
, rarely
|
||
<quantity id="4CE39B68F544E563232E98F80FE1FA11" box="[1111,1171,1411,1438]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||
(Moreau & Pakenham 1941). Geological data of coastal eastern Africa point to a land connection of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E563237C98DC0F1BFA4E" box="[1029,1129,1447,1473]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Mafia islands with the African mainland up to the end of the Pleistocene, probably only
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F504AF544E563240E98B008B6FA6A" box="[887,964,1483,1509]" degrees="10,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" precision="55" value="10.0">10,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F504AF544E56324BA98B00F6DFA6A" box="[963,1055,1483,1509]" degrees="18,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" precision="55" value="-18.0">–18,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E56323E698B00E37FA6A" author="Stockley, G. M." box="[1183,1349,1483,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="233 - 240" refId="ref15210" refString="Stockley, G. M. (1942) The geology of the Zanzibar Protectorate and its relation to the East African mainland. Geological Magazine, 79 (4), 233 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756800073921" type="journal article" year="1942">Stockley 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B7CF544E563222B98B00A20F986" author="Clarke, G. P. & Burgess, N. D." pageId="12" pageNumber="244" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref12345" refString="Clarke, G. P. & Burgess, N. D. (2000) Geology and geomorphology. In: Burgess, N. D. & Clarke, G. P. (Eds.), Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. IUCN, Gland, pp. 29 - 40." type="book chapter" year="2000">Clarke & Burgess 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E563261C98940ABBF986" box="[357,457,1519,1545]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Mafia are inhabited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E563247F988B0814F986" authorityName="Sternfeld" authorityYear="1911" box="[774,870,1520,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grotei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E563247F988B0814F986" box="[774,870,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. grotei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E563240D988B0F76F986" box="[884,1028,1520,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picturatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E563240D988B0F76F986" box="[884,1028,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. picturatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E5632343988B0FC0F986" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1873" box="[1082,1202,1520,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viscatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E5632343988B0FC0F986" box="[1082,1202,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. viscatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all conspecific with continental populations. Presumably, the distribution of these three species on the islands is probably best explained by recent vicariant events. In contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D0EF544E56325119B430870F9DE" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1941" box="[616,770,1591,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Lygodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakenhami">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEA9FF544E56325119B430870F9DE" box="[616,770,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">L. pakenhami</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DFF86FF544E56324569B4C08B9F9DE" box="[815,971,1591,1617]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the species on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E56323069B4C0F91F9DE" box="[1151,1251,1591,1617]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Mafia have been isolated on the islands for a relatively short time, about 10,000 years. Additionally, both natural dispersal over water after the separation of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C761DF544E56326AE9B040949F916" box="[471,571,1663,1689]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="244">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Mafia from the mainland and/or a human-mediated transportation due to long-standing trading in the recent past cannot be excluded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |