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<document id="3A14F563B195CB74A6F942234EA99CCC" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.309.2.10" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13700365" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725574313076" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Martins, Márcio Lacerda Lopes, Carvalho, Paulo Cezar Lemos De, Ledo, Carlos Alberto Da Silva &amp; Amorim, André Márcio" docDate="2017" docId="03FE87AFFFCFFFABC2923214822CF3D3" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.309.2.10.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 309 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.2.10" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Manihot macrocarpa P. Carvalho &amp; M. Martins 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="FFC7FFD7FFCFFFA8C21A35008172F61A" masterDocTitle="Manihot macrocarpa (Euphorbiaceae), an unusual rain forest species from Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="183" masterPageNumber="179" pageNumber="179" updateTime="1725584057475" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="7C03392277E2D945C09678654FF24AD1">Manihot macrocarpa (Euphorbiaceae), an unusual rain forest species from Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="70B795778406CAC58E0456E419C45654">Martins, Márcio Lacerda Lopes</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="921D69D568B0AD387040CBD6232725BB">Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Rua Ruy Barbosa, 710, Centro, CEP 44.380 - 000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="118B28DBE6374D62FBE9FD3943102373">Carvalho, Paulo Cezar Lemos De</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1791146D3E2E3192AFC18B83F90675BD">Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Rua Ruy Barbosa, 710, Centro, CEP 44.380 - 000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2919E383AA92E5797B58EF8CB55FE551">Ledo, Carlos Alberto Da Silva</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B07F6A52631672E7C04EBD6E2BB28C1D">Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s / n, CEP 44.380 - 000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2E360BCCF08B93860BF4851B4BE6C238">Amorim, André Márcio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B455C0FEB00CDBB1D39CF2A2F7A04C4E">Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, km 16 da Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, CEP 45662 - 900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. &amp; Herbário Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, CEPEC, km 22 da Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, CEP 45.650 - 970, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCFFFA8C292321483E9F135" ID-CoL="8WXPB" authority="P.Carvalho &amp; M.Martins" authorityName="P. Carvalho &amp; M. Martins" authorityYear="2017" box="[136,667,1812,1839]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCFFFA8C2923214800FF134" bold="true" box="[136,381,1812,1839]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Manihot macrocarpa</emphasis>
P.Carvalho &amp; M.Martins
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,
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCFFFA8C0BD3216838EF135" box="[679,764,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21057D0FFCFFFA8C0BD3216838EF135" box="[679,764,1814,1839]" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="136C2A3CFFCFFFA8C110321682E3F135" box="[778,913,1814,1839]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="1.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionStartId-1="2.[136,229,1892,1913]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1430,190,1819]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1428,198,1857]" captionTargetId-0="figure-14@1.[151,1436,187,1825]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@2.[151,1436,190,1866]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Manihot macrocarpa. A. Habit showing several branches covering the canopy of a tree. B. Detail of stem showing diameter. C. Clasping petiole. D. Leaves. E. Staminate buds F. Inflorescence G. Fruit. (A–G by M. Martins)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Manihot macrocarpa. A. Flowering branch. B. Pistillate bud with bract and bracteoles. C. Staminate bud. D. Pistillate flower. E. Fruit. F. Seed, frontal and lateral view (Martins &amp; Ledo 1928, holotype; drawn by M. Martins)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700367" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700369" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13700367/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13700369/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Figures 1–2</figureCitation>
)
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:
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<collectingCountry id="F3407629FFCFFFA8C2F9323C804FF14B" box="[227,317,1852,1873]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="4993F85BFFCFFFA8C35D323C80F1F14B" box="[327,387,1852,1873]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Bahia</collectingRegion>
: Mun. Ibirapitanga, administrative head office of Área de Proteção Ambiental do Pratigi, near the restaurant,
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,
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, fl., fr.,
<date id="FFE91079FFCFFFA8C0713260838DF16F" box="[619,767,1888,1909]" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" value="2013-03-27">27 March 2013</date>
,
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.
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.
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. Martins &amp;
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.
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCFFFA8C1C73260829DF16F" box="[989,1007,1888,1909]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCFFFA8C1ED32608574F16F" box="[1015,1030,1888,1909]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. Ledo 1928
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="54EC881BFFCFFFA8C69B325E8597F16D" box="[1153,1253,1886,1911]" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCFFFA8C6F1325E8433F16D" box="[1259,1345,1886,1911]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5fa5-kp8z" name="Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="Herbarium">HURB</collectionCode>
!,
<typeStatus id="54EC881BFFCFFFA8C74A325E84DEF16D" box="[1360,1452,1886,1911]" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCFFFA8C2A73282818FF181" box="[189,253,1922,1947]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15624" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15624" name="EMBRAPA Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia - CENARGEN" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="Herbarium">CEN</collectionCode>
!,
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!,
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCFFFA8C361328280AEF181" box="[379,476,1922,1947]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15506" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15506" name="Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" type="Herbarium">HUEFS</collectionCode>
!,
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!,
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!)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCFFFA8C29232CA8009FE31" blockId="0.[136,1451,1994,2091]" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCFFFA8C29232CA8005F1F9" ID-CoL="8WXPB" authorityName="P. Carvalho &amp; M. Martins" authorityYear="2017" box="[136,375,1994,2019]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCFFFA8C29232CA8005F1F9" box="[136,375,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">Manihot macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCFFFA8C3EC32CA82E6F1F9" ID-CoL="3XV38" authority="Allem (1989: 650)" authorityName="Allem" authorityPageNumber="650" authorityYear="1989" box="[502,916,1994,2019]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compositifolia">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCFFFA8C3EC32CA83CEF1F9" box="[502,700,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">M. compositifolia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCFFFA8C0D832CA82E6F1F9" author="Allem, A. C." box="[706,916,1994,2019]" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" pagination="649 - 662" refId="ref2333" refString="Allem, A. C. (1989) Four new species of Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) from Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 49: 649 - 662." type="journal article" year="1989">Allem (1989: 650)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by its lianescent habit and indehiscent fruits. It differs by its simple, unlobed leaves and orbicular fruits (vs. compound, [3–]5[–7]-foliolate leaves and ellipsoid fruits in
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCFFFA8C2BF3D128018FE31" ID-CoL="3XV38" authorityName="Allem" authorityYear="1989" box="[165,362,2066,2091]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compositifolia">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCFFFA8C2BF3D128018FE31" box="[165,362,2066,2091]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="179">M. compositifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF286631FFCEFFA9C292323D8544F16C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700367" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13700367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700367/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="180" startId="1.[136,229,1853,1874]" targetBox="[161,1430,190,1819]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCEFFA9C292323D8544F16C" blockId="1.[136,1453,1853,1910]" pageId="1" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCEFFA9C292323D818CF148" bold="true" box="[136,254,1853,1874]" pageId="1" pageNumber="180">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCEFFA9C319323D80A4F148" box="[259,470,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCEFFA9C319323D80A0F148" authorityName="P. Carvalho &amp; M. Martins" authorityYear="2017" box="[259,466,1853,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="180" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">Manihot macrocarpa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A. Habit showing several branches covering the canopy of a tree. B. Detail of stem showing diameter. C. Clasping petiole. D. Leaves. E. Staminate buds F. Inflorescence G. Fruit. (A–G by M. Martins).
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCDFFAAC29232648547F187" blockId="2.[136,1453,1892,1949]" pageId="2" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCDFFAAC2923264818FF163" bold="true" box="[136,253,1892,1913]" pageId="2" pageNumber="181">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCDFFAAC318326480A6F163" box="[258,468,1892,1913]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCDFFAAC318326480A3F163" authorityName="P. Carvalho &amp; M. Martins" authorityYear="2017" box="[258,465,1892,1913]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="181" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">Manihot macrocarpa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A. Flowering branch. B. Pistillate bud with bract and bracteoles. C. Staminate bud. D. Pistillate flower. E. Fruit. F. Seed, frontal and lateral view (
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCDFFAAC00732888386F187" box="[541,756,1928,1949]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="181">Martins &amp; Ledo 1928,</emphasis>
holotype; drawn by M. Martins).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCCFFABC2A735A08429F473" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
Monoecious climbing vine, up to
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tall. Roots not tuberous. Stems smooth, branches cylindrical with evident nodes along the basal portion, up to
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diam., latex white, not abundant; glabrous. Stipules ca.
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long, setaceous, caducous, margin entire. Leaves simple, (5–)10(–12) ×
<quantity id="4CAF9B5CFFCCFFABC11F35E8822FF71B" box="[773,861,232,257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 cm</quantity>
, chartaceous, elliptical to oval, base obtuse, margin entire, apex acute, venation camptodromous, petioles
<quantity id="4CAF9B5CFFCCFFABC0CE340C8256F73F" box="[724,804,268,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.0">1–8 cm</quantity>
long, cylindrical, basally inserted, clasping. Inflorescences paniculate or rarely racemose, 7–11(–15) cm long, erect to pendulous, bracts and bracteoles ca.
<quantity id="4CAF9B5CFFCCFFABC6A934308586F753" box="[1203,1268,304,329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long, setaceous, blackened. Staminate buds 0.8–1.5 ×
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, ovoid, greenish yellow with purple inner spots; staminate flowers ca. 2 ×
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, pedicel 0.3–1.6(–2) cm long; staminal disc yellowish; sepals 5, fused for 2/3 of their length, stamens 10, in two whorls, glabrous,
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long, filaments white, anthers yellow. Pistillate buds 2 at base of inflorescence, opposite to subopposite, ca. 2 ×
<quantity id="4CAF9B5CFFCCFFABC3F734C08349F7C3" box="[493,571,448,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
, pyramidal, greenish yellow with purplish spots; pistillate flowers ca. 2 ×
<quantity id="4CAF9B5CFFCCFFABC77434C084D5F7C3" box="[1390,1447,448,473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
, pedicel 0.6–2(–2.5) cm long; sepals 5, greenish yellow, glabrous, free; ovary glabrous, disc nectariferous, light yellow, style up
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long, stigmas 3, papillose. Fruits indehiscent, (3–)4–5(–5.3) cm diam., orbicular, glabrous, green, surface smooth, rarely ribbed, ribs ca.
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long, tenuous. Seeds (2.5–)3.5–4 ×
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, ellipsoid to oblongoid, inner surface convex, dark brown, sometimes with small dark spots; caruncle ca. 1 ×
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, apical, yellowish white.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D6532FFCCFFABC2A73774840CF203" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCCFFABC2A737748416F497" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,1481]" box="[189,1380,628,653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2A737748016F497" bold="true" box="[189,356,628,653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Etymology:—</emphasis>
The epithet refers to the diameter of the fruit, which may be the largest known for
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC6E43774842FF497" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1754" box="[1278,1373,628,653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC6E43774842FF497" box="[1278,1373,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Manihot</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCCFFABC2A7379885F2F4AB" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,1481]" box="[189,1152,664,689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2A73798802DF4AB" bold="true" box="[189,351,664,689]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Phenology:—</emphasis>
Collected with flowers in March and October, and with fruits in March.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCCFFABC2A737BC81AEF5B7" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2A737BC83D8F4CF" bold="true" box="[189,682,700,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Conservation, distribution and habitat:—</emphasis>
The species occurs in dense montane rain forest in the Serra do Papuã, in southern
<collectingRegion id="4993F85BFFCCFFABC31737E08020F4E3" box="[269,338,736,761]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Bahia</collectingRegion>
. Recently, taxonomic and floristic novelties in diverse groups of plants have been recorded for this region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC2C5360480A5F507" author="Zorzanelli, J. P. F. &amp; Carrijo, T. T. &amp; Fiaschi, P. &amp; Jardim, J. G. &amp; Santamaria-Aguillar, D. &amp; Amorim, A. M." box="[223,471,772,797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" pagination="1075 - 1080" refId="ref3294" refString="Zorzanelli, J. P. F., Carrijo, T. T., Fiaschi, P., Jardim, J. G., Santamaria-Aguillar, D. &amp; Amorim, A. M. (2015) A first record of Freziera (Pentaphylacaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with the description of a new species. Systematic Botany 40: 1075 - 1080. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364415 X 690111" type="journal article" year="2015">
Zorzanelli
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC341360480E6F507" box="[347,404,772,797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC3F9360483BAF507" author="Marinho, L. C. &amp; Fiaschi, P. &amp; Gahagen, B. &amp; Santos, F. A. R. dos &amp; Amorim, A. M." box="[483,712,772,797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" pagination="758 - 774" refId="ref2639" refString="Marinho, L. C., Fiaschi, P., Gahagen, B., Santos, F. A. R. dos &amp; Amorim, A. M. (2016) Tovomita (Clusiaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: taxonomy and utility of leaf venation characters at the species level. Systematic Botany 41: 758 - 774. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364416 X 692406" type="journal article" year="2016">
Marinho
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC051360483F6F507" box="[587,644,772,797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). Populations of
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<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC19C36048507F507" box="[902,1141,772,797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Manihot macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually found on forest edges, and individuals can reach
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in height. To date there is only one occurrence record of this species, which includes it among the Critically Endangered species (CR B1abiii, B2abiii), according to criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC05E367083BFF593" author="IUCN" box="[580,717,880,905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" refId="ref2586" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN red list categories and criteria. Version 3. 1. Second edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U. K. IUCN. Available from: www. iucnredlist. org / technical-documents / (accessed 8 April 2017)" type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
) reinforced by the expected decrease in area and quality of their habitat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCCFFABC2A736B8840CF203" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
<materialsCitation id="3B3F3CE4FFCCFFABC2A736B88413F5EF" collectingDate="1979-12-21" collectionCode="S, A, F, CEPEC" collectorName="Mori &amp; Benton &amp; Mun. Ibirapitanga &amp; de Pratigi" country="Brazil" county="Embratel Tower" location="Serra do Papua" municipality="Itacare" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2A736B88028F5CB" bold="true" box="[189,346,952,977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
<typeStatus id="54EC881BFFCCFFABC2A736B8804AF5CB" box="[189,312,952,977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3407629FFCCFFABC34036B880B1F5CB" box="[346,451,952,977]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="4993F85BFFCCFFABC3D436B88366F5CB" box="[462,532,952,977]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Bahia</collectingRegion>
: Mun. Itacaré, road between
<collectingCounty id="62894E35FFCCFFABC14036B8857DF5CB" box="[858,1039,952,977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Embratel Tower</collectingCounty>
and highway BR-101/
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8CACC3FFCCFFABC71736B8842CF5CB" box="[1293,1374,952,977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Itacaré</collectingMunicipality>
, fl.,
<date id="FFE91079FFCCFFABC78A36B8804CF5EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" value="1979-12-21">
<collectingDate id="EFADE991FFCCFFABC78A36B8804CF5EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" value="1979-12-21">21 December 1979</collectingDate>
</date>
,
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.
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCCFFABC37F36DC800BF5EF" box="[357,377,988,1013]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26A2536FFFCCFFABC39F36DC80CFF5EF" box="[389,445,988,1013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Mori</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCCFFABC3F836DC8081F5EF" box="[482,499,988,1013]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26A2536FFFCCFFABC3E436DC833FF5EF" box="[510,589,988,1013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Benton</collectorName>
12851
</emphasis>
(
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!).
<collectorName id="26A2536FFFCCFFABC13E36DC8280F5EF" box="[804,1010,988,1013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Mun. Ibirapitanga</collectorName>
,
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, APA
<collectorName id="26A2536FFFCCFFABC6EB36DC8413F5EF" box="[1265,1377,988,1013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">de Pratigi</collectorName>
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;
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wood behind the bungalow 1,
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,
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, fr.,
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,
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.
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCCFFABC6073100855CF203" box="[1053,1070,1024,1049]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14792" name="Yale University" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="Herbarium">Y</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED46AE7CFFCCFFABC62231008535F203" box="[1080,1095,1024,1049]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="26A2536FFFCCFFABC650310085FAF203" box="[1098,1160,1024,1049]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Aona</collectorName>
et al. 2516
</emphasis>
(
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!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D6532FFCCFFABC2A73124822CF3D3" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE836B9FFCCFFABC2A73124822CF3D3" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2A731248016F227" bold="true" box="[189,356,1060,1085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Comments:—</emphasis>
The species of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC0033124830AF227" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1754" box="[537,632,1060,1085]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC0033124830AF227" box="[537,632,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Manihot</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that are vines and occur in rain forest usually have indehiscent fruits [e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC2D331488354F27B" authority="Allem (1999: 181)" authorityName="Allem" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1999" box="[201,550,1096,1121]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baccata">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2D33148803BF27B" box="[201,329,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. baccata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC34B31488354F27B" author="Allem, A. C." box="[337,550,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" pagination="181 - 187" refId="ref2363" refString="Allem, A. C. (1999) A new species of Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 181 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 314102" type="journal article" year="1999">Allem (1999: 181)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC0293148838BF27B" authorityName="Allem" authorityYear="1989" box="[563,761,1096,1121]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compositifolia">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC0293148838BF27B" box="[563,761,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. compositifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC113314884D2F27B" authority="Huber ex Rogers &amp; Appan (1973: 196)" authorityName="Huber ex Rogers &amp; Appan" authorityPageNumber="196" authorityYear="1973" box="[777,1440,1096,1121]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quinquepartita">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC113314882A4F27B" box="[777,982,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. quinquepartita</emphasis>
Huber ex
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC655314884D2F27B" author="Rogers, D. J. &amp; Appan, S. G." box="[1103,1440,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" refId="ref3191" refString="Rogers, D. J. &amp; Appan, S. G. (1973) Manihot and Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae): A computer assisted study. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica (Ed.) Flora Neotropica Monograph 13. Hafner Press, New York, 272 pp." type="book" year="1973">Rogers &amp; Appan (1973: 196)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]. Although some authors consider them related to section
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<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC0E3316C8208F29F" box="[761,890,1132,1157]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Peruvianae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC19A316C85B6F29F" author="Rogers, D. J. &amp; Appan, S. G." box="[896,1220,1132,1157]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" refId="ref3191" refString="Rogers, D. J. &amp; Appan, S. G. (1973) Manihot and Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae): A computer assisted study. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica (Ed.) Flora Neotropica Monograph 13. Hafner Press, New York, 272 pp." type="book" year="1973">Rogers &amp; Appan (1973: 189)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
due to habit (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC740316C8042F2B3" author="Rogers, D. J. &amp; Appan, S. G." pageId="3" pageNumber="182" refId="ref3191" refString="Rogers, D. J. &amp; Appan, S. G. (1973) Manihot and Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae): A computer assisted study. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica (Ed.) Flora Neotropica Monograph 13. Hafner Press, New York, 272 pp." type="book" year="1973">Rogers &amp; Appan 1973</bibRefCitation>
), the species with indehiscent fruits have not been directly associated with any section of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC70631908409F2B3" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1754" box="[1308,1403,1168,1193]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC70631908409F2B3" box="[1308,1403,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Manihot</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
yet. Section
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC2FF31B48014F2D7" authorityName="Rogers &amp; Appan" authorityYear="1973" box="[229,358,1204,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" rank="section" section="Peruvianae">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2FF31B48014F2D7" box="[229,358,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Peruvianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes only four lianescent species from Amazonia, and of these only
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC6B531B4840EF2D7" authorityName="Huber ex Rogers &amp; Appan" authorityYear="1973" box="[1199,1404,1204,1229]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quinquepartita">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC6B531B4840EF2D7" box="[1199,1404,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. quinquepartita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has indehiscent fruits.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC34C31D8809EF2EB" author="Allem, A. C." box="[342,492,1240,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" pagination="649 - 662" refId="ref2333" refString="Allem, A. C. (1989) Four new species of Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) from Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 49: 649 - 662." type="journal article" year="1989">Allem (1989)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC06B31D88244F2EB" authorityName="Allem" authorityYear="1989" box="[625,822,1240,1265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compositifolia">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC06B31D88244F2EB" box="[625,822,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. compositifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
related to section
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC1E531D885F2F2EB" authorityName="Rogers &amp; Appan" authorityYear="1973" box="[1023,1152,1240,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" rank="section" section="Peruvianae">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC1E531D885F2F2EB" box="[1023,1152,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Peruvianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its habit.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC77F31D881A1F30F" author="Allem, A. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="182" pagination="181 - 187" refId="ref2363" refString="Allem, A. C. (1999) A new species of Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon. International Journal of Plant Sciences 160: 181 - 187. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 314102" type="journal article" year="1999">Allem (1999)</bibRefCitation>
later suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC3A731FC834EF30F" authorityName="Allem" authorityYear="1999" box="[445,572,1276,1301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baccata">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC3A731FC834EF30F" box="[445,572,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. baccata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not related to this section because of its compound leaves and fruit
<typeStatus id="54EC881BFFCCFFABC76E31FC84DAF30F" box="[1396,1448,1276,1301]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">type</typeStatus>
. A recent phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC3903020809BF323" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1754" box="[394,489,1312,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC3903020809BF323" box="[394,489,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Manihot</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included the lianescent Amazonian species (including
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC649302085A3F323" authorityName="Allem" authorityYear="1999" box="[1107,1233,1312,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="baccata">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC649302085A3F323" box="[1107,1233,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. baccata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the same clade, while
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC2CA304480E5F347" authorityName="Allem" authorityYear="1989" box="[208,407,1348,1373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compositifolia">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC2CA304480E5F347" box="[208,407,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. compositifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears in a clade of species from the caatinga [
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC1D5304481D4F39B" authority="Pax (1910: 23" authorityName="Pax" authorityYear="1910" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Glaziovianae">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC1D53044855CF347" box="[975,1070,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Manihot</emphasis>
section
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC68A30448457F347" box="[1168,1317,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Glaziovianae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC735304481D4F39B" author="Pax, F." pageId="3" pageNumber="182" refId="ref3113" refString="Pax, F. (1910) Euphorbiaceae - Adrianeae. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich IV. 147. ii (Heft 44). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 111 pp." type="book" year="1910">Pax (1910: 23</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 89)] (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B48FFCCFFABC2EB306880A3F39B" author="Duputie, A. &amp; Salick, J. &amp; McKey, D." box="[241,465,1384,1409]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref2488" refString="Duputie, A., Salick, J. &amp; McKey, D. (2011) Evolutionary biogeography of Manihot (Euphorbiaceae), a rapidly radiating Neotropical genus restricted to dry environments. Journal of Biogeography 1: 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2011.02474. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
Duputié
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC34E306880FFF39B" box="[340,397,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). The morphology of
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC0DC30688206F39B" authorityName="P. Carvalho &amp; M. Martins" authorityYear="2017" box="[710,884,1384,1409]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC0DC30688206F39B" box="[710,884,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in combination with its distribution (distinct from the Amazonian species) suggests that it is closer to
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC0D7308C82E1F3BF" authorityName="Allem" authorityYear="1989" box="[717,915,1420,1445]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compositifolia">
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC0D7308C82E1F3BF" box="[717,915,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">M. compositifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, additional studies are needed before including it in one of the currently accepted sections of
<emphasis id="B923EAABFFCCFFABC0E230B0822CF3D3" box="[760,862,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D3AFFCCFFABC0E230B08229F3D3" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1754" box="[760,859,1456,1481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Manihot</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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