437 lines
61 KiB
XML
437 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="55BD4F84CC98CD4AB8DB333CAAE1CA08" ID-CLB-Dataset="21498" ID-DOI="10.1038/31461" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7e32cdfa-1a01-4a80-8b35-3c3e6d946e38" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943146" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1594461122768" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Karen Chin, Timothy T. Tokaryk, Gregory M. Erickson & Lewis C. Calk" docDate="1998" docId="03FA87D357656E6DA339E66BFE2BFDDD" docLanguage="en" docName="Chinetal1998Coprolite.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Nature 393" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="682" masterDocId="FFC3FFAB57646E6EA352E42FFF98FF87" masterDocTitle="A king-sized theropod coprolite" masterLastPageNumber="682" masterPageNumber="680" pageNumber="680" updateTime="1698843278753" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2ACACBD47D9D194804D54D430283FD2A">
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<mods:title id="392AEF79FD84D7A6E42B38964DE26A1D">A king-sized theropod coprolite</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7C5522BDF27B9D51546F8ED0AEDE6921" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A50C87FF6B230D0990EFF542D3F59C08">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="77C7CD706DB9E944C09A3BBAB98577DA">Karen Chin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3BE04851628957FB3FB307A7AF9966D1">United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 975, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C8D3873C724E4311D75E90480BBCA758">Timothy T. Tokaryk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E3A3169D6BC45792720DB398FC40CDFE">Eastend Fossil Research Station, Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Box 460, Eastend, Saskatchewan S 0 N 0 T 0, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="408A2DAC5D2CF147A3B7D16A354B20A6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EBC25D4DF7F85DC019D3B1DDA13278CE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="25C17CD9C7B1F129B110F75A8A2CE674">Gregory M. Erickson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A5B3EE9CF8D32DA73395103AC1B3F3E9">Department of Integrative Biology & Museums of Vertebrate Zoology and Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9AA8768A47DDF3362583DF7B8B7D5C64">Lewis C. Calk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="13873AC2D60FCADD624E811BA2E690B2">United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 975, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="CC494C7733412509163B08FB15B70ABD">Nature</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1C46BFB64DF8F83BDF12C4E4ECEC1CE6">1998</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6230400F07BB2D597C4144B56654913A">1998-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4DF4204500302AB7214E258EB1A64C52">393</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="35ADC7FC30B1636807F1194AFFB05F7D" type="DOI">10.1038/31461</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FA87D357656E6DA339E66BFE2BFDDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323902" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184819599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4323902" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA87D357656E6DA339E66BFE2BFDDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D357656E6DA339E66BFE2BFDDD" lastPageId="3" pageId="1">
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<subSubSection id="C349654E57656E6FA339E66BFDF1FBB3" pageId="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA339E66BFDF1FBB3" blockId="1.[107,769,325,1940]" pageId="1">
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Fossil faeces (coprolites) provide unique trophic perspectives on ancient ecosystems. Yet, although thousands of coprolites have been discovered, specimens that can be unequivocally attributed to carnivorous dinosaurs are almost unknown. A few fossil faeces have been ascribed to herbivorous dinosaurs
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA116E69FFDD3FD3A" author="Hill, C. R." box="[580,587,688,701]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="1" pagination="289 - 294" part="27" refId="ref2590" refString="1. Hill, C. R. Coprolites of Ptiliophyllum cuticles from the Middle Jurassic of North Yorkshire. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. 27, 289 - 294 (1976)." title="Coprolites of Ptiliophyllum cuticles from the Middle Jurassic of North Yorkshire" type="journal article" year="1976">1</bibRefCitation>
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–
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA101E69FFDC3FD3A" author="Chin, K. & Kirkland, J. I." box="[595,603,688,701]" journalOrPublisher="Mod. Geol." pageId="1" pagination="249 - 276" part="23" refId="ref2667" refString="3. Chin, K. & Kirkland, J. I. Probable herbivore coprolites from the Upper Jurassic Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Western Colorado. Mod. Geol. 23, 249 - 276 (1998)." title="Probable herbivore coprolites from the Upper Jurassic Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Western Colorado" type="journal article" year="1998">3</bibRefCitation>
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, but it is more difficult to identify coprolites produced by theropods because other carnivorous taxa coexisted with dinosaurs and most faeces are taxonomically ambiguous. Thus sizeable (up to 20 cm long and 10 cm wide) phosphatic coprolites from Belgium
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA1D2E730FD1FFCAB" author="Bertrand, C. E." box="[640,647,799,812]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Musee Hist. Nat. Belgique Mem." pageId="1" pagination="1 - 154" part="1" refId="ref2706" refString="4. Bertrand, C. E. Les Coprolithes de Bernissart. I. partie: Les Coprolithes qui ont ete attribues aux Iguanodons. Royal Musee Hist. Nat. Belgique Mem. 1, 1 - 154 (1903)." title="Les Coprolithes de Bernissart. I. partie: Les Coprolithes qui ont ete attribues aux Iguanodons" type="journal article" year="1903">4</bibRefCitation>
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and India
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA1BCE730FD6DFCAB" author="Matley, C. A." box="[750,757,799,812]" journalOrPublisher="Geol. Surv. Recs." pageId="1" pagination="535 - 547" part="74" refId="ref2750" refString="5. Matley, C. A. The coprolites of Pijdura, Central Provinces. Geol. Surv. Recs. 74, 535 - 547 (1939)." title="The coprolites of Pijdura, Central Provinces" type="journal article" year="1939">5</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA1ABE730FC98FCAB" author="Jain, S. L." box="[761,768,799,812]" editor="Gillette, D. D. & Lockley, M. G." journalOrPublisher="Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK" pageId="1" pagination="99 - 108" refId="ref2781" refString="6. Jain, S. L. in Dinosaur Tracks and Traces (eds Gillette, D. D. & Lockley, M. G.) 99 - 108 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1989)." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Tracks and Traces" year="1989">6</bibRefCitation>
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that have been attributed to dinosaurs might have been produced by contemporaneous crocodylians
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA2E4E777FE25FCE3" author="Abel, O. & Diskussion zu den Vortragen R. Krausel & F. Versluys" box="[438,445,856,868]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="1" pagination="87" part="4" refId="ref2826" refString="7. Abel, O. Diskussion zu den Vortragen R. Krausel and F. Versluys. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 4, 87 (1922)." type="journal article" year="1922">7</bibRefCitation>
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or fish. But there is no ambiguity about the theropod origin of the Cretaceous coprolite we report here. This specimen is more than twice as large as any previously reported carnivore coprolite, and its great size and temporal and geographic context indicate that it was produced by a tyrannosaur, most likely
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D4657656E6FA3B9E7C9FE34FC7B" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[235,428,998,1020]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
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. The specimen contains a high proportion (30–50%) of bone fragments, and is rare tangible evidence of theropod diet and digestive processes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C349654E57656E6FA3D1E015FEC1FACC" pageId="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA3D1E015FEC1FACC" blockId="1.[107,769,325,1940]" pageId="1">
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The specimen (
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<materialsCitation id="3B3B3C9857656E6FA24CE015FEA2FB24" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336902301" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Saskatchewan" collectionCode="SMNH" formation="Frenchman" location="roughly 35 km southeast of the town of Eastend" pageId="1" specimenCode="SMNH P2609.1">SMNH P2609.1) was discovered as an elongate mass weathering out of the fluvial Maastrichtian Frenchman Formation in Southwestern Saskatchewan, roughly 35 km southeast of the town of Eastend</materialsCitation>
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. The fractured mass was distinguished by its indurated nature and numerous inclusions of comminuted bone. The main portion of the mass was found in situ in a bentonitic mudstone, though numerous fragments had eroded downslope. No fossil bones were found in association with the coprolite, but fossils of a number of large vertebrates have been recovered from the Frenchman Formation
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA21EE11EFECBFAB9" author="Tokaryk, T. T." box="[332,339,1329,1342]" editor="McKenzie- McAnally, L." journalOrPublisher="Geol. Assoc. Canada, St John's, Newfoundland" pageId="1" pagination="34 - 44" refId="ref2853" refString="8. Tokaryk, T. T. in Canadian Paleontology Conference Field Trip Guidebook No. 6 (ed. McKenzie- McAnally, L.) 34 - 44 (Geol. Assoc. Canada, St John's, Newfoundland, 1997)." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Canadian Paleontology Conference Field Trip Guidebook No. 6" year="1997">8</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF2C664D57656E6FA072E0E6FB9AFAA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943150/files/figure.png" pageId="1" startId="1.[800,856,1225,1243]" targetBox="[864,1400,822,1182]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA072E0E6FB9AFAA9" blockId="1.[800,1462,1225,1326]" pageId="1">Figure 1 Large, bone-bearing theropod coprolite with some of the broken pieces that had eroded downslope. This specimen was found in Chamberry Coulee in the Frenchman River Valley, roughly 11.5 m below the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Scale bar,10 cm.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C349654E57656E6DA3D1E17FFE2BFDDD" lastPageId="3" pageId="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA3D1E17FFD0BF956" blockId="1.[107,769,325,1940]" pageId="1">
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The main body of the specimen is roughly 44 cm long, 13 cm high and 16 cm wide (
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<figureCitation id="13682A4057656E6FA242E143FED0FA05" box="[272,328,1388,1410]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[800,856,1225,1243]" captionTargetBox="[864,1400,822,1182]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[864,1394,820,1186]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1 Large, bone-bearing theropod coprolite with some of the broken pieces that had eroded downslope. This specimen was found in Chamberry Coulee in the Frenchman River Valley, roughly 11.5 m below the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Scale bar,10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943150/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). The density of the material (approximately 2.94 g ml 1) and the weight of all portions (over 7.1 kg) indicate that the present volume of the mass is 2.4 litres, though it is likely that the original faecal mass was larger before it was subjected to compaction, attrition, and/or desiccation. Broken surfaces of the specimen expose numerous dark brown macroscopic bone fragments ranging from 2 to 34 mm in length. These pieces are suspended in a microcrystalline ground mass and are generally aligned in a consistent direction. The ground mass also contains sand-sized bone clasts (
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<figureCitation id="13682A4057656E6FA21FE248FE1FF9FA" box="[333,391,1639,1661]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="1.[800,856,1727,1745]" captionTargetBox="[872,1389,1350,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[872,1389,1350,1696]" captionText="Figure 2 Photomicrograph of a thin section of the theropod coprolite, showing sand- to pebble-sized bone clasts within a microcrystalline phosphatic ground mass.The elemental composition of the ground mass is similar to that of the bone fragments,indicating that it is probably largely composed of reprecipitated bone apatite infiltrated by clay minerals from the host sediment (Table 1). The large bone fragment in the upper left portion of the image exhibits a fibrolamellar pattern, with osteocyte lacunae concentrically arranged around the vascular canals.Probe measurements of the interior of bone lacunae revealed that many of these channels are at least partially empty, whereas others exhibit variable element distributions, with generally lower concentrations of calcium and phosphorus,and higher silicon and aluminium levels (Table 2).Scale bar, 400 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943154/files/figure.png" pageId="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Most of the included bone appears to be similar in type, with highly vascularized cortical bone tissue up to 14-mm thick in a fibrolamellar pattern. All of the observed bone is primary, and no lines of arrested growth were detected.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2C664D57656E6FA072E290FA2FF86F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943154" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943154/files/figure.png" pageId="1" startId="1.[800,856,1727,1745]" targetBox="[872,1389,1350,1696]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA072E290FA2FF86F" blockId="1.[800,1463,1727,2024]" pageId="1">
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Figure 2 Photomicrograph of a thin section of the theropod coprolite, showing sand- to pebble-sized bone clasts within a microcrystalline phosphatic ground mass.The elemental composition of the ground mass is similar to that of the bone fragments,indicating that it is probably largely composed of reprecipitated bone apatite infiltrated by clay minerals from the host sediment (
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<tableCitation id="C6D1037E57656E6FA644E301FACCF8C7" box="[1302,1364,1838,1856]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[122,170,1110,1128]" captionTargetBox="[122,784,1168,1435]" captionText="Table 1 X-ray-fluorescence data of the weight percentage of oxides found in bulk powdered samples of the coprolite and host sediment" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2C664D57666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB" pageId="1" tableUuid="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). The large bone fragment in the upper left portion of the image exhibits a fibrolamellar pattern, with osteocyte lacunae concentrically arranged around the vascular canals.Probe measurements of the interior of bone lacunae revealed that many of these channels are at least partially empty, whereas others exhibit variable element distributions, with generally lower concentrations of calcium and phosphorus,and higher silicon and aluminium levels (
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<tableCitation id="C6D1037E57656E6FA785E3F9FA8DF86F" box="[1239,1301,2006,2024]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="2.[122,170,1536,1554]" captionTargetBox="[122,784,1168,1435]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 2 Microprobe data indicating weight percentage of oxides, fluorine and chlorine in different regions of the coprolite" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2C664D57666E6CA328E22FFB32F995" pageId="1" tableUuid="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E22FFB32F995">Table 2</tableCitation>
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).Scale bar, 400 m.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA3D1E2F8FB3EFE8C" blockId="1.[107,769,325,1940]" lastBlockId="1.[800,1462,161,797]" pageId="1">
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Bulk chemical analyses using X-ray fluorescence (
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<tableCitation id="C6D1037E57656E6FA13FE2F8FD2EF96A" box="[621,694,1751,1773]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[122,170,1110,1128]" captionTargetBox="[122,784,1168,1435]" captionText="Table 1 X-ray-fluorescence data of the weight percentage of oxides found in bulk powdered samples of the coprolite and host sediment" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2C664D57666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB" pageId="1" tableUuid="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB">Table 1</tableCitation>
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) reveal marked differences between the specimen and the Frenchman Formation mudstone. The bone-bearing specimen contains high concentrations of phosphorus and calcium, and lower concentrations of aluminium and silicon, relative to the host sediment. Microprobe analyses of specific areas of the specimen indicate that the bone fragments and coprolitic ground mass have similar compositions, though the ground mass contains more silicon and aluminium (
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<tableCitation id="C6D1037E57656E6FA0CDE492FC68FF54" box="[927,1008,189,211]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="2.[122,170,1536,1554]" captionTargetBox="[122,784,1168,1435]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 2 Microprobe data indicating weight percentage of oxides, fluorine and chlorine in different regions of the coprolite" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2C664D57666E6CA328E22FFB32F995" pageId="1" tableUuid="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E22FFB32F995">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). X-ray powder-diffraction analyses indicate that carbonate fluorapatite is the predominant phosphate mineral in both the bone and the ground mass.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA06AE53EFCFCFDA5" blockId="1.[800,1462,161,797]" pageId="1">
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Several factors confirm that this specimen is a coprolite. The most diagnostic feature is a phosphatic composition, which is characteristic of carnivore coprolites
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA766E56AFBA3FED5" author="Hunt, A. P. & Chin, K. & Lockley, M. G." box="[1076,1083,325,338]" editor="Donovan, S. K." journalOrPublisher="Wiley, Chichester" pageId="1" pagination="221 - 240" refId="ref2898" refString="9. Hunt, A. P., Chin, K. & Lockley, M. G. in The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils (ed. Donovan, S. K.) 221 - 240 (Wiley, Chichester, 1994)." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils" year="1994">9</bibRefCitation>
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. As phosphorus normally constitutes only about 0.1% of the Earth’s crustal rocks
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA78BE54EFB7FFEE9" author="Stienstra, P." box="[1241,1255,353,366]" journalOrPublisher="Pub. Found. Sci. Res. Caribbean Region" pageId="1" part="No. 130, 207" refId="ref2945" refString="10. Stienstra, P. Sedimentary Petrology, Origin and Mining History of the Phosphate Rocks of Klein Curacao, Curacao and Aruba, Netherlands West Indies No. 130, 207 (Pub. Found. Sci. Res. Caribbean Region, 1991)." title="Sedimentary Petrology, Origin and Mining History of the Phosphate Rocks of Klein Curacao, Curacao and Aruba, Netherlands West Indies" type="book" year="1991">10</bibRefCitation>
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, concentrated phosphate deposits usually indicate biotic accumulations, and the overall configuration of the mass is consistent with the irregular faecal deposits produced by very large animals. The matrix-supported distribution of bone fragments argues against the possibility that the mass represents regurgitated material or fluvially aggregated bone debris.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6CA06AE607FF73FE8C" blockId="1.[800,1462,161,797]" lastBlockId="2.[122,785,161,1048]" lastPageId="2" pageId="1">
|
||
The tremendous size of the specimen indicates that the faecal mass was produced by a large theropod. The largest theropod found in the Frenchman Formation is Tyrannosaurus, with an estimated body weight of 5,400 to 6,300 kg (ref. 11). Although other theropods, crocodylomorphs, and a chelonian (Dromaeosaurus, Saurornitholestes, Troodon, Richardoestesia, Chirostenotes, an ornithomimid, Leidyosuchus, Champsosaurus, and Aspideretes) have also been recovered from the Frenchman Formation
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457656E6FA63FE6C7FAECFD72" author="Tokaryk, T. T." box="[1389,1396,744,757]" editor="McKenzie- McAnally, L." journalOrPublisher="Geol. Assoc. Canada, St John's, Newfoundland" pageId="1" pagination="34 - 44" refId="ref2853" refString="8. Tokaryk, T. T. in Canadian Paleontology Conference Field Trip Guidebook No. 6 (ed. McKenzie- McAnally, L.) 34 - 44 (Geol. Assoc. Canada, St John's, Newfoundland, 1997)." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Canadian Paleontology Conference Field Trip Guidebook No. 6" year="1997">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, these smaller carnivorous taxa probably weighed 100 kg (ref. 12), and it is unlikely that they could have produced large quantities of faeces. The mass could have been produced by a different species of tyrannosaur, but no others have been recognized in the Frenchman Formation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E8482ACB57656E6FA339E3EBFC9AF860" pageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557656E6FA339E3EBFC9AF860" blockId="1.[107,770,1988,2023]" pageId="1">‡ Present address: Biomechanical Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department & Rehabilitation R & D Center, VA Health Care System, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA73CE463FA5CFFF5" blockId="2.[1134,1476,76,114]" box="[1134,1476,76,114]" pageId="2">letters to nature</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA3C0E53EFD7DFDF1" blockId="2.[122,785,161,1048]" pageId="2">
|
||
The stomach acids and proteolytic enzymes of large extant carnivores digest bone to varying degrees
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA174E506FDACFEB1" author="Duke, G. E. & Jegers, A. A. & Loff, G. & Evanson, O. A." box="[550,564,297,310]" journalOrPublisher="Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A" pageId="2" pagination="649 - 659" part="50" refId="ref3074" refString="13. Duke, G. E., Jegers, A. A., Loff, G. & Evanson, O. A. Gastric digestion in some raptors. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 50, 649 - 659 (1975)." title="Gastric digestion in some raptors" type="journal article" year="1975">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA16FE506FDD3FEB1" author="Denys, C. & Fernandez-Jalvo, Y. & Dauphin, Y." box="[573,587,297,310]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci." pageId="2" pagination="803 - 809" part="321" refId="ref3174" refString="16. Denys, C., Fernandez-Jalvo, Y. & Dauphin, Y. Experimental taphonomy; preliminary results of the digestion of micromammal bones in the laboratory. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. 321, 803 - 809 (1995)." title="Experimental taphonomy; preliminary results of the digestion of micromammal bones in the laboratory" type="journal article" year="1995">16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Tangible evidence of this process is apparent in areas of the theropod coprolite where aligned and rounded bone pieces represent the degraded remains of large bone fragments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A4057666E6CA20AE5AFFE0CFE11" box="[344,404,384,406]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="2.[815,871,1392,1410]" captionTargetBox="[887,1404,1021,1367]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[887,1404,1021,1367]" captionText="Figure 3 Photomicrograph of a thin section of the theropod coprolite, showing associated bone fragments that indicate digestive degradation. Digestive acids and enzymes probably infiltrated the interior of the bone through vascularcanals. Scale bar,100 m." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943158/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The contents of carnivore coprolites might reflect animal physiology, because the extent of bone digestion can be indicative of gut-residence time
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA16FE59AFDD3FE45" author="Mellett, J. S." box="[573,587,437,450]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontol. Pol." pageId="2" pagination="209 - 213" part="28" refId="ref3220" refString="17. Mellett, J. S. Dinosaurs, mammals and Mesozoic taphonomy. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 28, 209 - 213 (1983)." title="Dinosaurs, mammals and Mesozoic taphonomy" type="journal article" year="1983">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Carnivore feeding activity is usually variable, however, and stomach acidity and gutresidence time can be altered by non-physiological factors such as frequency of meals
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA267E627FEDBFD92" author="Andrews, P." box="[309,323,520,533]" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="2" part="231" refId="ref3151" refString="15. Andrews, P. Owls, Caves and Fossils 231 (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1990)." title="Owls, Caves and Fossils" type="book" year="1990">15</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Even so, the high percentage of incompletely digested bone in this specimen is interesting because it is inconsistent with the general prediction that large theropods digested most consumed bone
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA202E673FEC6FDEE" author="Hunt, A. P." box="[336,350,604,617]" journalOrPublisher="Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr." pageId="2" pagination="171" part="19" refId="ref3249" refString="18. Hunt, A. P. Phanerozoic trends in nonmarine taphonomy: implications for Mesozoic vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. 19, 171 (1987)." title="Phanerozoic trends in nonmarine taphonomy: implications for Mesozoic vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology" type="journal article" year="1987">18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the manner of extant crocodilians
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA183E673FD47FDEE" author="Fisher, D. C." box="[721,735,604,617]" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="2" pagination="262 - 275" part="7" refId="ref3123" refString="14. Fisher, D. C. Crocodilian scatology, microvertebrate concentrations, and enamel-less teeth. Paleobiology 7, 262 - 275 (1981)." title="Crocodilian scatology, microvertebrate concentrations, and enamel-less teeth" type="journal article" year="1981">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA3C0E654FD0BFC7B" blockId="2.[122,785,161,1048]" pageId="2">
|
||
The chemistry of the coprolite reflects several factors. A large percentage of the phosphate of the ground mass was probably derived from dissolved bone apatite, but other dietary residues would have contributed additional phosphorus, as microorganisms and animal soft tissues contain significant concentrations of this element. Postdepositional phosphate precipitation may have been triggered by bacterial enzymes
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA2E6E730FE5AFCAB" author="Lucas, J. & Prevot, L. E." box="[436,450,799,812]" editor="Allison, P. A. & Briggs, D. E. G." journalOrPublisher="Plenum, New York" pageId="2" pagination="389 - 409" refId="ref3286" refString="19. Lucas, J. & Prevot, L. E. in Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record (eds Allison, P. A. & Briggs, D. E. G.) 389 - 409 (Plenum, New York, 1991)." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record" year="1991">19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
after burial of the faecal mass. Although the chemistry of this diagenetic phosphate is similar to that of the included bone, the increased amounts of silicon and aluminium and small differences in amounts of other elements indicate contributions from the host sediment. Thus, although the overall phosphatic composition of the coprolite reflects a carnivorous diet, minor chemical differences in the bone and ground mass seem to reveal more about diagenesis than about diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA3C0E02DFB11FD81" blockId="2.[122,785,161,1048]" lastBlockId="2.[815,1504,161,992]" pageId="2">
|
||
Histological and morphological analyses of the included bone fragments give clues to the identity of the ingested animal. Dinosaurs are the only Late Cretaceous animals that regularly produced thick fibrolamellar cortical bone
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA7DBE4F9FB0FFF64" author="de Ricqles, A. J." box="[1161,1175,214,227]" editor="Bellairs, A. d'A. & Cox, C. B." journalOrPublisher="Academic, London" pageId="2" pagination="123 - 150" refId="ref3340" refString="20. de Ricqles, A. J. in Morphology and Biology of Reptiles (eds Bellairs, A. d'A. & Cox, C. B.) 123 - 150 (Academic, London, 1976)." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Morphology and Biology of Reptiles" year="1976">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The absence of secondary osteons indicates that the bone was ontogenetically juvenile, so the ingested animal appears to have been a subadult dinosaur. Although bone histology is not species-specific, the absence of arrested growth lines may indicate an ornithischian dinosaur. Lines of arrested growth have been observed in several theropods
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA6E5E54EFA5DFEE9" author="Reid, R. E. H." box="[1463,1477,353,366]" journalOrPublisher="Mod. Geol." pageId="2" pagination="19 - 48" part="15" refId="ref3382" refString="21. Reid, R. E. H. Zonal '' grown rings' ' in dinosaurs. Mod. Geol. 15, 19 - 48 (1990)." title="Zonal '' grown rings' ' in dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1990">21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but have Edmontosaurus not been (G.M.E observed., in unpublished the long bones observation of), Triceratops the most and8 common dinosaurs found in the Frenchman Formation. Other ornithischians from the formation include Torosaurus, Thescelosaurus and an ankylosaur
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA72EE5C3FB1BFE7E" author="Tokaryk, T. T." box="[1148,1155,492,505]" editor="McKenzie- McAnally, L." journalOrPublisher="Geol. Assoc. Canada, St John's, Newfoundland" pageId="2" pagination="34 - 44" refId="ref2853" refString="8. Tokaryk, T. T. in Canadian Paleontology Conference Field Trip Guidebook No. 6 (ed. McKenzie- McAnally, L.) 34 - 44 (Geol. Assoc. Canada, St John's, Newfoundland, 1997)." type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Canadian Paleontology Conference Field Trip Guidebook No. 6" year="1997">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA015E623FC03FC0B" blockId="2.[815,1504,161,992]" pageId="2">
|
||
The thickness of the cortical bone indicates that the fragments may be derived from appendicular bone or ceratopsian frill. If the fragments were derived from long-bone diaphyses, estimates of the weight
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA023E673FCE7FDEE" author="Anderson, J. F. & Hall-Martin, A. & Russell, D. A." box="[881,895,604,617]" journalOrPublisher="J. Zool. A" pageId="2" pagination="53 - 61" part="207" refId="ref3413" refString="22. Anderson, J. F., Hall-Martin, A. & Russell, D. A. Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. J. Zool. A 207, 53 - 61 (1985)." title="Long-bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1985">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of the consumed animal might range from 200 kg (for a bipedal dinosaur) to 750 kg (for a quadrupedal dinosaur). The pronounced fragmentation and angularity of the consumed bone indicate that it was fractured before ingestion—apparently by biting during feeding. Although extant birds (avian dinosaurs) often use a horny gizzard and/or ingested grit for food maceration
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457666E6CA625E6C7FA1DFD72" author="Stevens, C. E. & Hume, I. D." box="[1399,1413,744,757]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK" pageId="2" part="400" refId="ref3458" refString="23. Stevens, C. E. & Hume, I. D. Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System 2 nd edn, 400 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995)." title="Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System 2 nd edn" type="book" year="1995">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, such mechanisms could not have been solely responsible for the degree of comminution seen in the coprolite. Furthermore, significant trituration would have resulted in well rounded bone clasts, and there is no evidence for the use of gastroliths by non-avian theropods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6DA015E7BDFF7AFEFD" blockId="2.[815,1504,161,992]" lastBlockId="3.[106,769,158,614]" lastPageId="3" pageId="2">
|
||
The coprolitic evidence for extensive bite-induced bone fragmentation is surprising in view of modern reptilian feeding habits. Extant reptiles have poor dental occlusion and generally swallow large pieces of prey whole
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA234E4B1FEECFF2C" author="Fisher, D. C." box="[358,372,158,171]" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="3" pagination="262 - 275" part="7" refId="ref3123" refString="14. Fisher, D. C. Crocodilian scatology, microvertebrate concentrations, and enamel-less teeth. Paleobiology 7, 262 - 275 (1981)." title="Crocodilian scatology, microvertebrate concentrations, and enamel-less teeth" type="journal article" year="1981">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA224E4B1FE1DFF2C" author="Auffenberg, W." box="[374,389,158,171]" journalOrPublisher="Univ. Presses of Florida, Gainesville" pageId="3" part="406" refId="ref3498" refString="24. Auffenberg, W. The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor 406 (Univ. Presses of Florida, Gainesville, 1981)." title="The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor" type="book" year="1981">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Such observations of modern feeding behaviours have led to speculation that extinct theropods did little bone-crushing
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA3A9E4F9FE91FF64" author="Hunt, A. P." box="[251,265,214,227]" journalOrPublisher="Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr." pageId="3" pagination="171" part="19" refId="ref3249" refString="18. Hunt, A. P. Phanerozoic trends in nonmarine taphonomy: implications for Mesozoic vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. 19, 171 (1987)." title="Phanerozoic trends in nonmarine taphonomy: implications for Mesozoic vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology" type="journal article" year="1987">18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA259E4F9FE82FF64" author="Fiorillo, A. R." box="[267,282,214,227]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol." pageId="3" pagination="157 - 166" part="88" refId="ref3524" refString="25. Fiorillo, A. R. Prey bone utilization by predatory dinosaurs. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 88, 157 - 166 (1991)." title="Prey bone utilization by predatory dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1991">25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and wasted a significant proportion of the food available from carcasses
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA20CE4DEFEF4FF79" author="Farlow, J. O." box="[350,364,241,254]" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="3" pagination="841 - 857" part="57" refId="ref3554" refString="26. Farlow, J. O. A consideration of the trophic dynamics of a Late Cretaceous large-dinosaur community (Oldman Formation). Ecology 57, 841 - 857 (1976)." title="A consideration of the trophic dynamics of a Late Cretaceous large-dinosaur community (Oldman Formation)" type="journal article" year="1976">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Tyrannosaur teeth appear to be stout enough to damage bone
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA20FE522FEF3FE9D" author="Farlow, J. O. & Brinkman, D. L. & Abler, W. L. & Currie, P. J." box="[349,363,269,282]" journalOrPublisher="Mod. Geol." pageId="3" pagination="161 - 198" part="16" refId="ref3589" refString="27. Farlow, J. O., Brinkman, D. L., Abler, W. L. & Currie, P. J. Size shape and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Mod. Geol. 16, 161 - 198 (1991)." title="Size shape and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth" type="journal article" year="1991">27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, and analyses of bite marks on Triceratops and Edmontosaurus bones indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D4657676E6DA123E502FC98FEC5" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[625,768,301,322]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
pulverized bones during feeding
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA2E7E56AFE5BFED5" author="Erickson, G. M." box="[437,451,325,338]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pagination="706 - 708" part="382" refId="ref3642" refString="28. Erickson, G. M. et al. Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones. Nature 382, 706 - 708 (1996)." title="Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones" type="journal article" year="1996">28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and probably consumed bone fragments
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B3457676E6DA39FE54EFF43FEE9" author="Erickson, G. M. & Olson, K. H." box="[205,219,353,366]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vert. Paleontol." pageId="3" pagination="175 - 178" part="16" refId="ref3672" refString="29. Erickson, G. M. & Olson, K. H. Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: preliminary description and implications. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16, 175 - 178 (1996)." title="Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: preliminary description and implications" type="journal article" year="1996">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB" ID-Table-UUID="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2C664D57666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB" pageId="2" startId="2.[122,170,1110,1128]" targetBox="[122,784,1168,1435]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA328E079FD1BFBFB" blockId="2.[122,783,1110,1148]" pageId="2">Table 1 X-ray-fluorescence data of the weight percentage of oxides found in bulk powdered samples of the coprolite and host sediment</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA2D2E0BFFC96FA1C" pageId="2">
|
||
<table id="F953C46557669191A328E0BFFC88FA1C" box="[122,784,1168,1435]" gridcols="3" gridrows="12" pageId="2">
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E0BFFC88FB2B" box="[122,784,1168,1196]" gridrow="0" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E0BFFC88FB2B" box="[122,784,1168,1196]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2">Coprolite Host sediment .............................................................................................................................................................................</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E09DFC88FB44" box="[122,784,1202,1219]" gridrow="1" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E09DFF33FB44" box="[122,171,1202,1219]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2">SiO2</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E09DFE22FB44" box="[395,442,1202,1219]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2">7.93</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE09DFC88FB44" box="[713,784,1202,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2">70.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E0E9FC88FB50" box="[122,784,1222,1239]" gridrow="2" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E0E9FF33FB50" box="[122,171,1222,1239]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2">Al2O3</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E0E9FE22FB50" box="[395,442,1222,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2">2.43</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE0E9FC88FB50" box="[713,784,1222,1239]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2">18.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E0F4FC88FB6B" box="[122,784,1243,1260]" gridrow="3" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E0F4FF33FB6B" box="[122,171,1243,1260]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2">TiO2</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E0F4FE22FB6B" box="[395,442,1243,1260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2">0.128</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE0F4FC88FB6B" box="[713,784,1243,1260]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2">0.794</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E0C0FC88FB78" box="[122,784,1263,1279]" gridrow="4" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E0C0FF33FB78" box="[122,171,1263,1279]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2">FeO</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E0C0FE22FB78" box="[395,442,1263,1279]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2">0.95</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE0C0FC88FB78" box="[713,784,1263,1279]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2">6.02</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E12BFC88FA94" box="[122,784,1284,1299]" gridrow="5" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E12BFF33FA94" box="[122,171,1284,1299]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2">MnO</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E12BFE22FA94" box="[395,442,1284,1299]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2">0.151</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE12BFC88FA94" box="[713,784,1284,1299]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2">0.018</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E136FC88FAAF" box="[122,784,1305,1320]" gridrow="6" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E136FF33FAAF" box="[122,171,1305,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2">CaO</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E136FE22FAAF" box="[395,442,1305,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2">44.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE136FC88FAAF" box="[713,784,1305,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2">0.97</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E102FC88FABB" box="[122,784,1325,1340]" gridrow="7" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E102FF33FABB" box="[122,171,1325,1340]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2">MgO</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E102FE22FABB" box="[395,442,1325,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2">0.16</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE102FC88FABB" box="[713,784,1325,1340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2">1.42</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E16DFC88FAD4" box="[122,784,1346,1363]" gridrow="8" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E16DFF33FAD4" box="[122,171,1346,1363]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2">K2O</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E16DFE22FAD4" box="[395,442,1346,1363]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2">0.27</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE16DFC88FAD4" box="[713,784,1346,1363]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2">2.22</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E179FC88FAE0" box="[122,784,1366,1383]" gridrow="9" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E179FF33FAE0" box="[122,171,1366,1383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2">Na2O2</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E179FE22FAE0" box="[395,442,1366,1383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2">0.28</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE179FC88FAE0" box="[713,784,1366,1383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2">1.08</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E144FC88FAFB" box="[122,784,1387,1404]" gridrow="10" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E144FF33FAFB" box="[122,171,1387,1404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2">P2O5</th>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A2D9E144FE22FAFB" box="[395,442,1387,1404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2">26.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A19BE144FC88FAFB" box="[713,784,1387,1404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2">0.70</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E1AFFC88FA1C" box="[122,784,1408,1435]" gridrow="11" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E1AFFC88FA1C" box="[122,784,1408,1435]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2">Total 83.5 100.9 .............................................................................................................................................................................</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C664D57666E6CA07DE15FFC5DFA51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943158" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" targetBox="[887,1404,1021,1367]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA07DE15FFC5DFA51" blockId="2.[815,1479,1392,1494]" pageId="2">Figure 3 Photomicrograph of a thin section of the theropod coprolite, showing associated bone fragments that indicate digestive degradation. Digestive acids and enzymes probably infiltrated the interior of the bone through vascular canals. Scale bar,100 m.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA328E18FFF22FA52" blockId="2.[122,786,1440,1493]" pageId="2">
|
||
<tableNote id="76B5374B57666E6CA328E18FFF22FA52" pageId="2" targetBox="[122,784,1168,1435]" targetPageId="2">The clay-rich sediment reflects the low phosphorus concentration of most inorganic rocks, whereas the coprolite is largely composed of biotically concentrated phosphorus and calcium.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E22FFB32F995" ID-Table-UUID="DF2C664D57666E6CA328E22FFB32F995" box="[122,1194,1536,1554]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2C664D57666E6CA328E22FFB32F995" pageId="2" startId="2.[122,170,1536,1554]" targetBox="[122,784,1168,1435]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA328E22FFB32F995" blockId="2.[122,1194,1536,1554]" box="[122,1194,1536,1554]" pageId="2">Table 2 Microprobe data indicating weight percentage of oxides, fluorine and chlorine in different regions of the coprolite</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<table id="F953C46557669191A328E209FA5CF829" box="[122,1476,1574,1966]" gridcols="7" gridrows="17" pageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA2CCE209FA5CF906" pageId="2">
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E209FA5CF9CD" box="[122,1476,1574,1610]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A206E209FDC6F9CD" box="[340,606,1574,1610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2">Bone fragments n ¼ 60 points</th>
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A053E209FB93F9CD" box="[769,1035,1574,1610]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2">Ground mass n ¼ 60 points</th>
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE209FA5CF9CD" box="[1198,1476,1574,1610]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2">Bone lacunae n ¼ 27 points</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E24AFA5CF9F3" box="[122,1476,1637,1652]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E24AFE12F9F3" box="[122,394,1637,1652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2">Mean</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E24AFA5CF9F3" box="[564,1476,1637,1652]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2">s.d. Mean s.d. Mean s.d.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E25CFA5CF906" box="[122,1476,1651,1665]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E25CFA5CF906" box="[564,1476,1651,1665]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2">...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA328E2A9FE10F911" box="[122,392,1670,1687]" pageId="2">
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E2A9FA5CF910" box="[122,1476,1670,1687]" gridrow="3" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2A9FE12F910" box="[122,394,1670,1687]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2A9FF3DF910" box="[122,165,1670,1687]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2">SiO2</th>
|
||
0.038
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA166E2A8FA5CF829" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E2A9FDC6F910" box="[564,606,1670,1687]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2">0.102</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E2A9FCACF910" box="[769,820,1670,1687]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2">4.03</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E2A9FB93F910" box="[993,1035,1670,1687]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2">1.42</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE2A9FB79F910" box="[1198,1249,1670,1687]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2">29.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E2A9FA5CF910" box="[1413,1476,1670,1687]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="2">13.2</td>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E2B4FA5CF92B" box="[122,1476,1691,1708]" gridrow="4" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2B4FE12F92B" box="[122,394,1691,1708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2B4FF3DF92B" box="[122,165,1691,1708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2">Al2O3</th>
|
||
0.094
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E2B4FDC6F92B" box="[564,606,1691,1708]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2">0.046</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E2B4FCACF92B" box="[769,820,1691,1708]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2">1.71</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E2B4FB93F92B" box="[993,1035,1691,1708]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2">0.516</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE2B4FB79F92B" box="[1198,1249,1691,1708]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2">13.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E2B4FA5CF92B" box="[1413,1476,1691,1708]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="2">5.80</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E29FFA5CF938" box="[122,1476,1712,1727]" gridrow="5" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E29FFE12F938" box="[122,394,1712,1727]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E29FFF3DF938" box="[122,165,1712,1727]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2">FeO</th>
|
||
0.484
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E29FFDC6F938" box="[564,606,1712,1727]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2">0.034</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E29FFCACF938" box="[769,820,1712,1727]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2">0.730</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E29FFB93F938" box="[993,1035,1712,1727]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2">0.101</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE29FFB79F938" box="[1198,1249,1712,1727]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2">3.24</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E29FFA5CF938" box="[1413,1476,1712,1727]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="2">1.39</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E2EBFA5CF953" box="[122,1476,1732,1748]" gridrow="6" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2EBFE12F953" box="[122,394,1732,1748]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2EBFF3DF953" box="[122,165,1732,1748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2">MnO</th>
|
||
0.230
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E2EBFDC6F953" box="[564,606,1732,1748]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2">0.026</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E2EBFCACF953" box="[769,820,1732,1748]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2">0.144</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E2EBFB93F953" box="[993,1035,1732,1748]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2">0.018</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE2EBFB79F953" box="[1198,1249,1732,1748]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2">0.068</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E2EBFA5CF953" box="[1413,1476,1732,1748]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="2">0.046</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E2F6FA5CF96F" box="[122,1476,1753,1768]" gridrow="7" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2F6FE12F96F" box="[122,394,1753,1768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2F6FF3DF96F" box="[122,165,1753,1768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2">MgO</th>
|
||
0.103
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E2F6FDC6F96F" box="[564,606,1753,1768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2">0.018</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E2F6FCACF96F" box="[769,820,1753,1768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2">0.210</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E2F6FB93F96F" box="[993,1035,1753,1768]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2">0.030</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE2F6FB79F96F" box="[1198,1249,1753,1768]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="2">1.02</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E2F6FA5CF96F" box="[1413,1476,1753,1768]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="2">0.47</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E2C2FA5CF97A" box="[122,1476,1773,1789]" gridrow="8" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2C2FE12F97A" box="[122,394,1773,1789]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E2C2FF3DF97A" box="[122,165,1773,1789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2">CaO</th>
|
||
51.5
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E2C2FDC6F97A" box="[564,606,1773,1789]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2">0.290</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E2C2FCACF97A" box="[769,820,1773,1789]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2">48.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E2C2FB93F97A" box="[993,1035,1773,1789]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2">1.09</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE2C2FB79F97A" box="[1198,1249,1773,1789]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="2">20.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E2C2FA5CF97A" box="[1413,1476,1773,1789]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="2">13.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E32DFA5CF896" box="[122,1476,1794,1809]" gridrow="9" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E32DFE12F896" box="[122,394,1794,1809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E32DFF3DF896" box="[122,165,1794,1809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2">SrO</th>
|
||
0.157
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E32DFDC6F896" box="[564,606,1794,1809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2">0.030</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E32DFCACF896" box="[769,820,1794,1809]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2">0.117</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E32DFB93F896" box="[993,1035,1794,1809]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2">0.024</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE32DFB79F896" box="[1198,1249,1794,1809]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="2">0.036</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E32DFA5CF896" box="[1413,1476,1794,1809]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="2">0.040</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E338FA5CF8AF" box="[122,1476,1815,1832]" gridrow="10" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E338FE12F8AF" box="[122,394,1815,1832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E338FF3DF8AF" box="[122,165,1815,1832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2">Na2O</th>
|
||
0.335
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E338FDC6F8AF" box="[564,606,1815,1832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2">0.046</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E338FCACF8AF" box="[769,820,1815,1832]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2">0.237</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E338FB93F8AF" box="[993,1035,1815,1832]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2">0.032</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE338FB79F8AF" box="[1198,1249,1815,1832]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="2">0.184</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E338FA5CF8AF" box="[1413,1476,1815,1832]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="2">0.056</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E304FA5CF8BB" box="[122,1476,1835,1852]" gridrow="11" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E304FE12F8BB" box="[122,394,1835,1852]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E304FF3DF8BB" box="[122,165,1835,1852]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2">K2O</th>
|
||
0.025
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E304FDC6F8BB" box="[564,606,1835,1852]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2">0.010</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E304FCACF8BB" box="[769,820,1835,1852]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2">0.163</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E304FB93F8BB" box="[993,1035,1835,1852]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="2">0.044</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE304FB79F8BB" box="[1198,1249,1835,1852]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="2">0.312</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E304FA5CF8BB" box="[1413,1476,1835,1852]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="2">0.110</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E36FFA5CF8D6" box="[122,1476,1856,1873]" gridrow="12" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E36FFE12F8D6" box="[122,394,1856,1873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E36FFF3DF8D6" box="[122,165,1856,1873]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2">SO3</th>
|
||
0.142
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E36FFDC6F8D6" box="[564,606,1856,1873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2">0.055</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E36FFCACF8D6" box="[769,820,1856,1873]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2">0.285</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E36FFB93F8D6" box="[993,1035,1856,1873]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="2">0.029</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE36FFB79F8D6" box="[1198,1249,1856,1873]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="2">0.157</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E36FFA5CF8D6" box="[1413,1476,1856,1873]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="2">0.080</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E37BFA5CF8E2" box="[122,1476,1876,1893]" gridrow="13" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E37BFE12F8E2" box="[122,394,1876,1893]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E37BFF3DF8E2" box="[122,165,1876,1893]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2">P2O5</th>
|
||
35.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E37BFDC6F8E2" box="[564,606,1876,1893]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2">0.466</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E37BFCACF8E2" box="[769,820,1876,1893]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2">32.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E37BFB93F8E2" box="[993,1035,1876,1893]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="2">0.859</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE37BFB79F8E2" box="[1198,1249,1876,1893]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="2">13.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E37BFA5CF8E2" box="[1413,1476,1876,1893]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="2">9.37</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E346FA5CF8FF" box="[122,1476,1897,1912]" gridrow="14" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E346FE12F8FF" box="[122,394,1897,1912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E346FF3DF8FF" box="[122,165,1897,1912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2">F</th>
|
||
2.95
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E346FDC6F8FF" box="[564,606,1897,1912]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2">0.074</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E346FCACF8FF" box="[769,820,1897,1912]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2">2.62</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E346FB93F8FF" box="[993,1035,1897,1912]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="2">0.117</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE346FB79F8FF" box="[1198,1249,1897,1912]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="2">0.943</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E346FA5CF8FF" box="[1413,1476,1897,1912]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="2">0.750</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E351FA5CF80A" box="[122,1476,1918,1933]" gridrow="15" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E351FE12F80A" box="[122,394,1918,1933]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E351FF3DF80A" box="[122,165,1918,1933]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2">Cl</th>
|
||
NA
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A166E351FDC6F80A" box="[564,606,1918,1933]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A053E351FCACF80A" box="[769,820,1918,1933]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A0B3E351FB93F80A" box="[993,1035,1918,1933]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="2">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A7FCE351FB79F80A" box="[1198,1249,1918,1933]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="2">0.108</td>
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A6D7E351FA5CF80A" box="[1413,1476,1918,1933]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="2">0.090</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3563348757669191A328E3BDFA5CF829" box="[122,1476,1938,1966]" gridrow="16" pageId="2">
|
||
<td id="76B25DFB57669191A328E3BDFA5CF829" box="[122,1476,1938,1966]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76B25DFB57669191A328E3BDFF3DF829" box="[122,165,1938,1966]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2">Total</th>
|
||
90.5 0.582 90.7 0.584 82.4 4.96 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557666E6CA328E39DFC77F86F" blockId="2.[122,1479,1970,2024]" pageId="2">
|
||
<tableNote id="76B5374B57666E6CA328E39DFC77F86F" pageId="2" targetBox="[122,1476,1574,1966]" targetPageId="2">The compositions of the bone and ground mass are similar, though the ground mass appears to contain more contributions from the host sediment.Of 67 probe measurements of lacunae, 40 registered low element totals, indicating that the vascular canals were incompletely filled. These channels would have acted as conduits for digestive fluids and for postdepositional contaminants. Data listed above are from the 27 lacunae that registered element totals over 70%. NA, no analyses done.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C557676E6DA3D1E5AFFE2BFDDD" blockId="3.[106,769,158,614]" pageId="3">Although a single coprolite cannot be construed as representative of diet, this rare example of fossilized dietary residues helps to refine our understanding of theropod feeding behaviour by providing physical evidence that a tyrannosaur crushed, consumed, and incompletely digested large quantities of bone when feeding on a subadult dinosaur. It also presents a new search image for future discoveries of theropod faeces that will help us to elucidate the food habits of these giant meat-eaters.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |