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<mods:title id="40ADBC8661D58CEA20C65E1865363FA1">Resolving the Ophioderma longicauda (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) cryptic species complex: five sisters, three of them new</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C47FFC1814BA0C7CDE596B0" authority="Greeff, 1882" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[575,1013,688,715]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC1814BA0C7CD4896B0" bold="true" box="[575,856,688,715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ophioderma guineense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C47FFC1802BA0C6CDE596B0" author="Greeff" box="[863,1013,689,715]" firstAuthor="Greeff" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="156 - 159" part="107" refId="ref18939" refString="Greeff R. 1882. Echinodermen beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao-Thome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 107: 156 - 159." title="Echinodermen beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao-Thome" type="journal article" year="1882">Greeff, 1882</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC181C0A0A3CD909695" blockId="12.[575,1013,688,750]" box="[692,896,724,750]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C47FFC181C0A0A3CD0D9695" box="[692,797,724,750]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionStartId-1="15.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionStartId-2="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId-1="figure@15.[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetId-2="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." captionText-1="Fig. 5. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, material from Thiouriba, Senegal, digital images. A–D. Dark brown specimen with light green ventral side (SMNH-95511#1). A. Dorsal aspect. B. Dorsal arm. C. Ventral aspect. D. Ventral arm. – E–F. Light brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#2). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral disc. – G–I. Grey-brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#3). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Dorsal arm. I. Ventral aspect." captionText-2="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637783" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3637783/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 4–6</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C6A47CD68C47FFC1805DA0A3CD909695" box="[809,896,724,750]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[182,251,686,714]" captionTargetBox="[192,1907,832,1596]" captionText="Table 1. Key characters that distinguish the species of Ophioderma Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840 in the Mediterranean Sea, the Northeast and Tropical Atlantic Ocean, formerly included in a cryptic complex under the name O. longicauda (Bruzelius, 1805). For O. guineense Greeff, 1882, the highest numbers of arm spines are from the syntypes. DAP = dorsal arm plate." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5919E58C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF5919E58C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A">Table 1</tableCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A876F7C8C47FFC183C9A161CCB0974A" author="Greeff R." box="[189,672,790,817]" page="156" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1882">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C47FFC183C9A161CCB0974A" authority="Greef, 1882: 156" authorityName="Greeff" authorityPageNumber="156" authorityYear="1882" box="[189,672,790,817]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183C9A161CFDE974B" box="[189,462,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ophioderma guineense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C47FFC182A1A161CCB0974A" author="Greeff R." box="[469,672,790,817]" firstAuthor="Greeff" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="156 - 159" part="107" refId="ref18939" refString="Greeff R. 1882. Echinodermen beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao-Thome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 107: 156 - 159." title="Echinodermen beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao-Thome" type="journal article" year="1882">Greef, 1882: 156</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C47FFC183C9A12FCC9B9709" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[189,651,856,882]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="longicauda" variety="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183C9A12FCFCD9709" box="[189,477,856,882]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183C9A12FCF419709" box="[189,337,856,882]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ophioderma</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC1822DA12FCFCD9709" box="[345,477,856,882]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">longicauda</emphasis>
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var. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC18162A12ECC9B9709" box="[534,651,857,882]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">guineense</emphasis>
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– 
<treatmentCitation id="0A876F7C8C47FFC181DDA12FCD989709" author="Koehler R." box="[681,904,856,882]" page="173" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C47FFC181DDA12FCD989709" author="Koehler" box="[681,904,856,882]" editor="Michaelsen E." firstAuthor="Koehler" journalOrPublisher="L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="127 - 303" part="1" refId="ref19044" refString="Koehler R. 1914. Echinoderma I. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea et Echinoidea. In: Michaelsen E. (ed.) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas Vol. 1: 127 - 303. L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7400" title="Echinoderma I. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea et Echinoidea" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas Vol" year="1914">Koehler 1914: 173</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C47FFC183C9A10CCC4997EE" authorityName="- Koehler" authorityYear="1914" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[189,601,891,917]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="longicauda" subSpecies="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183C9A10CCC4997EE" box="[189,601,891,917]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ophioderma longicauda guineense</emphasis>
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– 
<treatmentCitation id="0A876F7C8C47FFC18103A10CCD4497ED" author="Madsen F. J." box="[631,852,891,918]" page="225" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C47FFC18103A10CCD4497ED" author="Madsen" box="[631,852,891,918]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Atlantidae Report 11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="151 - 243" refId="ref19145" refString="Madsen F. J. 1970. West African ophiuroids. Atlantidae Report 11: 151 - 243." title="West African ophiuroids" type="book chapter" year="1970">Madsen 1970: 225</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 43.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB366E438C47FFC183C9A1E8CDC397C2" box="[189,979,927,954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C47FFC183BEA1E8CFDF97C2" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[202,463,927,953]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="appressa">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183BEA1E8CFDF97C2" box="[202,463,927,953]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ophioderma appressa</emphasis>
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?” – 
<treatmentCitation id="0A876F7C8C47FFC18172A1E8CCF597C1" author="Koehler R." box="[518,741,927,954]" page="175" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C47FFC18172A1E8CCF597C1" author="Koehler" box="[518,741,927,954]" editor="Michaelsen E." firstAuthor="Koehler" journalOrPublisher="L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="127 - 303" part="1" refId="ref19044" refString="Koehler R. 1914. Echinoderma I. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea et Echinoidea. In: Michaelsen E. (ed.) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas Vol. 1: 127 - 303. L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7400" title="Echinoderma I. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea et Echinoidea" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas Vol" year="1914">Koehler 1914: 175</bibRefCitation>
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A876F7C8C47FFC18185A1E8CDC097C2" author="Madsen F. J." box="[753,976,927,953]" page="228" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C47FFC18185A1E8CDC097C2" author="Madsen" box="[753,976,927,953]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Atlantidae Report 11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="151 - 243" refId="ref19145" refString="Madsen F. J. 1970. West African ophiuroids. Atlantidae Report 11: 151 - 243." title="West African ophiuroids" type="book chapter" year="1970">Madsen 1970: 228</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C47FFC183C9A197CC2190C3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC183C9A197CF269781" blockId="12.[189,310,992,1018]" box="[189,310,992,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C47FFC183C9A197CF269781" bold="true" box="[189,310,992,1018]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183C9A197CF269781" bold="true" box="[189,310,992,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC183C9A678CC2190C3" blockId="12.[189,1399,1039,1208]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Predominantly single flat dorsal arm plates, up to 13 arm spines, nine oral papillae (counting from and including Lyman’s ossicle but excluding tooth papillae). Colouration in alcohol variable, dorsal disc brown with white spots and dark rings, arms banded dark and light brown to grey, ventral disc, arms and oral frame cream to light grey, dark and white spots along distal edge of dorsal arm plates. Disc diameter of largest 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C47FFC18246A6E9CFC090C3" box="[306,464,1182,1208]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
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.
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<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183C9A6A8CFBA9082" bold="true" box="[189,426,1247,1273]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Material examined</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC1839EA778CF769152" bold="true" box="[234,358,1295,1321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C47FFC1839EA778CF769152" box="[234,358,1295,1321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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(here designated)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC183C9A745CFD9910B" blockId="12.[189,1398,1294,1392]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<materialsCitation id="3B4E43308C47FFC183C9A745CFD9910B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2563048038" collectionCode="ZMH" country="Guinea-Bissau" county="Rolas" location="West Africa" municipality="Islands" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="E8315" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN • 
<location id="8EF91FB68C47FFC18112A745CCE49137" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038FF87B8C47FFDC814BA0C7CF359390:8EF91FB68C47FFC18112A745CCE49137" box="[614,756,1330,1356]" country="Guinea-Bissau" county="Rolas" municipality="Islands" name="West Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">West Africa</location>
, 
<location id="8EF91FB68C47FFC18074A745CD269137" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038FF87B8C47FFDC814BA0C7CF359390:8EF91FB68C47FFC18074A745CD269137" box="[768,822,1330,1356]" country="Guinea-Bissau" county="Rolas" municipality="Islands" name="Gulf" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gulf</location>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C47FFC1802AA745CDA69137" box="[862,950,1330,1356]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFDD3178C47FFC180B5A745CA049137" box="[961,1044,1330,1356]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Islands</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C47FFC18768A745CA819137" box="[1052,1169,1330,1356]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sao Tomé</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCounty id="62F831E18C47FFC187BFA745CB019137" box="[1227,1297,1330,1356]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rolas</collectingCounty>
; cliffs at low tide; 
<collectionCode id="ED37D1A88C47FFC18258A721CF7D910B" box="[300,365,1366,1392]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">ZMH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DB80E1168C47FFC18200A722CFD4910B" box="[372,452,1365,1392]" collectionCode="ZMH" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">E8315</specimenCode>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC1839EA7E0CC6591C9" blockId="12.[189,1398,1431,1529]" box="[234,629,1431,1458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC1839EA7E0CFB291CA" bold="true" box="[234,418,1431,1457]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C47FFC1839EA7E0CFB291CA" box="[234,418,1431,1457]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(here designated)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC183C9A7CCCD549183" blockId="12.[189,1398,1431,1529]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN • 
<materialsCitation id="3B4E43308C47FFC1810FA7CCCD509183" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2563048033" collectionCode="ZMH" country="Guinea-Bissau" county="Rolas" location="West Africa" municipality="Islands" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="E1686" specimenCount="12" typeStatus="paralectotype">
<specimenCount id="9D2082E48C47FFC1810FA7CCCD0091AE" box="[635,784,1467,1493]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="9D2082E48C47FFC18052A7CCCDAC91AE" box="[806,956,1467,1493]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
at hand, 
<specimenCount id="9D2082E48C47FFC1874CA7CCCADD91AE" box="[1080,1229,1467,1493]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
examined on photographs); same data as for lectotype; 
<collectionCode id="ED37D1A88C47FFC181D3A7A8CCF89182" box="[679,744,1503,1529]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">ZMH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DB80E1168C47FFC18184A7A9CD509183" box="[752,832,1502,1528]" collectionCode="ZMH" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">E1686</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC1839EA457CFB69241" blockId="12.[189,1399,1568,1844]" box="[234,422,1568,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC1839EA457CFB69241" bold="true" box="[234,422,1568,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Other material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC183C9A433CD09934F" blockId="12.[189,1399,1568,1844]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN • 
<specimenCount id="9D2082E48C47FFC1811AA433CD1E9225" box="[622,782,1604,1630]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
(photographed specimens in separate bags labelled as #1–3, mitochondrial lineage L6, nuclear cluster 
<collectionCode id="ED37D1A88C47FFC18062A410CD3F92FA" box="[790,815,1639,1665]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
1); 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C47FFC18026A410CDA292FA" box="[850,946,1639,1665]" name="Senegal" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49E2878F8C47FFC180CAA410CA1892FA" box="[958,1032,1639,1665]" country="Senegal" name="Dakar" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dakar</collectingRegion>
, Grand Thiouriba; depth 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C47FFC18646A410CB6192F9" box="[1330,1393,1639,1666]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="38.0">38 m</quantity>
; 
<date id="FF986FAD8C47FFC183C9A4FCCF5D92DE" box="[189,333,1675,1701]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2007-09-06">6 Sep. 2007</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED37D1A88C47FFC1822EA4FCCF6392DE" box="[346,371,1675,1701]" country="Finland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15618" name="University of Helsinki" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Herbarium">H</collectionCode>
. Zibrowius leg.; from heavily fouled piece of fishing net; scuba diving, hand collected; preserved in 95% ethanol; 
<collectionCode id="ED37D1A88C47FFC18281A4D9CC4492B2" box="[501,596,1710,1737]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">SMNH-</collectionCode>
95511 • 
<specimenCount id="9D2082E48C47FFC181C0A4D9CD2892B3" box="[692,824,1710,1736]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
(dd = 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C47FFC180F0A4D9CDFF92B2" box="[900,1007,1710,1737]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="11.7">11.7 mm</quantity>
), dried arm pieces, dried ossicles, ossicles mounted on two SEM stubs; same data as for preceding; SMHN-178429 • 
<specimenCount id="9D2082E48C47FFC1870FA4A5CB1A9297" box="[1147,1290,1746,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
(labelled as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C47FFC18397A481CC5C9374" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[227,588,1781,1808]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="longicauda" variety="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC18397A481CEE8936B" box="[227,248,1782,1808]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC18279A482CF819374" box="[269,401,1781,1807]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">longicauda</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC182A3A481CC5C9374" box="[471,588,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C47FFC18118A482CD5C9374" box="[620,844,1781,1807]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C47FFC180B3A482CA0F9374" box="[967,1055,1781,1807]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C47FFC1875BA482CAB09374" box="[1071,1184,1781,1807]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Annobón</collectingCountry>
; depth 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C47FFC18675A482CB61936B" box="[1281,1393,1781,1808]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="24.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="18.0">18–30 m</quantity>
; Discovery exped. (stn 283); dried; 
<collectionCode id="ED37D1A88C47FFC18122A56ECCAC934F" box="[598,700,1817,1844]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">NHMD-</collectionCode>
225525.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C47FFDC83C9A52DCA7696C8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC183C9A52DCF5E930F" blockId="12.[189,334,1882,1908]" box="[189,334,1882,1908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C47FFC183C9A52DCF5E930F" bold="true" box="[189,334,1882,1908]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC183C9A52DCF5E930F" bold="true" box="[189,334,1882,1908]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC1839EA5FDCFEE93DF" blockId="12.[189,1399,1929,2027]" box="[234,510,1929,1956]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C47FFC1839EA5FDCF7693DF" bold="true" box="[234,358,1930,1956]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C47FFC1839EA5FDCF7693DF" box="[234,358,1930,1956]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C47FFC18202A5FECFAB93DF" box="[374,443,1929,1956]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–D)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C47FFC383C9A5DACD5695A1" blockId="12.[189,1399,1929,2027]" lastBlockId="14.[189,1399,267,474]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Disc diameter 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C47FFC1821EA5DACFC793B3" box="[362,471,1965,1992]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="28.5">28.5 mm</quantity>
, radial shields widely separated, sunken in, concealed by granules. Scales and granules crowd onto proximal arms, obscuring dorsal plates laterally, granules rubbed off in some places. Dorsal arm plates entire almost on whole arm (single cracked plates on mid-arms), not tumid, three times as wide as long, contiguous (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C45FFC381EDA358CCE59531" box="[665,757,303,330]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[188,231,1647,1673]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,265,1605]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[193,1395,265,1605]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 3. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma longicauda (Bruzelius, 1805). A–M. Non-type specimen of 15.5 mm disc diameter (SMNH-160226). A. Radial shield, external aspect. B. Radial shield, internal aspect. C. Scale-free area of Fig. 3A magnified, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to large peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments, arrows point to granule pores. E. Adradial genital plate. F. Articulation knobs of Fig. 3E. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face. I. Oral plate, adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra, proximal face. K. Arm vertebra, distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. – N–P. Non-type specimen of 12 mm disc diameter (SMNH-133258). N. Adradial genital plate, lateral view. O. Adradial genital plate, distal end. P. Radial shield, internal aspect, note the different shape from Fig. 3A–B. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; S = suture line; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637779/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Three to 13 arm spines (from first spine bearing joint under disc to proximal free ones), flattened, slightly pointed, slightly longer than half arm-joint length, ventralmost spine longer and wider than others. Ventral arm plates wider than long, with convex distal edge, overlapping, except the proximalmost 3–4 which are separated by pores. Two oval scale-like tentacle scales, superimposed on the ventralmost spine.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5919E58C46FFC083C9A49CCF9F930B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" targetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C46FFC083C9A49CCF9F930B" blockId="13.[189,1399,1771,1904]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC083C9A49CCF1E937E" bold="true" box="[189,270,1771,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C46FFC0826DA49BCCDB937D" authority="Greef, 1882" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[281,715,1772,1798]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC0826DA49BCC3D937E" box="[281,557,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ophioderma guineense</emphasis>
Greef, 1882
</taxonomicName>
, type specimens, digital images. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC08714A49CCA89937D" bold="true" box="[1120,1177,1771,1798]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A–D</emphasis>
. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC08257A578CF289352" bold="true" box="[291,312,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
. Dorsal disc. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC082A9A578CFE19352" bold="true" box="[477,497,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
. Ventral disc. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC081E8A578CCA19352" bold="true" box="[668,689,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
. Dorsal arm. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC08021A578CD7A9352" bold="true" box="[853,874,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D</emphasis>
. Jaws. – 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC080ADA578CA1E9352" bold="true" box="[985,1038,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E–F</emphasis>
. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC083C9A545CEC19337" bold="true" box="[189,209,1842,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
. Dorsal aspect. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC082EFA545CFBD9337" bold="true" box="[411,429,1842,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">F</emphasis>
. Ventral aspect. – 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC081ECA545CCC49337" bold="true" box="[664,724,1842,1869]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G–H</emphasis>
. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC087D5A545CAA89337" bold="true" box="[1185,1208,1842,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
. Dorsal aspect. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C46FFC083C9A522CEC49314" bold="true" box="[189,212,1877,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H</emphasis>
. Ventral aspect.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC383C9A075CF759762" blockId="14.[189,1399,514,793]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Ventral disc covered by granules similar to dorsal disc (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C45FFC38020A075CDA49667" box="[852,948,514,540]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Lyman’s ossicle elongated, reaching into the mouth slit, not obvious, adoral shield spines on some jaw edges block-like, on others as lateral papillae and not obvious, in total nine oral papillae per jaw edge. Two tooth papillae at jaw tips in line with oral papillae, slightly larger than oral papillae. Teeth rectangular with straight edges. Oral shields rounded triangular with obtuse proximal angle and straight distal edge, slightly wider than long. Madreporite larger than other oral shields, depressed. Adoral shield long, narrow, extending around the lateral edge of the oral shield, separating it from the arm. Adoral shields covered with granules, similar to disc in size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC383C9A136CD839704" blockId="14.[189,1399,833,896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Colour pattern with tiny dark spots on the dark grey-brown dorsal disc, dark and white spots on the distal edge of the dorsal arm plates, cream ventral side (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C45FFC38071A112CD5B9704" box="[773,843,869,895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC3839EA1DFCC2897B9" blockId="14.[189,1399,935,1287]" box="[234,568,935,962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C45FFC3839EA1DFCFB297B9" bold="true" box="[234,418,936,962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C45FFC3839EA1DFCFB297B9" box="[234,418,936,962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="paralectotype">Paralectotypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C45FFC382C6A1D0CFE797B9" box="[434,503,935,962]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E–H)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC383C9A1BCCA11917D" blockId="14.[189,1399,935,1287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Disc diameter 26 and 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C45FFC382CDA1BBCC1D979D" box="[441,525,972,998]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
, both with up to 13 arm spines, 9–10 oral papillae. Radial shields concealed by granules, but in parts of the disc, the granules have been rubbed off (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C45FFC38754A187CAB39071" box="[1056,1187,1008,1034]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4E, G</figureCitation>
). Proximal dorsal arm plates entire. In the largest 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C45FFC3815EA663CC989055" box="[554,648,1044,1070]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, colour faded light brown dorsally, cream with some dark brown ventrally, arms with faint dark bands. There are irregular dark rings on the pale brown dorsal disc of the smallest 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C45FFC38257A62BCF6E900D" box="[291,382,1116,1142]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
examined (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C45FFC38171A62BCC72900D" box="[517,610,1116,1142]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
). In these specimens, there are dark brown and white spots along the distal edge of the dorsal arm plates. Among the 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C45FFC38198A6F7CD8590E1" box="[748,917,1152,1178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
examined only from photographs, one is dark brown on dorsal disc and arms, and the dark colour extends onto the ventral disc, fading towards the oral frame. The other specimens have a faded brown dorsal colour and light ventral discs and arms. Some of these show faint spots on distal edges of the dorsal arm plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC383C9A758CFB691EA" blockId="14.[189,1399,1327,1425]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The amplification of nuclear markers from the 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C45FFC38190A758CD5B9132" box="[740,843,1327,1353]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
was not successful, most likely due to the long storage time and unknown initial preservation method of the specimens, which might have caused the DNA to deteriorate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC3839EA7CECD6A91AF" blockId="14.[189,1399,1465,1853]" box="[234,890,1465,1492]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C45FFC3839EA7CECC1F91A8" bold="true" box="[234,527,1465,1491]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Specimen from 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C45FFC382DBA7CECC1F91A8" box="[431,527,1465,1491]" name="Senegal" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Senegal</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
(SMNH-95511#1, 
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C45FFC38187A7CECD2691AF" box="[755,822,1465,1492]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, material from Thiouriba, Senegal, digital images. A–D. Dark brown specimen with light green ventral side (SMNH-95511#1). A. Dorsal aspect. B. Dorsal arm. C. Ventral aspect. D. Ventral arm. – E–F. Light brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#2). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral disc. – G–I. Grey-brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#3). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Dorsal arm. I. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637783/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–D)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC383C9A7AACA1A9347" blockId="14.[189,1399,1465,1853]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Disc diameter 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C45FFC38204A7AACFDA9183" box="[368,458,1501,1528]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
, up to nine arm spines proximally, dorsal arm plates flat, entire along whole arm, radial shields covered by granules. Disc scales with granules crowding onto arm base, covering first dorsal arm plate except for a mid-distal portion, second plate also covered by scales and granules laterally. Dorsal arm plates overlapping, twice as wide as long, rounded fan-shaped, distal edge wider than proximal, not tumid. Ventral disc covered by similar granules as dorsal disc. Jaws with nine lateral papillae. Two larger tooth papillae at jaw tips in line with oral papillae, rectangular teeth with straight edges. Oral shields triangular, almost as long as wide. Adoral shield long, narrow, extending around the lateral edge of the oral shield, separating it from the arm. Adoral shields covered with granules similar in size to disc granules. Proximal genital slits small, extending from oral shield to proximal edge of second ventral arm plate. Distal genital slits at disc edge, next to fifth arm joint.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C45FFC383C9A513CD7F9390" blockId="14.[189,1399,1892,2027]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Disc dark brown dorsally, large white patches in centre. All over with small irregular white dots with black margins (ring-like). Disc light green ventrally. Oral shields with darker green centres. Arms dorsally dark brown, with lighter and darker bands, ventrally cream white with faint darker bands. Dorsal arm plates with small black spots along distal edge.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C44FFC2839EA37CCCCD955E" blockId="15.[189,1399,267,540]" box="[234,733,267,293]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC2839EA37CCCCD955E" bold="true" box="[234,733,267,293]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Variation in other Senegalese specimens</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C44FFDD83C9A359CC31955D" blockId="15.[189,1399,267,540]" lastBlockId="16.[189,1399,267,644]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Size range 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C44FFC28236A359CFA39532" box="[322,435,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="8.0">8–13 mm</quantity>
dd. The specimens vary in colour pattern. One specimen has large white patches over the area around the radial shields, on an otherwise dark disc. Some animals have a light brown disc with minute, irregular white spots with black borders (SMNH-95511#2, 
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C44FFC2876CA303CA4C95F4" box="[1048,1116,372,399]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, material from Thiouriba, Senegal, digital images. A–D. Dark brown specimen with light green ventral side (SMNH-95511#1). A. Dorsal aspect. B. Dorsal arm. C. Ventral aspect. D. Ventral arm. – E–F. Light brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#2). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral disc. – G–I. Grey-brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#3). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Dorsal arm. I. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637783/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E–F) or a greyish green disc with black rings (SMNH-95511#3, 
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C44FFC281E8A3EFCCF195C9" box="[668,737,407,434]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, material from Thiouriba, Senegal, digital images. A–D. Dark brown specimen with light green ventral side (SMNH-95511#1). A. Dorsal aspect. B. Dorsal arm. C. Ventral aspect. D. Ventral arm. – E–F. Light brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#2). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral disc. – G–I. Grey-brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#3). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Dorsal arm. I. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637783/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
G–I). Dorsal arms banded light and dark, distal edge of dorsal arm plates with small dark and white spots. The ventral disc is always much lighter than the dorsal disc, often cream with a hint of darker colour, sometimes green. The oral shields are completely creamy white in some specimens. Ventral arms are cream. Some specimens with only up to eight oral papillae. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD839EA37CCFD2955D" bold="true" box="[234,450,267,294]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Skeletal elements</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5BFFDD82A6A37CCC08955D" box="[466,536,267,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5919E58C44FFC283C9A533CADC9390" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637783" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3637783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637783/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[189,232,1860,1886]" targetBox="[189,1398,600,1819]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C44FFC283C9A533CADC9390" blockId="15.[189,1399,1860,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC283C9A533CF189325" bold="true" box="[189,264,1860,1886]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C44FFC2827AA533CCBE9325" authority="Greef, 1882" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[270,686,1860,1886]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC2827AA533CC0C9325" box="[270,540,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophioderma guineense</emphasis>
Greef, 1882
</taxonomicName>
, material from Thiouriba, Senegal, digital images. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC28782A533CB3F9325" bold="true" box="[1270,1327,1860,1886]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A–D</emphasis>
. Dark brown specimen with light green ventral side (SMNH-95511#1). 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC28095A510CDE693FA" bold="true" box="[993,1014,1895,1921]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A</emphasis>
. Dorsal aspect. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC287B4A510CAC493FA" bold="true" box="[1216,1236,1895,1921]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B</emphasis>
. Dorsal arm. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC283C9A5FDCEC293DF" bold="true" box="[189,210,1930,1956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
. Ventral aspect. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC282E5A5FDCFB693DF" bold="true" box="[401,422,1930,1956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D</emphasis>
. Ventral arm. – 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC2812BA5FDCC8393DF" bold="true" box="[607,659,1930,1957]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E–F</emphasis>
. Light brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#2). 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC282D6A5D9CFA693B3" bold="true" box="[418,438,1966,1992]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
. Dorsal aspect. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC2811AA5D9CC9093B3" bold="true" box="[622,640,1966,1992]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">F</emphasis>
. Ventral disc. – 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC2804DA5DACD7A93B3" bold="true" box="[825,874,1965,1992]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">G–I</emphasis>
. Grey-brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#3). 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC2810FA5A7CC829391" bold="true" box="[635,658,2000,2026]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">G</emphasis>
. Dorsal aspect. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC2803AA5A6CD759390" bold="true" box="[846,869,2001,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H</emphasis>
. Dorsal arm. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C44FFC28771A5A6CA009390" bold="true" box="[1029,1040,2001,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">I</emphasis>
. Ventral aspect.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C5BFFDC83C9A344CA7696C8" blockId="16.[189,1399,267,644]" lastBlockId="17.[189,1399,267,692]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
From specimen with 
<quantity id="4CDEE4888C5BFFDD82C3A345CC309536" box="[439,544,306,333]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="11.7">11.7 mm</quantity>
dd (SMHN-178429). Radial shield at widest part about as wide as long, isosceles triangular with abradial projection and convex radial edge, externally with domed center with finer mesh stereom (the domed part is not covered by scales but with granules in the intact animal, all other areas are covered by scales), a circle of pores around domed part, two large pores on the proximal end (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5BFFDD8218A3B9CFFF9593" box="[364,495,462,488]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6A, C</figureCitation>
). Internally, radial shield with large pore in center of distal half, adjacent to rough patch, distally two knobs, radial one larger, separated by a furrow (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5BFFDD874BA382CA8E966B" box="[1087,1182,501,528]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Dental plates as varying numbers of pieces, sockets for teeth and apical tooth papillae not penetrating, bordered by low ridges, tooth papillae sockets small round, tooth sockets wider oval (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5BFFDD8088A035CA4D9626" box="[1020,1117,578,605]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Adradial genital plate blade-like flat with bulbous distal end and large pore, distal pit with knob on one side, three ridges on other side (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC821FA37CCFA2955D" box="[363,434,267,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E–F). Abradial genital plate much smaller and scale-like flat, distally wider than proximally (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC8226A344CFA49535" box="[338,436,307,334]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
). Oral plates longer than high, middle part markedly lower than ends, abradial muscle fossa rounded triangular with depression in upper half, not reaching upper edge (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC87A9A32CCB2D950D" box="[1245,1341,347,374]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
). On adradial oral plate proximoventral part four oral papilla sockets and pores, at proximoventral edge four indistinct granule sockets and pores (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC810CA3DDCCDB95BE" box="[632,715,426,453]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
). Vertebrae zygospondylous, with large wing-like muscle fossae (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC8261A3A5CF499596" box="[277,345,466,493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
J–K). Lateral arm plates compact, weakly curved around the arm, strongly convex distally, concave proximally, with ventral excavation for tube foot opening (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC80A3A38DCA4B966E" box="[983,1115,506,533]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[189,1398,699,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). A. Radial shield external. B. Radial shield internal. C. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. D. Dental plate fragments. E–F. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. G. Abradial genital plate. H. Oral plate, abradial face I. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. J. Arm vertebra proximal face. K. Arm vertebra distal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 6L, M</figureCitation>
). Two spurs at proximal external edge and counterparts on internal distal edge of lateral arm plates. Internal lateral arm plate with vertical row of three pores just below the plate centre, fourth pore in tentacle opening edge, bent vertical proximal ridge and small ventral knob, protruding beyond plate edge. Spine articulations inset in the distal plate edge with one thickened lobe, separating muscle and nerve opening.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5919E58C5BFFDD83C9A4C0CFA59390" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637785" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3637785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637785/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[189,232,1719,1745]" targetBox="[189,1398,699,1678]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C5BFFDD83C9A4C0CFA59390" blockId="16.[189,1399,1719,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD83C9A4C0CF1D92AA" bold="true" box="[189,269,1719,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
SEM images of skeletal elements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5BFFDD81A6A4C0CA6F92AA" authority="Greef, 1882" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[722,1151,1719,1745]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD81A6A4C0CDF592AA" box="[722,997,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ophioderma guineense</emphasis>
Greef, 1882
</taxonomicName>
, Thiouriba, Senegal, from specimen of 11.7 mm disc diameter (SMHN-178429). 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD80F0A4ADCD89928F" bold="true" box="[900,921,1754,1780]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
. Radial shield external. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD87CDA4ADCADD928F" bold="true" box="[1209,1229,1754,1780]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
. Radial shield internal. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD825DA48ACF2E936C" bold="true" box="[297,318,1789,1815]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
. Scale-free area magnified from Fig. 6A, white arrowheads point to granule sockets and pores, white arrows point to larger peripheral pores. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD8044A556CD559340" bold="true" box="[816,837,1825,1851]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
. Dental plate fragments. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD8700A556CAB89340" bold="true" box="[1140,1192,1825,1851]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E–F</emphasis>
. Adradial genital plate, two opposite lateral aspects. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD812BA533CC669325" bold="true" box="[607,630,1860,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">G</emphasis>
. Abradial genital plate. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD80E2A533CDBD9325" bold="true" box="[918,941,1860,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H</emphasis>
. Oral plate, abradial face 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD8790A533CAFF9325" bold="true" box="[1252,1263,1860,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I</emphasis>
. Oral plate adradial face, black arrows point to oral papillae sockets and pores, white arrows point to granule socket pores. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD8278A5FDCF0B93DF" bold="true" box="[268,283,1930,1956]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">J</emphasis>
. Arm vertebra proximal face. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD81F0A5FDCC8B93DF" bold="true" box="[644,667,1930,1956]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">K</emphasis>
. Arm vertebra distal face. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD80ADA5FDCDFD93DF" bold="true" box="[985,1005,1930,1956]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">L</emphasis>
. Lateral arm plate, external face. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5BFFDD83C9A5D9CEC993B3" bold="true" box="[189,217,1966,1992]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M</emphasis>
. Lateral arm plate, internal face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; Sp = spurs; vent = ventral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C5AFFDC83C9A0A8CF359390" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C5AFFDC83C9A0A8CF3F9682" blockId="17.[189,303,735,761]" box="[189,303,735,761]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C5AFFDC83C9A0A8CF3F9682" bold="true" box="[189,303,735,761]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC83C9A0A8CF3F9682" bold="true" box="[189,303,735,761]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C5AFFDC83C9A165CFED9232" blockId="17.[189,1399,786,1609]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC83C9A165CFC49757" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[189,468,786,812]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC83C9A165CFC49757" box="[189,468,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ophioderma guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was until now considered conspecific with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC8775A164CABF9757" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[1025,1199,786,813]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8775A164CA069756" box="[1025,1046,787,813]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC875FA165CABF9757" box="[1067,1199,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC83C9A14CCF77972F" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[189,359,826,853]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC83C9A14CCEC2972E" box="[189,210,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8397A14DCF77972F" box="[227,359,826,852]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having mainly single and flat dorsal arm plates and a higher number of arm spines (
<tableCitation id="C6A47CD68C5AFFDC83B1A115CF0C9707" box="[197,284,866,892]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[182,251,686,714]" captionTargetBox="[192,1907,832,1596]" captionText="Table 1. Key characters that distinguish the species of Ophioderma Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840 in the Mediterranean Sea, the Northeast and Tropical Atlantic Ocean, formerly included in a cryptic complex under the name O. longicauda (Bruzelius, 1805). For O. guineense Greeff, 1882, the highest numbers of arm spines are from the syntypes. DAP = dorsal arm plate." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5919E58C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF5919E58C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A">Table 1</tableCitation>
). A previously unrecognized differentiating character is the light colouration of the ventral side of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC83A9A1FDCF6697DF" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[221,374,906,932]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC83A9A1FDCEE297DF" box="[221,242,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8275A1FCCF6697DF" box="[257,374,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in contrast to the dark colour of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC8076A1FDCDBA97DF" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[770,938,906,932]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8076A1FDCD0797DF" box="[770,791,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8052A1FDCDBA97DF" box="[806,938,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the spots on the distal edge of the dorsal arm plates, which are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC81F5A1C5CD3997B0" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[641,809,945,972]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC81F5A1C5CC8697B7" box="[641,662,946,972]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC81D1A1C6CD3997B0" box="[677,809,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Considering the small morphological differences between the genetic clades in the species complex of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC804CA1ADCDF19788" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[824,993,985,1012]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC804CA1ADCD5D978F" box="[824,845,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8029A1AECDF19788" box="[861,993,985,1011]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we propose to treat 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC87A8A1ADCB669788" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[1244,1398,986,1012]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC87A8A1ADCAE1978F" box="[1244,1265,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8675A1ADCB669788" box="[1281,1398,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid species and we consider the recently collected specimens of genetic cluster C1 as conspecific due to their colouration and mostly single dorsal arm plates. The specimens of NHMD-225525 also concur with this assignment. As 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C5AFFDC8136A626CCA19010" box="[578,689,1105,1131]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, we selected a specimen that concurs well with the original description (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC8224A60FCF8690E8" box="[336,406,1144,1171]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–C): Greef (1882) described the colouration of his specimens as on the dorsal disc blackish or dark brown, ventrally light green, the arms dorsally black with grey white rings, ventrally grey yellow, which fits with the material from 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C5AFFDC819BA6BFCD5C9099" box="[751,844,1224,1250]" name="Senegal" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Senegal</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC802AA6BFCDB89098" box="[862,936,1224,1251]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[189,1398,600,1819]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, material from Thiouriba, Senegal, digital images. A–D. Dark brown specimen with light green ventral side (SMNH-95511#1). A. Dorsal aspect. B. Dorsal arm. C. Ventral aspect. D. Ventral arm. – E–F. Light brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#2). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral disc. – G–I. Grey-brown specimen with spotted disc and white ventral side (SMNH-95511#3). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Dorsal arm. I. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637783/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). There are irregular dark rings on the pale brown dorsal disc of the smallest 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C5AFFDC8109A687CD0B9171" box="[637,795,1264,1290]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
examined (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC80D0A687CDEF9171" box="[932,1023,1264,1290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
) and tiny dark spots on the dark grey-brown dorsal disc of the 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C5AFFDC8169A76FCC999149" box="[541,649,1304,1330]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC81ECA76FCCE79149" box="[664,759,1304,1330]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), both have cream ventral discs and arms (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC879DA76FCB799149" box="[1257,1385,1304,1330]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 4B, H</figureCitation>
). The largest of the examined 
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C5AFFDC8162A748CCAF9122" box="[534,703,1343,1369]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
has a faded brown dorsal disc and also some dark brown pigmentation remaining on the ventral disc (
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC81B6A710CD1791FA" box="[706,775,1383,1409]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1771,1797]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[189,1398,265,1731]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophioderma guineense Greef, 1882, type specimens, digital images. A–D. Lectotype (ZMH E8315). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Dorsal arm. D. Jaws. – E–F. Paralectotype (ZMH E1686). E. Dorsal aspect. F. Ventral aspect. – G–H. Other paralectotype (ZMH E1686). G. Dorsal aspect. H. Ventral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637781/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E–F); one of the specimens seen only on photographs has a dark dorsal disc and dark pigment on the ventral disc, quite similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC8724A7F8CAC991D2" authority="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil, 2020" authorityName="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil" authorityYear="2020" box="[1104,1241,1423,1449]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8724A7F8CA7591D2" box="[1104,1125,1423,1449]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8702A7F8CAC991D2" box="[1142,1241,1423,1449]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26128048C5AFFDC8796A7F8CB2E91D2" box="[1250,1342,1423,1449]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see below, 
<figureCitation id="131D55E88C5AFFDC8264A7C0CF4591AA" box="[272,341,1463,1489]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,797,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1398,797,1888]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 7. Ophioderma africana sp. nov., digital images. A–G. Holotype (SMNH-Type-7484). A. Dorsal aspect. B. Dorsal disc. C. Ventral aspect. D–E. Two dorsal arms, note multiple dorsal arm plates on both. F. Ventral arm. G. Mouth. H. Some paratypes (SMNH-Type-7487)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637787/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Based on colour pattern, there may be a possibility that the type specimens are conspecific with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC838EA7A8CF929182" authority="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil, 2020" authorityName="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil" authorityYear="2020" box="[250,386,1503,1529]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC838EA7A8CF1F9182" box="[250,271,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC826BA7A8CF929182" box="[287,386,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26128048C5AFFDC82FFA7A8CFF79182" box="[395,487,1503,1529]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
However, in addition to differences in colour, multiple dorsal arm plates are more common in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC82E2A470CC30925B" authority="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil, 2020" authorityName="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil" authorityYear="2020" box="[406,544,1542,1569]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC82E2A470CFBB925A" box="[406,427,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC82C9A471CC30925B" box="[445,544,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26128048C5AFFDC815FA470CC99925A" box="[555,649,1543,1569]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC8185A470CD9D925B" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[753,909,1543,1569]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8185A470CD16925A" box="[753,774,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC806CA470CD9D925B" box="[792,909,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has led us to assign the 
<collectingCountry id="F33109FD8C5AFFDC866EA471CB67925B" box="[1306,1399,1542,1568]" name="Senegal" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Senegal</collectingCountry>
specimens to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC8229A458CFE59233" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[349,501,1583,1609]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8229A458CF629232" box="[349,370,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC82F4A458CFE59233" box="[384,501,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C5AFFDC83C9A403CD7D9306" blockId="17.[189,1399,1652,1917]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Colour pattern tends to vary in most species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC8077A403CAB092F4" authority="(Hendler et al. 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Hendler" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[771,1184,1652,1679]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8077A403CD8792F5" box="[771,919,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ophioderma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C5AFFDC80DDA403CA8892F4" author="Hendler" box="[937,1176,1652,1679]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hendler" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref18997" refString="Hendler G., Miller J. E., Pawson D. L. &amp; Kier P. M. 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London." title="Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean" type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8760A402CA4292F5" box="[1044,1106,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
but 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC87AEA402CB6692F5" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[1242,1398,1653,1679]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC87AEA402CAFF92F4" box="[1242,1263,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8675A402CB6692F5" box="[1281,1398,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs notably from all species observed by this study from Mediterranean and East Atlantic localities (over 
<specimenCount id="9D2082E48C5AFFDC8276A4B3CFBF92A5" box="[258,431,1732,1758]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">800 specimens</specimenCount>
in the collection of SMNH). These may be similar in dorsal colour with uniformly brown or mottled dorsal discs, sometimes with white spots, but they always have a dark ventral disc and lighter coloured, but never white, arms and oral frames (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C5AFFDC80D5A564CA659356" author="Stohr" box="[929,1141,1811,1837]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Stohr" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 20" part="2071" refId="ref19237" refString="Stohr S., Boissin E. &amp; Chenuil A. 2009. Potential cryptic speciation in Mediterranean populations of Ophioderma (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Zootaxa 2071: 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2071.1.1" title="Potential cryptic speciation in Mediterranean populations of Ophioderma (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)" type="journal article" year="2009">
Stöhr 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8099A563CA3A9356" box="[1005,1066,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Red pigments seem more common in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC82F8A54BCC23932E" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[396,563,1851,1878]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC82F8A54BCFB1932D" box="[396,417,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC82DBA54CCC23932E" box="[431,563,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than green, and the ventral arms are often either reddish or green in the Mediterranean species, with the disc being brown or olive.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C5AFFDC83C9A5DECF359390" blockId="17.[189,1398,1961,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
No embryos have been found in specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C5AFFDC8190A5DECD6E93B8" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[740,894,1961,1987]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC8190A5DECCE993B8" box="[740,761,1961,1987]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B952957F8C5AFFDC807DA5DDCD6E93B8" box="[777,894,1962,1987]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">guineense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and this species is most likely a broadcast spawner.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>