130 lines
35 KiB
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130 lines
35 KiB
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<document id="14E2AA349361A6771739547AF4FE5835" ID-CLB-Dataset="7643" ID-DOI="10.1206/906.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="15ad630f-eff2-451d-a5f8-22731ff53851" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612269" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615992761985" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter" docDate="2015" docId="03E487E0302B21532EDFA68161547D1C" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2015.396.1-72.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/906.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Tinadysderina otonga Platnick, Berniker and Bonaldo 2013" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FFDDFF98301921612E5DA448625E7969" masterDocTitle="Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1698933598634" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="5C41B7DC5514FD15981EAB503F7207C0">Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="81A65C0DE56A447956A6F61A4C3415A6">Michalik, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E487E0302B21532EDFA68161547D1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4628199" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180671176" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4628199" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487E0302B21532EDFA68161547D1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487E0302B21532EDFA68161547D1C" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="C357657D302B21532EDFA68163827B95" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6302B21532EDFA68160D27B89" blockId="50.[130,652,713,765]" box="[130,652,713,736]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D75302B21532EDFA68160D27B89" ID-CoL="56ZTG" authority="Platnick, Berniker and Bonaldo, 2013" authorityName="Platnick, Berniker and Bonaldo" authorityYear="2013" box="[130,652,713,736]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Tinadysderina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="50" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otonga">
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4302B21532EDFA68163247BB6" box="[130,378,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tinadysderina otonga</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B07302B21532FDFA68260D27B89" author="Platnick, N. I. & L. Berniker & A. B. Bonaldo" box="[386,652,714,736]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref29014" refString="Platnick, N. I., L. Berniker, and A. B. Bonaldo. 2013. The South American goblin spiders of the new genera Pseudodysderina and Tinadysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae). American Museum Novitates 3787: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="2013">Platnick, Berniker and</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSection id="E2C22F1D302B21532F6CA6AF63827B95" box="[305,476,743,765]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6302B21532F6CA6AF63827B95" blockId="50.[130,652,713,765]" box="[305,476,743,765]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="D0BA819A302B21532F6CA6AF63827B95" box="[305,476,743,765]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" reason="2">Bonaldo, 2013</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C357657D302B21532EC1A75C61547D1C" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6302B21532EC1A75C62FC7DC2" blockId="50.[128,654,788,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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SPERM TRANSFER FORM (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532F83A75C606C7A45" box="[478,562,788,812]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40</figureCitation>
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): Large (,12 Mm), disclike synspermia (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C5DA77B60DB7A20" box="[512,645,819,841]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40A, B</figureCitation>
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) comprising four spermatozoa. Sperm conjugates are flattened, disclike and resemble a dumbbell in cross sections (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532F8FA7C4600B7AC8" box="[466,597,908,930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40A, B</figureCitation>
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). All sperm conjugates show numerous bacteria occupying the nuclei (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532FDFA78F638E7AB5" box="[386,464,967,989]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40</figureCitation>
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, D, E). Infected sperm are already visible in the testis, where the spermatid development is likely influenced by means of, e.g., a partially deficient chromatin condensation (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532FE5A075604B7D3B" box="[440,533,1085,1107]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40E</figureCitation>
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inset). A thin, homogeneous secretion sheath (,
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<quantity id="4CB59B13302B21532C2FA01362F97DE7" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="nm" value="80.0">80 nm</quantity>
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) surrounds the sperm conjugates (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C1EA03062CB7DC2" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40 F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6302B21532EC1A0FA60727F45" blockId="50.[128,654,788,1759]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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SPERMATOZOA (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532F3DA0FA63E87DA3" box="[352,438,1202,1226]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40</figureCitation>
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):
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4302B21532F8DA0FC62E97D8E" bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Acrosomal complex:</emphasis>
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AV conical, thus widened posteriorly (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532ED5A0A762B47C6C" box="[136,234,1263,1285]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40C</figureCitation>
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), possessing a narrow subacrosomal space (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532E87A14563637C4A" box="[218,317,1293,1315]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40C</figureCitation>
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). AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal, but clearly ends before the base of the Ax.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4302B21532F04A12E63E47C12" bold="true" box="[345,442,1382,1403]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Nucleus:</emphasis>
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prcN elongated, tubelike with deep implantation fossa that contains numerous mitochondria (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C7DA1E960DF7CDE" box="[544,641,1441,1463]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40E</figureCitation>
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), as well as electron-dense secretions. peN long, oval shaped. NC located in the periphery, empty for the most part (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C41A1B160DF7F66" box="[540,641,1529,1551]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-51@45.[93,1195,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 40. Characteristics of synspermia of Tinadysderina otonga. A: Numerous synspermia are located in the lumen of the deferent ducts, additional secretions are not detectable. B: Sperm conjugates are disclike, thus they resemble a dumbbell in cross sections. C: The subacrosomal space is widened toward the anterior pole of nucleus, resulting in a conical shape of the AV. D: Numerous endosymbionts occur within the nucleus of the sperm. E: The nucleus appears torn in some sperm, which is probably related to the endosymbiont infection and might affect the chromatin condensation (inset). F: The irregularly folded membrane of syncytium is surrounded by a thin secretion sheath." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612394/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 40D</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4302B21532EDDA25F62AC7F45" bold="true" box="[128,242,1559,1580]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Axoneme:</emphasis>
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9+3 microtubular pattern.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6302B21532EC1A27B61547D1C" blockId="50.[128,654,788,1759]" lastBlockId="50.[701,1228,213,1141]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C7CA27B60DE7F22" box="[545,640,1587,1611]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41</figureCitation>
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): Within the testis, all stages of spermiogenesis are visible. Spermatids develop in large cysts. Early spermatids are characterized by, e.g., a large, oval nucleus, and a developing acrosomal complex (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532FD5A28160497FB6" box="[392,535,1737,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41A, B</figureCitation>
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). Besides the AF the subacrosomal space possesses little electron-dense material (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532A79A4BA66D87861" box="[1060,1158,242,264]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41B</figureCitation>
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). The nucleus of early spermatids is slightly indented at its anterior pole (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532A53A5646631782A" box="[1038,1135,300,323]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41B</figureCitation>
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). At its posterior pole, a large implantation fossa, containing numerous small mitochondria, is formed (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532D7BA5CC61D678F3" box="[806,904,388,410]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41C</figureCitation>
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). Further spermatid development includes chromatin condensation, which appears fibrillar in mid spermatids (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C98A5946176789B" box="[709,808,476,498]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41C</figureCitation>
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). As a consequence, the nucleus elongates extremely and involves certain shape changes, finally resulting in a tubelike appearance. The nucleus is always surrounded by a manchette of microtubules (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C98A62661747BED" box="[709,810,622,644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41D</figureCitation>
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), which disintegrates after sperm conjugation. Additional microtubules located near other cell components are visible in all developmental stages (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532D9BA68E66797BB5" box="[966,1063,710,732]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41E</figureCitation>
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). The implantation fossa contains little electron-dense secretions, in addition to numerous mitochondria. The two centrioles are arranged in tandem position in late spermatids (41F). At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532D55A73D61327AE2" box="[776,876,885,907]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41G</figureCitation>
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). These large, early sperm conjugates are characterized by a large, electron-lucent cytoplasm in the center (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532C98A78561747A8A" box="[709,810,973,995]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41G</figureCitation>
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), and numerous membranes, as well as Golgi derivatives (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532D81A7A2661E7D69" box="[988,1088,1002,1024]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41G</figureCitation>
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). The cell membrane of the syncytium is irregularly folded in the periphery (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302B21532DACA06D66087D52" box="[1009,1110,1061,1083]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-50@46.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 41. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Tinadysderina otonga. A: The implantation fossa of early spermatids is already filled with a large amount of mitochondria. B: The subacrosomal space is enlarged toward the anterior pole of nucleus. C: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. D: During further development, the chromatin condenses irregularly as indicated by the manchette of microtubules, which illustrates the actual dimensions of the nucleus. E: Little electron-dense material surrounds the microtubules of the axoneme. F: In addition to mitochondria, small electron-dense secretions are located in the IF. G: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids fuse to form synspermia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612398/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. 41G</figureCitation>
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). Further development includes condensation of cytoplasm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |