190 lines
20 KiB
XML
190 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="2982268A509901B49C6E77E2BAADE7DA" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399EFFF540360FE74FB73F5EE" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Oreotragus oreotragus" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="735" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="735" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="35AB8BBCED00249C458C29E4A28AD4DD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3C0611B2ABFAA72C320015F2E3B49D38">
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<mods:title id="68959968C96F706FF4292CE039D8A0A6">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7240A4B3489AFDF8341C3250FE1EBCF0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0E71AA98B43070D3CDE00C2BAC69EE83">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D899E3ED3C520EBDD533F5A9A167EAB3" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CBB8739E43942ED4F6CA6E530D9CD5F7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6D688C677C9C1B502D65D07EFA5232A1">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="32740904C4939F27E2B6332C76DE95FE">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="F3E366C382303625ADACA1843229FCCE" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="BA6045857A969C4A2C1A5F63390B77AB">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="424183E8CA5E77EA4A20B9949648970B">
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<mods:placeTerm id="D55DAF2F0157057FBAC3D0312F4046B8">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5F4573582658A6CF38DA94E3FC3B0B86">
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<mods:title id="58DE0D5583F921EAB250953C8BD4FEFA">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="47DACEA9A3A25FF0205DFC28F9E02D5C">
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<mods:classification id="3408F809B78F56AB8CE5D9922BF5636E">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F5071399EFFF540360FE74FB73F5EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6584157" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6584157" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399EFFF540360FE74FB73F5EE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399EFFF540360FE74FB73F5EE" lastPageNumber="735" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540360FE74FF24FDA5" box="[118,201,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540360FE74FF24FDA5" blockId="164.[116,1054,502,590]" box="[118,201,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF540360FE74FF24FDA5" box="[118,201,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099EFFF540360FE74FF24FDA5" box="[118,201,502,548]" captionStart="Plate 54: Bovidae" captionStartId="164.[117,147,3397,3418]" captionTargetBox="[13,2775,15,3638]" captionTargetPageId="163" captionText="269. Cape Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus), 270. Transvaal Klipspringer (Oreotragus transvaalensis), 271. Stevenson’s Klipspringer (Oreotragus stevensoni), 272. Angolan Klipspringer (Oreotragus tyler), 273. Zambian Klipspringer (Oreotragus centralis), 274. Noack’s Klipspringer (Oreotragus aceratos), 275. Masai Klipspringer (Oreotragus schillingsi), 276. Golden Klipspringer (Oreotragus aureus), 277. Ethiopian Klipspringer (Oreotragus saltatrixoides), 278. Somali Klipspringer (Oreotragus somalicus), 279. Nigerian Klipspringer (Oreotragus porteousi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512975/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">269.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5403CCFE74FDBBFDA5" box="[218,598,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5403CCFE74FDBBFDA5" blockId="164.[116,1054,502,590]" box="[218,598,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF5403CCFE74FDBBFDA5" box="[218,598,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF5403CCFE74FDBBFDA5" box="[218,598,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF5403CCFE74FEAFFDA5" box="[218,322,502,548]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Klipspringer
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540188FE74FBF3FDA5" box="[670,1054,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540188FE74FBF3FDA5" blockId="164.[116,1054,502,590]" box="[670,1054,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF540188FE74FBF3FDA5" box="[670,1054,502,548]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540188FE74FBF3FDA5" ID-CoL="6STZP" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[670,1054,502,548]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreotragus">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540188FE74FBF3FDA5" box="[670,1054,502,548]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Oreotragus oreotragus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540360FDB7FBE4FDCB" box="[118,1033,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540360FDB7FBE4FDCB" blockId="164.[116,1054,502,590]" box="[118,1033,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<heading id="D0AB016999EFFF540360FDB7FBE4FDCB" box="[118,1033,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540360FDB7FF2EFDCB" bold="true" box="[118,195,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF5403DDFDB7FE67FDCB" box="[203,394,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Oréotrague du Cap</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540288FDB7FE14FDCB" bold="true" box="[414,505,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF540112FDB7FD5DFDCB" box="[516,688,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Kap-Klippspringer</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5401D2FDB7FCCDFDCB" bold="true" box="[708,800,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99EFFF54003FFDB7FC23FDCB" box="[809,974,565,586]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Saltarrocas de El</vernacularName>
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF5400C1FDB7FBE4FDCB" box="[983,1033,565,586]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cabo</collectingRegion>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5401CBFDFEFC64FD41" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5401CBFDFEFC64FD41" blockId="164.[732,1318,636,1058]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5401CBFDFEFC9AFD18" bold="true" box="[733,887,636,665]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540085FDFEFC69FD41" ID-CoL="69P2" authority="Zimmermann, 1783" authorityName="Zimmermann" authorityYear="1783" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreotragus">Antilope oreotragus Zimmermann, 1783</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540083FD1DFB5BFD41" box="[917,1206,671,704]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540083FD1DFB5BFD41" blockId="164.[732,1318,636,1058]" box="[917,1206,671,704]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899EFFF540083FD1DFB5BFD41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198403" box="[917,1206,671,704]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF540083FD1DFC36FD41" box="[917,987,671,704]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cape</collectingRegion>
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of Good Hope.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5401CBFD49FACEFC8F" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5401CBFD49FACEFC8F" blockId="164.[732,1318,636,1058]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Previously all klipspringers were considered to belong to this species. Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5401CBFC9FFB00FCDD" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99EFFF5401CBFC9FFB00FCDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512893/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" targetBox="[115,709,640,1055]" targetPageId="164">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5401CBFC9FFB00FCDD" blockId="164.[732,1318,636,1058]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5401CBFC9FFC66FCB7" bold="true" box="[733,907,797,822]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S of Northern, Western, and
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF5401CBFCB9FC78FCDD" box="[733,917,827,860]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
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provinces,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599EFFF540721FCB9FB04FCDD" box="[1079,1257,827,860]" name="South Africa" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF5401CAFCE6FC29FADD" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF5401CAFCE6FACEFBA3" blockId="164.[732,1318,636,1058]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF5401CAFCE6FC09FC04" bold="true" box="[732,996,868,901]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF5407ACFCE6FAF3FC04" box="[1210,1310,868,901]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="cm" value="83.0">83 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height 41-9 cm, ear 2-7 cm. Skull length is 13.8-15.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099EFFF540730FC39FB86FC55" box="[1062,1131,955,980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
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, horn length is 7:5.9-1 cm. The
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF5400E8FC58FBA9FC7A" box="[1022,1092,986,1019]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Klipspringer is the largest of the Kklipspringer species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540362FBB3FC29FADD" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Thereislittle sexual dimorphism, the females being much the same size as the males. It has particularly short horns. It has very large, slit-like preorbital glands, especially in males, with bare black skin surrounding them; there are no hoof glands; the male has a preputial gland. The hairs are white, with dark brown bands near the end, and the tips are yellow, so that the overall color is speckled. The midline of the underside is pale, and the chin and throat are pale yellowish. There is a large dark brown patch above each hoof. The ears are relatively short; they are whitish, with a thick black line along the rim. The forehead and occiput are reddish-brown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540365FAEAFC67FA2D" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540365FAEAFC67FA2D" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540365FAEAFF0FFA04" bold="true" box="[115,226,1384,1413]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Rocky areas: mountainous regions, rocky hills, kopjes, gorges. The
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF540782FAEAFB37FA04" box="[1172,1242,1384,1413]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Klipspringer moves between quite widely spaced rocky areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540365FA30FBD9F919" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540365FA30FBD9F919" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540365FA30FE97FA52" bold="true" box="[115,378,1458,1491]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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More time is spent feeding during the dry season than in the wet.
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF540362FA5BFF57FA7B" box="[116,186,1497,1530]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cape</collectingRegion>
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||
Klipspringers are overwhelmingly browsers, and are concentrate selectors, but with a very wide dietary range. In a study in the
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF54003BF983FC19F9A3" box="[813,1012,1537,1570]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
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, 41 species of shrubs and herbs were identified in the diet, and as many as 62 species in the
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF540751F9AAFAF3F9C8" box="[1095,1310,1576,1609]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Northern Cape</collectingRegion>
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. They eat flowers, fruits, young shoots, and leaves. They stand on their hindlegs to reach higher. They also eat bones and the soil from termite mounds.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540365F91CFAFFF8B4" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540365F91CFAFFF8B4" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540365F91CFF17F93E" bold="true" box="[115,250,1694,1727]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The degree of breeding seasonality of the
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF54004BF91CFC4EF93E" box="[861,931,1694,1727]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cape</collectingRegion>
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Klipspringer varies according to local conditions. Gestation (perhaps this species, but itis unclear) is traditionally given as 210-225 days, but as little as 150 days has recently been considered to be more probable. Young are kept hidden for the first 2-3 months; weaning is at 4-5 months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540367F8B9FEADF878" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540367F8B9FEADF878" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540367F8B9FEB6F8DD" bold="true" box="[113,347,1851,1884]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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All klipspringers run with ajerky, bounding gait, and jump from rock to rock. They stand motionless for long periods of time on top of rocks, scanning the surroundings, their four feet together. They frequently leave the rocks to feed on the surrounding lowlands. They are active in the early morning and more especially in the late afternoon.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540365F782FBCCF653" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540365F782FBCCF653" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540365F782FCABF7A0" bold="true" box="[115,838,2048,2081]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Klipspringers are territorial; the territories are occupied by a male and a female (and their young), but it is the male who chases off trespassers. Territories are marked by dung piles, especially around the borders, and both sexes mark with preorbital glands. The female marks first, pushing the end of a twig into her gland, followed by the male, who overmarks the twig. Preorbital marks last for about seven days, and this is the average length of time between their visits to scent-mark locations. A population in the Karoo had territories averaging 15 ha, and one in the
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF5402FDF695FD61F6B5" box="[491,652,2327,2356]" country="South Africa" name="North West" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">North West</collectingRegion>
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799EFFF540181F695FD30F6B5" box="[663,733,2327,2356]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
averaged 49 ha. Territories appear to be occupied permanently, but the owners do wander outside the boundaries to specific feeding sites, including salt licks. The fact that females initiate most scent marking, even outside the mating season, and the males overmark them, suggests that females are defending territories, whereas males are defending their mates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540365F65FFDC0F5C6" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540365F65FFDC0F5C6" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540365F65FFE3CF67B" bold="true" box="[115,465,2525,2554]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF54061EF65FFF18F5A0" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oreotragus">O. oreotragus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699EFFF540201F586FE73F5A0" box="[279,414,2564,2593]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Oreotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oreotragus</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa, except the Nigerian Klipspringer (O. o. porteousi), are not considered separately by IUCN.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99EFFF540362F5D4FB73F5EE" box="[116,1182,2646,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599EFFF540362F5D4FB73F5EE" blockId="164.[113,1318,1073,2671]" box="[116,1182,2646,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799EFFF540362F5D4FEE3F5EE" bold="true" box="[116,270,2646,2671]" pageId="164" pageNumber="735">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Estes (1991), Groves & Grubb (2011), Roberts (1996), Skinner & Chimimba (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |